英美文学选读

英美文学选读LECTURE1WILLIAMSHAKESPEARE156416161HISTORICALBACKGROUNDAQUEENELIZABETHIAPOWERFULENGLANDWITHTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFCAPITALISMBRENAISSANCEANINTELLECTUALMOVEMENTSPRUNGFIRSTINITALYINTHE14THCENTURYANDGRADUALLYSPREADALLOVEREUROPETWOFEATURESARESTRIKINGOFTHISMOVEMENTTHEONEISATHIRSTINGCURIOSITYFORTHECLASSICALLITERATUREANOTHERISTHEHUMANISM,WHICHMEANSTHENEWFEELINGOFADMIRATIONFORHUMANBEAUTYANDHUMANACHIEVEMENT2LIFEAHISCOMPLETEWORKSINCLUDE37PLAYS,2NARRATIVEPOEMSAND154SONNETSBHEISMAINLYFAMOUSFORHISGREATPLAYS,ESPECIALLYTHEOUTSTANDING“FOURGREATTRAGEDIES“HAMLET“,“KINGLEAR“,“OTHELLO“AND“MACBETH“HEISALSOTHEAUTHOROFSOMEOTHERFAMOUSPLAYS,SUCHAS“ROMEOANDJULIET“3SONNET18AASONNETISALYRICPOEMCONSISTINGOFASINGLESTANZAOFFOURTEENIAMBICPENTAMETERLINESLINKEDBYANINTRICATERHYMESCHEMEITISAVERYPOPULARPOEMFORMANDUSEDWIDELYINENGLISHLITERATUREINTHEELIZABETHERA,EDMUNDSPENSERWASALSOFAMOUSFORHISSONNETSANDLATER,JOHNMILTON,BYRONANDKEATSALLCONTRIBUTEDEXCELLENTSONNETSBABABCDCDEFEFGGTHETYPICALRHYMESCHEMEUSEDBYSHAKESPEAREINALLHISSONNETSTHEMEEXPRESSINGTHEDEEPLOVETOHISFRIEND4THEMERCHANTOFVENICEAFAMOUSCOMEDYWRITTENBYSHAKESPEAREINHISYOUTHBSETTINGVENICE,THEMIDDLEAGECCHARACTERSBASSANIO,ANTONIO,SHYLOCK,PORTIAPORTIASHAKESPEARESIDEALWOMAN,BEAUTIFUL,INTELLIGENT,CULTURED,GRACIOUS,INDEPENDENT,ADAUGHTEROFRENAISSANCESHYLOCKMOSTSUCCESSFULCHARACTER,AJEW,AGREEDYANDMERCILESSUSURERANDALSOAVICTIMOFRACIALDISCRIMINATIONANDRELIGIOUSPERSECUTIONSYMPATHYTHEMEMERCYWINSOVERMALICEDTHESELECTIONISTHEMOSTFAMOUSSCENEOFTHEWHOLEPLAYANDALSOTHECLIMAXOFTHEPLAYEFORMOFTHEPLAYVERSEDRAMAWRITTENINBLANKVERSEMOSTLYBLANKVERSEUNRHYMEDIAMBICPENTAMETERITBECAMETHESTANDARDMETERFORELIZABETHANANDLATERPOETICDRAMASANDSOMEPOETS,SUCHASJOHNMILTON,ALSOEMPLOYEDTHISFORMTOWRITETHEIRLONGPOEMSLECTURE2JOHNMILTON160816741HISTORICALBACKGROUNDENGLISHBOURGEOISREVOLUTIONTHECONFLICTSBETWEENKINGJAMESIANDTHENCHARLESIANDTHEPARLIAMENTPROFOUNDCONFLICTSTHEOLDFEUDALISMANDNEWCAPITALISMINRELIGIONTHEANGLICANCHURCHANDTHEPURITANTHECONSEQUENCEOFTHOSECONTRADICTIONSTHECIVILWAR16421649THEKINGWASEXECUTEDIN1649ANDMONARCHYWASABOLISHEDOLIVERCROMWELLSDICTATORSHIP16491660THERESTORATIONCHARLESIIANDTHENJAMESIIGLORIOUSREVOLUTION16882MOSTIMPORTANTWORKSTHREEGREATPOEMSPARADISELOST1667PARADISEREGAINED1671SAMSONAGONISTES1671POETICDRAMAPARADISELOST失乐园ISGENERALLYCONSIDEREDTHEFINESTFRUITOFMILTONSGENIUSMILTONSMASTERPIECEGREATESTEPICWRITTENINTHEENGLISHLANGUAGEREALTHEMEPRAISINGTHEREBELLIOUSSPIRITSAGAINSTTHEDESPOT赞扬对独裁者的反抗LECTURE3DANIELDEFOE166001731HEISAVERYFAMOUSNOVELISTAROUNDTHEWORLDBECAUSEOFHISPOPULARNOVELROBINSONCRUSOE1HISTORICALBACKGROUND1COMPARINGWITHTHE17THCENTURY,THE18THCENTURYISAPERIODFORPEACEFULDEVELOPMENT2THECONSTITUTIONALMONARCHYHASBEENSETUPBYPARLIAMENTIN1688AFTERTHEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION,THEMONARCHWASDEPRIVEDOFRULINGPOWERANDINHISPLACEPARLIAMENTBECAMETHEACTUALLEADEROFTHECOUNTRYTHETORYANDTHEWHIG,ASTWOMAJORPARTIESINENGLAND,COMPETEDWITHEACHOTHERINPOLITICS3ENGLANDGREWFROMASECONDRATECOUNTRYTOAPOWERFULNAVALCOUNTRYINTHISCENTURYINASERIESOFWARS,ENGLANDPROVEDHERPOWEROFNAVALFORCE4WITHTHEASCENTOFTHEBOURGEOISIECULTURALLIFEHADUNDERGONEREMARKABLECHANGESAPOLITICALWRITINGDEPENDINGONPATRONSTOWORKINGFOREITHERPARTYINORDERTOHELPTHEMWINMOREVOTESBNEWSPAPERSANDJOURNALSFORPARTIESANDALSOFORTHERISINGMIDDLECLASSCDUETOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENCEANDPHILOSOPHY,ISSACNEWTONREASONRATHERTHANEMOTIONPLAYEDAMOREIMPORTANTROLEINTHEAGETHUSTHEAGEWASCALLEDTHEAGEOFREASONCHURCHSINFLUENCEWASGREATLYWEAKENED5THERISEOFTHEENGLISHNOVELTHEMODERNEUROPEANNOVELBEGANAFTERTHERENAISSANCE,WITHCERVANTES“DONQUIXOTE“西班牙,塞万提斯,唐吉诃德THERISEANDGROWTHOFTHEREALISTIC现实主义作家,以描写现实生活为主要目的NOVELISTHEMOSTPROMINENTACHIEVEMENTOFTHE18THCENTURYENGLISHLITERATURE2LIFEP29PARAGRAPH1AND21BORNINABUTCHERSFAMILYFATHERWASADISSENTER2GRADUATEDFROMADISSENTINGACADEMYBUTDIDNOTWANTTOBEACLERGYMAN3ONCEAPROSPEROUSMERCHANTBANKRUPTANDGOTINTOAHEAVYDEBT4WRITINGALLKINDSOFBOOKSINCLUDINGPOLITICALPAMPHLETSANDTRADEBOOKSFORALIVING5QUESTIONABLEPOLITICALCHARACTERBECAUSESERVEDBOTHPARTIES6VERSATILEPERSONCONTRIBUTINGALOTTOJOURNALISM“THEREVIEW“FATHEROFMODERNJOURNALISMANDTRADE7WHENHEWAS60YEARSOLD,HEPUBLISHEDROBINSONCRUSOEANDTHENASERIESOFNOVELSWHICHMADEHIMAMAJORNOVELISTINENGLISHLITERARYHISTORY3MOSTIMPORTANTWORKSROBINSONCRUSOEANDMOLLFLANDERS1722MOLLFLANDERSDEFOEINTRODUCES,FORTHEFIRSTTIME,ALOWLYWOMANASTHESUBJECTOFLITERATUREANDITANTICIPATESMANYLATERNOVELSTHATTAKEWOMENASTHECENTEROFATTENTIONINORDERTOEXPOSEHOWTHESOCIALSYSTEMVICTIMIZEDTHEMTHEHEROINEISAWOMANLIVINGBYSTEALINGANDCHEATINGITISALSOATRADITIONINENGLISHNOVELBUTTHEAUTHORSPURPOSEISNOTSHOWINGHERTRICKSHISPURPOSEISSATIRIZINGTHESOCIALSYSTEMTHELASTFOURNOVELSSHOWHISDEEPSYMPATHYFORTHEPOORANDDOWNTRODDENPEOPLE4ROBINSONCRUSOE鲁滨逊漂流记1BACKGROUNDAREALINCIDENT1704,ALEXANDERSELKIRK,ASCOTTISHSAILOR,WASTHROWNONTOADESOLATEISLANDBYTHEMUTINOUSCREWOFHISSHIPHELIVEDTHEREALONEFOR5YEARSDEFOEREADABOUTHISADVENTURESINANEWSPAPERANDWENTTOINTERVIEWHIMTOGETFIRSTHANDINFORMATIONTHEFIRSTTRANSLATIONWADDONEBYLINSHUIN1905ANDBECAMEQUITEPOPULARINCHINA2PLOTRUNAWAYFROMHOMEBECOMEASAILORAPLANTERINBRAZILTOANUNINHABITEDISLANDBECAUSEOFSHIPWRECKMADEALIVINGTHEREALLBY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