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1THISARTICLEISABOUTTHEMETALWORKINGPROCESSHOTMETALINGOTBEINGLOADEDINTOAHAMMERFORGEFORGINGISAMANUFACTURINGPROCESSINVOLVINGTHESHAPINGOFMETALUSINGLOCALIZEDCOMPRESSIVEFORCESFORGINGISOFTENCLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHETEMPERATUREATWHICHITISPERFORMED“COLD“,“WARM“,OR“HOT“FORGINGFORGEDPARTSCANRANGEINWEIGHTFROMLESSTHANAKILOGRAMTO580METRICTONS12FORGEDPARTSUSUALLYREQUIREFURTHERPROCESSINGTOACHIEVEAFINISHEDPARTFORGINGISONEOFTHEOLDESTKNOWNMETALWORKINGPROCESSES1TRADITIONALLY,FORGINGWASPERFORMEDBYASMITHUSINGHAMMERANDANVIL,ANDTHOUGHTHEUSEOFWATERPOWERINTHEPRODUCTIONANDWORKINGOFIRONDATESTOTHE12THCENTURY,THEHAMMERANDANVILARENOTOBSOLETETHESMITHYORFORGEHASEVOLVEDOVERCENTURIESTOBECOMEAFACILITYWITHENGINEEREDPROCESSES,PRODUCTIONEQUIPMENT,TOOLING,RAWMATERIALSANDPRODUCTSTOMEETTHEDEMANDSOFMODERNINDUSTRYINMODERNTIMES,INDUSTRIALFORGINGISDONEEITHERWITHPRESSESORWITHHAMMERSPOWEREDBYCOMPRESSEDAIR,ELECTRICITY,HYDRAULICSORSTEAMTHESEHAMMERSMAYHAVERECIPROCATINGWEIGHTSINTHETHOUSANDSOFPOUNDSSMALLERPOWERHAMMERS,500LB230KGORLESSRECIPROCATINGWEIGHT,ANDHYDRAULICPRESSESARECOMMONINARTSMITHIESASWELLSOMESTEAMHAMMERSREMAININUSE,BUTTHEYBECAMEOBSOLETEWITHTHEAVAILABILITYOFTHEOTHER,MORECONVENIENT,POWERSOURCESADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESFORGINGCANPRODUCEAPIECETHATISSTRONGERTHANANEQUIVALENTCASTORMACHINEDPARTASTHEMETALISSHAPEDDURINGTHEFORGINGPROCESS,ITSINTERNALGRAINDEFORMSTOFOLLOWTHEGENERALSHAPEOFTHEPARTASARESULT,THEGRAINISCONTINUOUSTHROUGHOUTTHEPART,GIVINGRISETOAPIECEWITHIMPROVEDSTRENGTHCHARACTERISTICS3SOMEMETALSMAYBEFORGEDCOLD,BUTIRONANDSTEELAREALMOSTALWAYSHOTFORGEDHOTFORGINGPREVENTSTHEWORKHARDENINGTHATWOULDRESULTFROMCOLDFORGING,WHICHWOULDINCREASETHEDIFFICULTYOFPERFORMINGSECONDARYMACHININGOPERATIONSONTHEPIECEALSO,WHILEWORKHARDENINGMAYBEDESIRABLEINSOMECIRCUMSTANCES,OTHERMETHODSOFHARDENINGTHEPIECE,SUCHASHEATTREATING,AREGENERALLYMOREECONOMICALANDMORECONTROLLABLEALLOYSTHATAREAMENABLETOPRECIPITATIONHARDENING,SUCHASMOSTALUMINIUMALLOYSANDTITANIUM,CANBEHOTFORGED,FOLLOWEDBYHARDENINGCITATIONNEEDEDPRODUCTIONFORGINGINVOLVESSIGNIFICANTCAPITALEXPENDITUREFORMACHINERY,TOOLING,FACILITIESANDPERSONNELINTHECASEOFHOTFORGING,AHIGHTEMPERATUREFURNACESOMETIMESREFERREDTOASTHEFORGEWILLBEREQUIREDTOHEATINGOTSORBILLETSOWINGTOTHEMASSIVENESSOFLARGEFORGINGHAMMERSANDPRESSESANDTHEPARTSTHEYCANPRODUCE,ASWELLASTHEDANGERSINHERENTINWORKING2WITHHOTMETAL,ASPECIALBUILDINGISFREQUENTLYREQUIREDTOHOUSETHEOPERATIONINTHECASEOFDROPFORGINGOPERATIONS,PROVISIONSMUSTBEMADETOABSORBTHESHOCKANDVIBRATIONGENERATEDBYTHEHAMMERMOSTFORGINGOPERATIONSWILLREQUIRETHEUSEOFMETALFORMINGDIES,WHICHMUSTBEPRECISELYMACHINEDANDCAREFULLYHEATTREATEDTOCORRECTLYSHAPETHEWORKPIECE,ASWELLASTOWITHSTANDTHETREMENDOUSFORCESINVOLVEDCITATIONNEEDEDEDITPROCESSESACROSSSECTIONOFAFORGEDCONNECTINGRODTHATHASBEENETCHEDTOSHOWTHEGRAINFLOWTHEREAREMANYDIFFERENTKINDSOFFORGINGPROCESSESAVAILABLE,HOWEVERTHEYCANBEGROUPEDINTOTHREEMAINCLASSES1DRAWNOUTLENGTHINCREASES,CROSSSECTIONDECREASESUPSETLENGTHDECREASES,CROSSSECTIONINCREASESSQUEEZEDINCLOSEDCOMPRESSIONDIESPRODUCESMUL