英语翻译-非饱和土含水量和地下水位对边坡稳定性影响的研究

河北工程大学本科毕业设计英语翻译译文题目IMPACTSOFUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREANDGROUNDWATERTABLEONSLOPEINSTABILITY非饱和土含水量和地下水位对边坡稳定性影响的研究姓名专业勘查技术与工程班级学号指导老师指导教师职称讲师2012年5月15日IMPACTSOFUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREANDGROUNDWATERTABLEONSLOPEINSTABILITYRAMLRAY1JENNIFERMJACOBS,MASCE2ANDPEDRODEALBA,MASCE3ABSTRACTTHECOMBINEDEFFECTOFSOILMOISTUREINUNSATURATEDSOILLAYERSANDPOREWATERPRESSUREINSATURATEDSOILLAYERSISCRITICALTOPREDICTLANDSLIDESANIMPROVEDINFINITESLOPESTABILITYMODEL,THATDIRECTLYINCLUDESUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREANDGROUNDWATER,ISDERIVEDANDUSEDTOANALYZETHEFACTOROFSAFETYSSENSITIVITYTOUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTURETHISSENSITIVITY,THECHANGEINTHEFACTOROFSAFETYWITHRESPECTTOVARIABLEUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTURE,WASSTUDIEDATLOCALANDREGIONALSCALESUSINGANACTIVELANDSLIDEREGIONASACASESTUDYFACTORSOFSAFETYHAVETHEGREATESTSENSITIVITYTOUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREDYNAMICSFORSHALLOWSOILLAYERS2MANDCOMPARATIVELYDEEPGROUNDWATERTABLES1MFORANIDENTICALGROUNDWATERTABLE,THEFACTOROFSAFETYFORA1MTHICKSOILMANTLEWASFOURTIMESMORESENSITIVETOSOILMOISTURECHANGESTHANA3MTHICKSOILATAREGIONALSCALE,THENUMBEROFUNSTABLEAREASINCREASESNONLINEARLYWITHINCREASINGUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREANDWITHMODERATELYWETSLOPESEXHIBITINGTHEGREATESTSENSITIVITYDOI101061/ASCEGT194356060000357CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSLANDSLIDESSOILWATERSLOPESTABILITYUNSATURATEDSOILSSAFETYWATERTABLEAUTHORKEYWORDSLANDSLIDESOILMOISTURESUSCEPTIBILITYSLOPESTABILITYUNSATURATEDFACTOROFSAFETYINTRODUCTIONBASEDONTHELIMITEQUILIBRIUMAPPROACH,THEONEDIMENSIONALINFINITESLOPEMODELISFREQUENTLYUSEDTOSTUDYSHALLOWLANDSLIDESINWHICHTHESLOPELENGTHISSIGNIFICANTLYGREATERTHANITSSOILMANTLETHICKNESSSHALLOWLANDSLIDESARECOMMONWHENTHESOILMANTLETHICKNESSRANGESFROM1TO3ANINFINITESLOPESTABILITYMODELAPPLICABLEFORSHALLOWLANDSLIDESTUDIES,EQUATESRESISTINGANDDRIVINGFORCESINORDERTOESTIMATEAFACTOROFSAFETYFSINCREASINGSLOPEANGLEINCREASESTHEDRIVINGFORCETHEUNITSOILWEIGHT,DRY,MOISTORSATURATED,AFFECTSTHERESISTINGFORCETHROUGHEFFECTIVENORMALSTRESSAPPLIEDTOAPOTENTIALFAILURESURFACEANDALSOTHEDRIVINGFORCEALONGTHEPOTENTIALFAILURESURFACEONASLOPEFORSHALLOWLANDSLIDES,EFFECTSOFSOILCOHESIONCANALSOBELARGEMANYAUTHORSHAVESTUDIEDTHEUNSATURATEDZONEANDSLOPEINSTABILITYBYINCLUDINGMATRICSUCTIONORNEGATIVEPOREWATERPRESSUREINTHEINFINITESLOPESTABILITYMODELTHESESTUDIESDEMONSTRATETHATINFILTRATEDRAINFALLWATERDISSIPATESTHESOILSUCTIONORNEGATIVEPOREWATERPRESSUREINTHEUNSATURATEDZONEAND,INTURN,REDUCESTHESHEARSTRENGTH,TRIGGERINGSLOPEFAILURELUANDGODTMODIFIEDTHEINFINITESLOPESTABILITYMODELTOINCLUDEASKELETALSTRESSTHATDEPENDSONSOILMOISTUREINTHEUNSATURATEDZONETHEYNOTEDTHATMOSTLANDSLIDESTUDIESTHATINCLUDEUNSATURATEDZONESOILSUCTIONINANINFINITESLOPESTABILITYMODELMODIFYTHESHEARSTRENGTHDUETOSOILSUCTION,BUTDONOTACCOUNTFORTHEMOISTUNITSOILWEIGHTOFTHEUNSATURATEDLAYERORSATURATEDLAYERWEIGHTINTHESLOPESTABILITYMODELTHETWOLAYERCONCEPT,COMPOSEDOFDISTINCTUNSATURATEDANDSATURATEDSOILZONES,ISFREQUENTLYUSEDINTHEINFINITESLOPESTABILITYMODELTOREPRESENTDIFFERENTUNITSOILWEIGHTSSOMESTUDIESUSEASATURATEDUNITSOILWEIGHTTOREPRESENTBOTHLAYERSOTHERS,INCLUDINGDEVLEESCHAUWERANDDESMEDT2002ANDACHARYAETAL2006,USEDDRYANDSATURATEDUNITSOILWEIGHT,RESPECTIVELY,FORTHELAYERABOVEANDBELOWTHESATURATEDSOILLAYERCOLLINSANDZNIDARCIC2004USEDEFFECTIVEANDTOTALUNITSOILWEIGHTFORTHESATURATEDANDUNSATURATEDSOILLAYERS,RESPECTIVELYVANACKERETAL2003ANDGABETETAL2004USEDTOTALUNITSOILWEIGHTFORBOTHLAYERSAMOREPHYSICALLYSOUNDREPRESENTATIONUSESAWATERCONTENTDEPENDENTMOISTUNITSOILWEIGHTFORTHEUNSATURATEDSOILLAYERANDSATURATEDUNITSOILWEIGHTFORASATURATEDSOILLAYERANADDITIONALADVANTAGEOFTHISPARTICULARTWOLAYERAPPROACHISTHATTHEEMERGINGHILLSLOPEWATERDYNAMICSALSOTYPICALLYDIVIDETHEPROFILEINTOSATURATEDANDUNSATURATEDZONESHOWEVER,EACHOFTHESEPREVIOUSTWOLAYERSLOPESTABILITYANALYSESUSEDSTATICVALUESOFMOISTUNITSOILWEIGHTANDSATURATEDUNITSOILWEIGHT,ANDDIDNOTTAKEADVANTAGEOFDYNAMICALLYCHARACTERIZEDSOILWATERSTATESTHEINFLUENCEOFUNSATURATEDZONEEFFECTSISOFTENDESCRIBEDBYTHEWETNESSINDEXMWHICHQUANTITATIVELYRELATESTHEEXTENTOFTHEUNSATURATEDZONETOTHELOCATIONOFTHEGROUNDWATERTABLETRADITIONALLYTHEWETNESSINDEXISTHERATIOOFTHESATURATEDTHICKNESSOFTHESOILABOVETHEFAILUREPLANETOTHETOTALDEPTHOFTHESOILABOVETHEFAILUREPLANEHOWEVER,WETNESSINDICESCANALSOBEDERIVEDINVARIOUSOTHERWAYS,FOREXAMPLE,VANWESTENANDTERLIEN1996ANDACHARYAETAL2006CALCULATEDWETNESSINDICESBYTAKINGTHERATIOOFTHESATURATEDSOILLAYERTHICKNESSTOTHETOTALSOILTHICKNESSONEWIDELYUSEDWETNESSINDEXAPPROACHISTHEOLOUGHLIN1986TOPOGMODELTHETOPOGMODELISBASEDONTHETOPOGRAPHICWETNESSINDEXDEVELOPEDBYBEVENANDKIRKBY（1979）WITHINTHERUNOFFMODELTOPMODELTHESEAPPROACHESAREBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATALLTHEINFILTRATINGWATERINTHEUPGRADIENTCONTRIBUTINGAREABECOMESGROUNDWATERFLOWATTHEDOWNSTREAMCONVERGENCEPOINTTHISASSUMPTIONDOESNOTACCOUNTFORTHETIMEDURATIONFORFLOWACCUMULATIONORTHEWATERSTORAGEANDDELAYINTHEUPGRADIENTAREAACCORDINGTOROSSOETAL2006,WETNESSINDICESCALCULATEDBYTHETOPOGMODELNEGLECTTHEPRESENCEOFSOILMOISTUREINTHEUPPERSOILLAYERABOVETHEGROUNDWATERTABLETHISISPROBLEMATICBECAUSETHEGROUNDDOESNOTHAVETOBESATURATEDFORFAILURESLOPEFAILURESCANOCCURABOVETHEGROUNDWATERTABLEINTHEUNSATURATEDZONEUNDERSTEADYINFI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2THISAREAISLOCATEDONTHEWESTERNSLOPEOFTHESIERRANEVADAMOUNTAINSALONGTHEHIGHWAY50CORRIDOR,BETWEENTHECITIESOFSACRAMENTOANDSOUTHLAKETAHOESINCE1996,SLOPEMOVEMENTSANDLANDSLIDESHAVEOCCURREDREGULARLYDURINGTHEWINTERSEASONWITHACATASTROPHICLANDSLIDEIN1983THATTEMPORARILYDAMMEDTHESOUTHFORKOFTHEAMERICANRIVERANDBLOCKEDHIGHWAY50AMAPPEDLANDSLIDEATTHEMOSTACTIVELANDSLIDEZONEISSHOWNINFIG2THESTUDYFOCUSEDONA28KMBY22KMAREAINCLEVELANDCORRALFIG2ASDERIVEDFROMA90MDIGITALELEVATIONMODELDEM,ELEVATIONSRANGEFROMABOUT902TO2,379MANDSLOPESRANGEFROM0TO48THESTUDYAREAHASSOMEVARIABILITYINSOILTEXTURERANGINGFROMCLAYLOAMTOSANDYLOAM,ALTHOUGHTHEMAJORITYISCOMPOSEDOFSANDYLOAM72ONTHISRUGGEDTOPOGRAPHY,CONIFERS80ANDWOODEDGRASSLAND14ARETHEDOMINANTLANDCOVERSSOMEROCKOUTCROPSAREALSOOBSERVEDALONGTHEHIGHWAY50CORRIDORBASEDONTHEOBSERVATIONOFROCKOUTCROPS,SLOPEFAILURESANDSOILDEPTHMAPSTHESTATESSOILGEOGRAPHICSTATSGOSOILDATABASENATURALRESOURCESCONSERVATIONSERVICE2008,SOILDEPTHSTOTHEROCKRANGEFROM06TO14MSINCE1997,THEUSGSHASMONITOREDTHISACTIVELANDSLIDEREGIONUSINGREALTIMEDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMSTOMEASURERAINFALL,POREWATERPRESSURE,SLOPEMOVEMENTS,ANDGROUNDVIBRATIONSDAILYGROUNDWATERMEASUREMENTSFORWATERYEARS2004TO2006WEREOBTAINEDFROMTHEUSGSWHICHUSESPIEZOMETERSTOMEASURETHEHYDRAULICHEADATONEOFTHEACTIVELANDSLIDESINTHEREGIONSLOPEMOVEMENTSANDLANDSLIDESHAVEBEENOBSERVEDDURINGPERIODSWITHHIGHGROUNDWATERTABLEMEASUREMENTSINTHEWINTERRAINYSEASONTOSTUDYTHEIMPACTOFUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREINSLOPEINSTABILITY,A07KM2AREAWITHACTIVELANDSLIDESWASSELECTEDFROMTHISSTUDYAREAEQ8WASUSEDTOESTIMATETHEFACTORSOFSAFETYSENSITIVITYFORATIMESERIESOFGROUNDWATERLEVELSANDTOTALSOILDEPTHWITHVARYINGUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREFINALLY,TOOBTAINSPATIALDISTRIBUTIONSOFLANDSLIDESUSCEPTIBILITY,EQ7WASAPPLIEDTOTHEENTIRE28KMBY22KMSTUDYAREAWITHMODELEDUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREANDINSITUGROUNDWATERMEASUREMENTSHYDROLOGICMODELTHETHREELAYERVARIABLEINFILTRATIONCAPACITYVIC3LMODELWASUSEDTOESTIMATESOILMOISTUREINTHEUNSATURATEDZONEVIC3LISAMACROSCALELANDSURFACEMODELTHATSIMULATESWATERANDENERGYBUDGETSANDINCLUDESSPATIALVARIATIONSOFSOILPROPERTIES,SOILTOPOGRAPHY,PRECIPITATION,ANDVEGETATIONTHEMODELSSOILCOLUMNHASTHREELAYERSFIG1THETOPTHINSOILLAYERANDTHEMIDDLESOILLAYERCHARACTERIZETHEDYNAMICRESPONSEOFTHESOILTOWEATHERANDRAINFALLEVENTSTHELOWESTLAYERCAPTURESTHESEASONALSOILMOISTUREBEHAVIORBASEDONTHECLIMATICPARAMETERANDSOILANDVEGETATIONCHARACTERISTICS,THISMODELCANESTIMATESOILMOISTURESTORAGE,EVAPOTRANSPIRATION,RUNOFF,ANDSNOWWATEREQUIVALENTATHOURLYTODAILYTIMESTEPSFORTHISSTUDYAREA,THEVIC3LMODELWASRUNUSINGADAILYTIMESTEPFROM2004TO2006WITHLAYERSOF005,035,04TO10MTHICKNESSATA00083APPROXIMATELY1KMRESOLUTIONLATITUDELONGITUDE00083WITHRESPECTTOWORLDGEODETICSYSTEMWGS1984DATUMTHISSTUDYAREAHASATOTALOF900,07KM2PIXELSTABLE1LISTOFMODELPARAMETERSANDSOURCESBYMODELPARAMETERSSOURCESMODELSOILCOHESIONDEOJAETAL1991SLOPESTABILITYSOILPOROSITYDINGMAN2002SLOPESTABILITYANDVIC3LSOILTEXTURESTATSGOSLOPESTABILITYANDVIC3LSOILDEPTHSTATSGOSLOPESTABILITYANDVIC3LHYDRAULICCONDUCTIVITYSTATSGOVIC3LSOILBULKDENSITYDINGMAN2002SLOPESTABILITYANDVIC3LANGLEOFINTERNALFRICTIONDEOJAETAL1991SLOPESTABILITYADDITIONALLOADSURCHARGERAY2004SLOPESTABILITYLANDCOVERUMDSLOPESTABILITYANDVIC3LROOTCOHESIONSIDLEANDOCHIAI2006SLOPESTABILITYROOTDEPTHLDASVIC3LROOTFRACTIONLDASVIC3LVEGETATIONROUGHNESSLDASVIC3LVEGETATIONHEIGHTLDASVIC3LLEAFAREAINDEXLDASVIC3LRAINFALLNCDCVIC3LGROUNDWATERUSGSSLOPESTABILITYTEMPERATURENCDCVIC3LWINDSPEEDNCDCVIC3LNOTESTATSGOSTATESSOILGEOGRAPHICLDASLANDDATAASSIMILATIONSYSTEMUSGSUSGEOLOGICALSURVEYVIC3LVARIABLEINFILTRATIONCAPACITY3LAYERSANDNCDCNATIONALCLIMATICDATACENTERFIG3CHANGEINTHEFACTOROFSAFETYWITHVARYINGUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREVALUESANDDEPTHTOGROUNDWATERFORTOTALSOILDEPTHSOFA1B14C2ANDD30MSITECHARACTERISTICSARESANDYLOAM,WOODEDGRASSLAND,AND325SLOPETHEDATAREQUIREDFORTHEVIC3LHYDROLOGICMODELANDTHESLOPESTABILITYMODELARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE1RAINFALL,TEMPERATURE,ANDWINDSPEEDMEASUREMENTSWEREOBTAINEDFROMTHENATIONALCLIMATICDATACENTERNCDCFROM2000TO2006SOILLAYERS,SOILTHICKNESSANDSOILTEXTUREINFORMATIONWEREOBTAINEDFROMSTATSGOSOILDATABASESOILSURVEYSTAFF,NATURALRESOURCESCONSERVATIONSERVICENRCS,USDA2008THEREAREATOTALOF11SOILLAYERSINSTATSGOFORTHISAREAHOWEVER,MANYLAYERSHAVESIMILARSOILTEXTURECLASSESTOCOINCIDEWITHTHEVIC3LMODELLAYERS,THEELEVENSOILLAYERSWEREREGROUPEDINTOTHREESOILLAYERSTHEFIRST,SECONDTOFIFTH,ANDSIXTHTO11THSOILLAYERSOFTHESTATSGOSOILDATABASEWEREREGROUPEDINTOTHEVIC3LFIRST,SECONDANDTHIRDSOILLAYERS,RESPECTIVELYCONSEQUENTLY,THEFIRSTANDSECONDLAYERSHAVESIMILARSOILTEXTURESABOUT72AND28OFTHESTUDYAREAISCOVEREDWITHSANDYLOAMANDLOAM,RESPECTIVELYINBOTHLAYERSTHETHIRDLOWERLAYERCONSISTSOFFOURSOILTYPES,LOAM,SANDYLOAM,CLAYLOAM,ANDSANDYCLAY,ANDCOVERS,RESPECTIVELY,72,16,3,AND9,OFTHESTUDYAREAEACHPIXELWASASSIGNEDASOILTEXTUREFOREACHOFTHETHREESOILLAYERSBASEDONMAJORITYTYPEFORVERIFICATIONPURPOSES,FOURSOILSAMPLESWERECOLLECTEDFROMTHEACTIVELANDSLIDEGRIDANDTESTEDINALABORATORYUSINGSIEVEANALYSISANDATTERBERGLIMITTESTSTHETESTSCONFIRMEDTHESTATSGOSOILDATABASESOILTEXTURECLASSIFICATIONTHETOTALSOILDEPTHRANGEDFROM08MTO14MTHEASSUMEDPOTENTIALFAILUREPLANEUNDERNEATHTHESOILLAYERISBEDROCKTHEUNITSOILWEIGHTSATURATEDANDDRYWASCALCULATEDBASEDONTHESOILMOISTURE,SOILPOROSITY,ANDSPECIFICGRAVITYOFTHESOILSAMPLESUSINGEQ4EACHSOILTYPEWASASSIGNEDSOILCOHESIONANDFRICTIONANGLEVALUESTHATWEREADAPTEDFROMDEOJAETAL1991ADVANCEDVERYHIGHRESOLUTIONRADIOMETERLANDCOVERDATA1KMSPATIALRESOLUTIONWEREOBTAINEDFROMUNIVERSITYOFMARYLANDUMDTHEREAREFOURLANDCOVERCLASSESTYPESINTHISSTUDYAREAEACHLANDCOVERCLASSWASASSIGNEDAROOTCOHESIONVALUEANDANADDITIONALLOADEQ2THELANDDATAASSIMILATIONSYSTEMGRIDDEDVEGETATIONDATABASEWASUSEDTOOBTAINTHEROOTFRACTION,ROOTDEPTH,VEGETATIONROUGHNESS,ANDVEGETATIONHEIGHTREQUIREDFORTHEVIC3LMODELPARAMETERIZATIONTHESHUTTLERADARTOPOGRAPHYMISSIONDEM90MSPATIALRESOLUTIONWASUSEDTODERIVESLOPEANGLEINTHISSTUDYCOUPLEDSLOPESTABILITYANDHYDROLOGICMODELAPPLICATIONINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONSWECONSIDERTHEORETICALFACTORSOFSAFETYANDTHEIRSENSITIVITYTOSOILMOISTUREUSINGTHEDERIVEDEQS7AND8FIRST,ANFSSENSITIVITYANALYSISISCONDUCTEDFORTHEACTIVELANDSLIDEREGIONFORAFULLRANGEOFPOSSIBLEGROUNDWATERPOSITIONSANDUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTURETHISANALYSISISTHENEXPANDEDTOINCLUDETHESURROUNDINGREGIONFINALLY,AREGIONALAPPLICATIONISPERFORMEDUSINGDYNAMICGROUNDWATERANDUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREVALUESTODETERMINEFSVALUESTHATONLYINCLUDEFEASIBLEHYDROLOGICALSTATESTHROUGHOUTTHEANALYSIS,THECALCULATEDFSVALUESARECATEGORIZEDINTOFOURSTABILITYCLASSESUSINGTHEPACKETAL1998ANDACHARYAETAL2006STABILITYCLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMOFHIGHLYSUSCEPTIBLEFS1,MODERATELYSUSCEPTIBLE1FS125,SLIGHTLYSUSCEPTIBLE125FS15ANDNOTSUSCEPTIBLEFS15LOCALSOILMOISTUREANDGROUNDWATERIMPACTANALYSISTHELOCALLANDSLIDEANALYSISUSESTHEPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSFORTHEMOSTACTIVELANDSLIDEGRIDINTHECLEVELANDCORRALSTUDYAREATHISLOCATIONHASA325SLOPE,A14MSOILDEPTHWITHSANDYLOAMSOILANDWOODEDGRASSLANDLANDCOVERFORTHESECHARACTERISTICSANDTHEIRCORRESPONDINGPHYSICALPARAMETERS,THESTABILITYMODELISAPPLIEDUSINGEQ7THENEQ8ISUSEDTOCALCULATETHESENSITIVITYOFFACTORSOFSAFETYFORVARYINGUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTURE0100,USING5INCREMENTSTHISANALYSISISREPEATEDFORASERIESOFGROUNDWATERTABLEPOSITIONSDEPTHTOGROUNDWATERFROM01TO1MBELOWTHESURFACE01MINCREMENTTHE01MGROUNDWATERTABLEISTHEWETTESTSCENARIOTHE1MGROUNDWATERTABLEISTHEDRIESTSCENARIOTHEMAXIMUMSATURATIONSCENARIOISLIMITEDTO01MDEPTHTOGROUNDWATERTABLEBECAUSETHEREISNOIMPACTOFUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREUNDERFULLSATURATIONSOILTHICKNESSESANALYZEDINCLUDETHESITESPECIFIC14MDEPTHASWELLAS1MINCREMENTALTHICKNESSESFROM1TO3MDEPTHSCORRESPONDINGTOTYPICALSHALLOWLANDSLIDESOILSREGIONALSOILMOISTUREANDGROUNDWATERIMPACTANALYSISFORTHEENTIRECLEVELANDCORRALSTUDYAREA,FACTORSOFSAFETYARECALCULATEDFORASERIESOFGROUNDWATERDEPTHSBELOWTHESURFACE0TO1M,01MINCREMENTWITHAFULLRANGEOFUNSATURATEDZONESOILMOISTUREVALUES0100,10INCREMENTTHIS28KMBY22KMAREAHAS75,988GRIDCELLSEACH9090MCELLISASSIGNEDPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSBASEDONITSSLOPE,SOIL,ANDVEGETATIONTEMPORALDEPENDENTREGIONALANALYSISTHEREGIONALAPPLICATIONALSOCALCULATESFSVALUESINSPACEANDTIMEFORTHEENTIRESTUDYREGIONATA90MSPATIALRESOLUTIONOVER