管理信息系统（management information systems）

管理信息系统（MANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMS）CHAPTER11WHATISMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMWHATAREHISFUNCTIONSANDFEATURESANSWERTHEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMISCOMPOSEDBYHUMANANDMACHINETOMANAGEINFORMATIONCOLLECTION,TRANSMISSION,STORAGE,PROCESSING,MAINTENANCEANDUSEOFTHESYSTEM,ITCANMEASURETHEVARIOUSOPERATIONSOFTHEENTERPRISE,USINGPASTDATATOPREDICTTHEFUTURE,FROMTHEOVERALLSITUATIONOFAUXILIARYDECISIONMAKING,THEUSEOFINFORMATIONTOCONTROLTHEBEHAVIOROFENTERPRISES,HELPTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFLONGTERMPLANNINGOBJECTIVESFUNCTIONSCOLLECTION,TRANSMISSION,PROCESSING,STORAGE,UPDATINGANDMAINTENANCEOFDATA,DATAPROCESSING,PREDICTION,PLANNINGANDCONTROLFUNCTIONSFEATURESTHEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMFORALLLEVELSOFSTAFFWITHINTHEORGANIZATION,INCLUDINGPRIMARYPRODUCTIONANDOPERATIONSTAFF,MIDDLEMANAGERS,SENIORMANAGEMENTPERSONNELHOWTOIMPROVETHEORGANIZATIONSOVERALLOPERATINGEFFICIENCYASTHEGOALTHECOMPUTERSYSTEMINTEGRATION,WHICHISCOMPOSEDOFSEVERALSUBSYSTEMS2WHATARETHESTRUCTURALVIEWSOFTHEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMANSWERSTRUCTURE,FUNCTION,PROCESSSTRUCTUREANDSOFTWARESTRUCTUREOFPYRAMID3,WHATARETHENEWDEVELOPMENTFORMSOFMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMADECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMS,OFFICEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMS,EXPERTSYSTEMSANDINTEGRATEDPRODUCTIONSYSTEMS4,WHATISTHEDIFFERENCEANDRELATIONBETWEENDATAWAREHOUSEANDDATABASEDATABASEOPERATIONALDATA,ADD,DELETE,CHANGEOPERATIONS,FREQUENTDATAWAREHOUSEANALYSISDATA,VERYFEWUPDATEOPERATIONSDATABASECOREPOWERFUL,SIMPLEFUNCTIONTOOLSQUERYTOOLS,ANALYSISTOOLSANSWER5,THECURRENTPOPULARMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTTOOLSANDTHEIRCHARACTERISTICSANSWERPOWERBUILDERVISUALDEVELOPMENTENVIRONMENT,OBJECTORIENTEDTOOLS,POWERFULPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGES,OPENSYSTEMS,MULTIPLATFORMDEVELOPMENTENVIRONMENT,SERVERDEVELOPMENTSOLUTIONS,ASETOFTOOLSDELPHIMULTITASKINGOFWINDOWS,EVENTDRIVENFEATURES,MESSAGING,OBJECTORIENTEDFOXPROTHEOPERATIONISSIMPLE,EASYTOUSEAGOODINTERFACEANDWINDOWFUNCTION,QUICKRESPONSE,VERYFASTHASASTRONGFUNCTIONOFTHEINTERNALFILEEDITINGSYSTEMCOMPATIBLEWITHXBASEWITHPERFECTCOMPILERFUNCTIONSTRONGHARDWAREANDSOFTWAREENVIRONMENTADAPTABILITYSECONDCHAPTERS1,WHATASPECTSOFTHEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMMAYHAVEANIMPACTONTHEORGANIZATIONALFORMWHATARETHESEEFFECTSANSWERFIRST,THEMANAGEMENTLEVELDIVISION,INCLUDINGTHEMANAGEMENTSCALETWOISTHEMANAGEMENTDIVISIONTHREEISTHEAUTHORITYRELATIONS2COMPARETHEDATA,THEINFORMATION,ANDTHEKNOWLEDGEANSWER1DATAISTHEOBJECTIVEOBJECTRECORDED,ANDCANIDENTIFYTHESYMBOLS,THESESYMBOLSNOTONLYREFERTOFIGURES,BUTALSOINCLUDECHARACTERS,TEXT,GRAPHICS,ETC,DATAPROCESSINGISSTILLDATAPROCESSINGDATAISTOFACILITATEBETTEREXPLANATION,ONLYTHROUGHTHEINTERPRETATIONOFTHEDATATOMAKESENSE,TOBECOMEINFORMATIONITCANBESAIDTHATINFORMATIONISPROCESSED,ANDTHEIMPACTONTHEOBJECTIVEWORLDOFDATA2INFORMATION1NFORMATIONISPROCESSEDDATATHATCANINFLUENCETHEBEHAVIORANDDECISIONOFTHERECEIVER3THESOCALLEDKNOWLEDGE,ISTOREFLECTTHEINFORMATIONOFALLKINDSOFTHINGSINTOTHEHUMANBRAIN,THEROLEOFNERVECELLSAFTERLEAVINGTRACESKNOWLEDGEISFORMEDBYINFORMATION4INFORMATIONCANBECHANGEDINTOKNOWLEDGEONLYWHENITISCLASSIFIED,PROCESSED,ANDREFINED,ANDSOMETIMESNEEDSTOBESUBLIMATEDKNOWLEDGEISBASEDONINFORMATIONONTHECAUSALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEFACTSORRELEVANCE,ANDISTHEBASISFORFORECASTINGANDDECISIONMAKING3WHATISINFORMATIONWHATARETHEBASICNATUREOFINFORMATIONANSWERTHEINFORMATIONISTOREFLECTTHEOBJECTIVEWORLDAFFAIRSCHANGESANDCHARACTERISTICSTHEINFORMATIONISTHECHARACTERIZATIONOFOBJECTIVETHINGSINTERACTION,CONTACTTHESCOPEOFINFORMATIONANDEXTENSIVEPROPERTIESUNIVERSALITY,RELATIVITY,TRANSFERABILITY,TRANSFORMATION,ORDER,DYNAMICSANDTRANSFERABILITY4,WHATARETHEMAINPROCESSESOFINFORMATIONPROCESSINGANSWERMAINLYINCLUDESTHEINFORMATIONCOLLECTION,THETRANSMISSION,THEPROCESSING,THESTORAGE,THEMAINTENANCEANDTHEUSEANDSOONPROCESSINGPROCESS5,WHATISTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDECISIONMAKINGANDINFORMATIONANSWERDECISIONSNEEDINFORMATION,ANDINFORMATIONISTHEBASISOFDECISIONMAKINGEACHSTEPINTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSCANNOTBESEPARATEDFROMINFORMATIONDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSCANBEREGARDEDASAPROCESSOFINFORMATIONPROCESSINGINFORMATIONISANOTHERRESOURCEOFENTERPRISE,ANDTHECOLLECTIONANDANALYSISOFINFORMATIONMAKETHEDECISIONMOREAUTHORITATIVEANDCORRECTDECISIONMAKINGISTHEREFORETHEPRODUCTOFINFORMATIONITSSCIENTIFICTHEINFORMATIONISTHESOULOFTHEMANAGEMENTTHEINFORMATIONONTHEAPPLICABILITYOFMANAGEMENTTHIRDCHAPTERS1,WHATARETHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESYSTEMANSWERINTEGRITY,PURPOSE,RELEVANCE,THEADAPTABILITYOFTHESYSTEM2,WHYSHOULDTHESYSTEMBEDECOMPOSEDWHATPROBLEMSSHOULDWEPAYATTENTIONTOINTHEPROCESSOFDECOMPOSITIONANSWERBECAUSEINTHEFACEOFAHUGEANDCOMPLEXSYSTEM,WECANNOTPASSTHROUGHACHARTOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENALLELEMENTSOFTHESYSTEMCLEARLY,THISISTODECOMPOSETHESYSTEMINTOSEVERALSUBSYSTEMSACCORDINGTOTHEPRINCIPLEOFGENOTETHEBOUNDARIESANDINTERFACESOFEACHSUBSYSTEMMUSTBEDEFINEDSYSTEMDECOMPOSITIONPRINCIPLECONTROLLABILITYPRINCIPLE,FUNCTIONAGGREGATIONPRINCIPLE,INTERFACESTANDARDIZATIONPRINCIPLE3,WHATISTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMWHATARETHECHARACTERISTICSOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSAANINFORMATIONSYSTEMISASYSTEMTHATACHIEVESITSGOALSBYINPUTTINGDATA,PROCESSINGANDOUTPUTTINGINFORMATIONITSASYSTEMFORPROCESSINGDATAANDINFORMATIONFEATURESTHEINPUTANDOUTPUTINFORMATIONOFTHESYSTEMAREDATAANDINFORMATIONTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMISNOTISOLATED,BLIND,BUTINALARGERSYSTEM,ANDSERVETHEDATAANDINFORMATIONINTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMOFTHEPHYSICALFORM,ORTHECARRIEROFSAIDDATAANDINFORMATIONAREVARIED4,WHATARETHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENATRANSACTIONPROCESSINGSYSTEMANDAMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMATRANSACTIONPROCESSINGSYSTEMFEATURESFIRST,THEUSEOFCOMPUTERSINSTEADOFMANUALDATAPROCESSINGTOIMPROVEEFFICIENCYANDACCURACYOFPROCESSINGPURPOSESTWO,MAINLYFORTHEGENERALSTAFFINTHEENTERPRISE,RATHERTHANMANAGERS5,WHATARETHEMAJOROBSTACLESTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFINFORMATIONPROCESSINGINENTERPRISESANSWERMANAGEMENTSYSTEMFACTORS,POLICYFACTORS,FINANCIALFACTORS,HUMANFACTORSTHEBACKWARDMANAGEMENTTHOUGHTANDMODELRESTRICTTHEINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTOFTHEENTERPRISEENTERPRISEINFORMATIZATIONISNOTONLYTHEADVANCEDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDSCIENTIFICMANAGEMENT,MOREIMPORTANTISTHEINNOVATIONINTHEMANAGEMENT,TOTHETRADITIONALMANAGEMENTANDRIGIDMANAGEMENTMODEFORENTERPRISEINFORMATIONSYSTEMESTABLISHEDNOTONLYCANNOTACHIEVETHEDESIREDEFFECT,ONTHECONTRARY,THEREMAYDAMPENTHEENTHUSIASMANDCREATIVITYOFEMPLOYEESFOURTHCHAPTERS1WHATISAPROTOTYPEAPPROACHWHATAREITSFEATURESANSWERPROTOTYPINGISASTRATEGYFORDETERMININGUSERREQUIREMENTS,WHICHUSESAHEURISTICAPPROACHTODEFININGUSERREQUIREMENTSANDGUIDESUSERSINRESPONDINGTOAGRADUALUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESYSTEMFEATURESTHEUSERCENTEREDDEVELOPMENTSYSTEMTHESTRENGTHENINGOFTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSOFUSERPARTICIPATIONITISAGREATATTRACTIONTOTHEUSER,CANEASETHECOMMUNICATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONDIFFICULTIES,CANPROVIDETHESYSTEMDESCRIPTIONANDDEMONSTRATIONISVERYGOOD,CANSIMPLIFYTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTANDDOCUMENTATIONITISCONDUCIVETOTHEACCUMULATIONOFEXPERIENCEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESYSTEMITPROVIDESTHEFINALSYSTEMOPERATIONTRAINING2WHATISANOBJECTORIENTEDAPPROACHWHATAREITSFEATURESANSWERTHEOBJECTORIENTEDMETHODISINACCORDANCEWITHTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEREALWORLDONTHEHABITSANDWAYSOFTHINKING,RESEARCHANDSIMULATIONOFTHEOBJECTIVEWORLD,ITWILLBEOFANYREALWORLDAFFAIRSAREREGARDEDASTHEOBJECT,THEOBJECTIVEWORLDISCOMPOSEDOFMANYDIFFERENTCLASSESOFOBJECTS,EACHWITHTHEIROWNINTERNALSTATEANDOPERATINGLAWTHEELEPHANT,THERELATIONSHIPSANDINTERACTIONSBETWEENDIFFERENTOBJECTSCONSTITUTETHEOBJECTIVEWORLDCOMPLETEFEATURES1THATTHEOBJECTIVEWORLDISCOMPOSEDOFVARIOUSOBJECTSTHEEACHOBJECTDEFINESASETOFDATAANDASETOFMETHODSTHEOBJECTSARECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEIRPROPERTIESCANONLYCOMMUNICATEWITHEACHOTHERBYPASSINGMESSAGESBETWEENTHEOBJECTSFROMEACHOTHER3COMPARISONOFPROTOTYPINGMETHODSANDSTRUCTUREDMETHODSANSWERPROTOTYPINGMETHODSTRUCTUREDMETHODISANITERATIVE,CYCLICSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTAPPROACH,ISASTRICT,SEQUENTIALMETHODUSERSCANSEETHEFINALWORKFORMATTHEEARLYSTAGEOFDEVELOPMENT,ONLYWHENTHEYAREFINISHEDTHEACTUALPROTOTYPECANBEUSEDTOUNDERSTANDANDEVALUATETHESYSTEMANDPROPOSEIMPROVEMENTSONCETHESYSTEMHASBEENCOMPLETED,THEWORKLOADISVERYLARGERELATIVELYHIGHDEGREEOFUSERPARTICIPATIONSEEMSINADEQUATETHEDEVELOPMENTENVIRONMENT,SOFTWARETOOLSANDREQUIREMENTSAREHIGHENOUGHTOBEDEVELOPEDINANYLANGUAGETHEMANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSISRELATIVELYDIFFICULTANDEASIERTOMANAGE4COMPAREOBJECTORIENTEDMETHODSWITHSTRUCTUREDMETHODSANSWEROBJECTORIENTEDMETHOD,STRUCTUREDMETHODTHECONTENTOFANOBJECTINACCORDANCEWITHTHEOBJECTIVEWORLDTHEPROCESSANDEVENTSAFTERANALYSISANDREFINEMENTPROGRAMSANDDATAAREENCAPSULATEDINOBJECTS,ANDPROGRAMSANDDATAARESEPARATEDANALYSISANDDESIGNARECONSISTENT,FROMANALYSISRESULTSTODESIGNRESULTSTHEBOUNDARIESBETWEENTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSANALYSIS,DESIGN,IMPLEMENTATIONARENOTOBVIOUS,MANAGEMENTCONTROLISDIFFICULT,ANDTHEBOUNDARIESBETWEENTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSESAREOBVIOUS,ANDMANAGEMENTCONTROLISEASY5WHATKINDOFSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTCANBEAPPLIEDTOSTRUCTUREDMETHODS,PROTOTYPINGMETHODSANDOBJECTORIENTEDMETHODSANSWERSTRUCTUREDMETHOD,PROTOTYPINGMETHOD,OBJECTORIENTEDMETHODLARGESCALE,RELATIVELYCOMPLEXFUNCTIONS,SMALLSYSTEMSANDSOMELOCALSYSTEMS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFVARIOUSINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFIFTHCHAPTERS1,THEMAINSTEPSANDCONTENTSOFTHESTRATEGICPLANNINGOFMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMANSWERTHEMAINSTEPS1THEBASICCONTENTOFTHEPLANNINGPROBLEMTHEINITIALINFORMATIONCOLLECTIONTHEEVALUATIONOFEXISTINGSTATEANDCONSTRAINTRECOGNITIONPROGRAMTHETARGETSETTHEPREPARATIONOFTHEPLANNINGMATRIX6,THEREFORE,TOIDENTIFYTHEABOVELISTEDACTIVITIES,THEPROJECTISAONETIMENATUREOFACTIVITIES,ORAREPETITIVEREGULARACTIVITYIHAVEGIVENTHEPROJECTSPRIORITYANDPROJECTCOSTESTIMATIONTHEYPREPARETHEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATIONSCHEDULETHEWRITESTRATEGYOFLONGTERMPLANNING,TOEXCHANGEVIEWSWITHLEADERSOFUSERS,INFORMATIONSYSTEMANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMCOMMITTEEGOTOTHEGENERALMANAGERFORAPPROVAL,ANDANNOUNCEDTHESTRATEGICPLANNINGTASKIFAPPROVED,THEEND,DIDNOTAPPROVETHEREPLANNINGTHEMAINCONTENTSMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTRATEGICPLANNINGCONTENTAREVERYBROAD,FROMTHEGOALOFENTERPRISETOTHEVARIOUSDEPARTMENTSOFTHETARGET,ASWELLASTHEIRPOLICIESANDPLANS,ACTIVITIESANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINFORMATIONDEPARTMENTUNTILTHEENTERPRISEAMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMPLANNINGSHOULDINCLUDETHEORGANIZATIONSSTRATEGICOBJECTIVES,POLICIESANDCONSTRAINTS,PLANSANDINDICATORSOFANALYSISSHOULDINCLUDEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMSOBJECTIVES,CONSTRAINTS,ASWELLASTHEANALYSISOFPLANNINGINDICATORS2,WHATARETHEMAINMETHODSOFMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMPLANNINGANSWERTHEMAINCRITICALSUCCESSFACTORS,STRATEGYSETTRANSFORMATION,BUSINESSSYSTEMPLANNING,ANALYSISANDINTEGRATIONOFENTERPRISEINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,OUTPUT/ANALYSIS,INVESTMENTRECOVERYMETHOD,LEVYMETHOD,THEZEROLINEOFTHEBUDGETLAW,ANYLAWTHEMOSTUSEDARETHEFIRSTTHREE,ANDTHELATTERAREUSEDINSPECIALCASES,ORASPARTOFTHEOVERALLPLAN3,MANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEMAINPROBLEMSFACEDINTHEPROCESSOFIMPLEMENTATIONANSWER1SOMEUSERSARENOTFAMILIARWITHCOMPUTERTHENEWSYSTEMHASGREATINFLUENCEONTHECURRENTMANAGEMENTMODE,MANAGEMENTPERSONNELMAYGENERATERESENTMENTMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMISNOTEASYTODIRECTLYBENEFITTHEMONETARYFORMTOREFLECTTHEACCURACYOFBASICDATAANDPOORINTEGRITY4,MANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMSBEFORETHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMAINWORKANSWERTHEREFERENCEOFTHESIMILARSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTEXPERIENCETHESELECTIONOFTHEAPPROPRIATEENTERPRISEACTUALDEVELOPMENTMODEWEDETERMINESYSTEMOBJECTIVES,DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYANDINVESTMENTTHECOLLECTIONOFBASICDATA5WHATARETHEMAINREQUIREMENTSOFTHEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMANSWERAPRELIMINARYINVESTIGATIONOFTHECURRENTSYSTEMTHEFUNCTIONOFUSERDEMANDTHERESPONSESPEEDOFTHEDEMANDTHESAFETYREQUIREMENTS6,WHATARETHECONTENTSOFTHESOFTWAREANDHARDWAREPLATFORMOFTHEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMHOWTOMAKEITANSWER1OPERATINGSYSTEMPLATFORMFORMULATIONGENERALLYCHOOSEONEOFTHEUNIXANDWINDOWSNTSERVERASITSNETWORKOPERATINGSYSTEM,ANDTHESELECTIONCRITERIASHOULDALSOCONSIDERTHECONVENIENCEOFAPPLICATIONANDTHECONVENIENCEOFSYSTEMMAINTENANCETHEDATABASESETTINGUPHIGHPERFORMANCETRANSACTIONPROCESSINGTHATSUPPORTSLARGEDATABASESANDMULTIPLEUSERSCOMPLYWITHTHEDATAACCESSLANGUAGE,OPERATINGSYSTEMUSERINTERFACEANDNETWORKCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLISTHEINDUSTRYSTANDARD,ISANOPENSYSTEM,CANFULLYPROTECTTHEUSERSINVESTMENTIMPLEMENTATIONOFSECURITYCONTROLANDINTEGRITYCONTROLDISTRIBUTEDDATABASEANDDISTRIBUTEDPROCESSINGWITHPORTABILITY,COMPATIBILITYANDCONNECTIVITYALSOFROMINVESTMENTANDPRICE,OPERATIONALCONSIDERATIONSTHEDATASTORAGEYOUCANUSETHEDISKMIRRORINGRAID0/1STANDARD,ORYOUCANUSETHEBANDMEMORYREDUNDANCYDISKARRAYRAID5STANDARDFORHIGHERDISKSPACEUTILIZATIONTOPREVENTSYSTEMDATALOSS,REGULARBACKUPSOFDATANECESSARYFORROUTINEOPERATIONOFTHESYSTEMSHOULDALSOBEMADETHENETWORKCOMMUNICATIONSTANDARDWANCOMMUNICATIONSSTANDARDSFORANATIONWIDEINDUSTRY,AVARIETYOFTELECOMMUNICATIONSSOLUTIONSSHOULDBEDEVELOPED,INCLUDINGMAJORSOLUTIONSANDBACKUPPROGRAMSTOENSURETHENORMALOPERATIONOFREMOTEDATACOMMUNICATIONSLOCALAREANETWORKCOMMUNICATIONTHECOMMONLOCALAREANETWORKTOPOLOGYHASTHREEKINDSBUSSTRUCTURE,STARSTRUCTUREANDRINGSTRUCTURETHESYSTEMHARDWARESTANDARDINCLUDINGSERVERS,PCMACHINES,LOCALAREANETWORKEQUIPMENT,WIDEAREANETWORKEQUIPMENT,INPUTANDOUTPUTEQUIPMENT,ETCWESHOULDFULLYCONSIDERTHESYSTEMINTHEDATASTORAGE,RESPONSESPEED,SYSTEMSCALABILITY,NETWORKCOMMUNICATIONANDOTHERNEEDS,BECAUSETHEPRICEPERFORMANCERATIOOFHARDWAREPRODUCTSINCREASEDFASTER,SOTHEHARDWARECONFIGURATIONTOAVOIDTANDAQIUQUAN,YIHONGERSHANG,INPRINCIPLE,ONLYWHENTHEAPPLICATIONSOFTWARETOSTARTDEBUGGING,ITSHOULDSTARTTHECORRESPONDINGHARDWARECONFIGURATIONUNDERTHEPREMISEOFMEETINGTHENEEDSOFTIMEBUSINESS,ASLONGASTHEFUNDSPERMIT,WESHOULDTRYTOACQUIREACOMPUTERSYSTEMWITHMATURETECHNOLOGYANDHIGHPERFORMANCEPRICERATIOBUTATPRESENT,COMPUTERTECHNOLOGYISDEVELOPINGSOFASTTHATTHEREAREMANYKINDSOFNAMES,WHATISGOODANDWHATISMATURE,ANDITISDIFFICULTTODRAWCONCLUSIONSINGENERALGENERALLY,WEEVALUATEITINTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTS1RELIABILITYISTECHNICALLYRELIABLE2ISMAINTAINABILITYMAINTENANCECONVENIENT3COMPATIBILITYVERTICALTHEOLDANDNEWSYSTEMSCANBECOMPATIBLEHORIZONTALTHISSYSTEMCANBECOMPATIBLEWITHTHEEXTERNALSYSTEM4STANDARDSERIESANDNONSTANDARDSERIESARENOTSUITABLEFORSELECTION5FAMILIARITYREFERSTOTHEFAMILIARITYOFTHEUSERWITHSOFTWAREANDHARDWARE6ISITCONVENIENTTOUSE7SCALABILITYISITCONVENIENTTOEXPANDORUPGRADETHESYSTEMINTHEFUTURE8REQUIREMENTSFORTHEWORKINGENVIRONMENT9PERFORMANCEPRICERATIOSIXTHCHAPTERS1WHATARETHEMAINTASKSOFTHESYSTEMANALYSISPHASEWHYISSYSTEMANALYSISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTSTAGEINTHEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTPROCESSANSWERTHESYSTEMANALYSISOFTHEMAINTASKISTOCARRYOUTFURTHERDETAILEDINVESTIGATIONOFTHECURRENTSYSTEM,THESYSTEMWILLGETDETAILEDINVESTIGATIONOFTHEDOCUMENTSTOGETHER,THEOVERALLMANAGEMENTOFTHEORGANIZATIONANDINFORMATIONPROCESSANALYSISITFOCUSESONTHEANALYSISFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEBUSINESSPROCESSTHEPURPOSEOFTHEANALYSISSYSTEMISDETERMINEDTHEUSERNEEDSANDSOLUTIONS,PUTFORWARDVARIOUSPLANSANDIDEASOFTHENEWSYSTEM,ANDCARRIESONTHEANALYSIS,RESEARCH,COMPARISON,JUDGMENTANDCHOICEOFALLTHEPLANSANDIDEAS,LOGICALMODELOFTHENEWSYSTEMWILLOBTAINANOPTIMAL,ANDUSERSTOUNDERSTANDTHEWORKINGPROCESSANDCOMPUTERSYSTEMTREATMENTOFTHECASE,ITWILLBECLEARTHATTHEEXPRESSIONOFWRITTENINFORMATIONSYSTEMANALYSISREPORTTHECONTENTOFTHESYSTEMANALYSISREPORTISTHEBASISANDBASISFORSYSTEMDESIGN,SYSTEMIMPLEMENTATIONANDSYSTEMEVALUATIONINTHEFUTURE,ANDITISALSOTHEBASISOFSIGNINGAGREEMENTANDCONTRACTBETWEENDEVELOPERANDUSERUNIT2WHATISASTRUCTUREDANALYSISMETHODWHATAREITSCHARACTERISTICSANSWERSTRUCTURALANALYSISMETHODISATOPDOWN,LAYERBYLAYERDECOMPOSITION,FROMCOARSETOFINE,FROMCOMPLEXTOSIMPLESOLUTIONFEATURESTHESIMPLE,CLEAR,EASYTOLEARNANDUSEITCANGREATLYREDUCETHECOMPLEXITYOFTHEPROBLEMITUSESAGRAPHICALDESCRIPTION,DESCRIBEAVISIBLEMODELABOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPROJECTDATAFLOWDIAGRAM,ALSOPROVIDESFAVORABLECONDITIONSFORTHEPROJECTREVIEWANDEVALUATION4,WHATARETHEFUNCTIONSOFTHEDATAFLOWDIAGRAMHOWDOIDRAWDATAFLOWDIAGRAMSADATAFLOWDIAGRAMSCANACCURATELYDESCRIBETHEFUNCTIONSOFTHESYSTEM,INPUT,OUTPUT,ANDDATASTORAGE,ANDGETRIDOFTHEIRPHYSICALCONTENTDRAWINGDATAFLOWDIAGRAMSSHOULDINCLUDEDATASTREAMS,PROCESSING,ANDPROCESSING,STOREFILENAME,DATASOURCE,ORDESTINATION5,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDATAFLOWDIAGRAMANDCURRENTSYSTEMFLOWCHARTANDTHEIRRESPECTIVECHARACTERISTICSANSWERTHEDATAFLOWDIAGRAMINTHESYSTEMANALYSTINTHESYSTEMDESIGNSTAGE,FORTHEACTUALCONSTRUCTIONOFSYSTEMANALYSIS,FROMAPROCESSLOGICMODEL,ITPAYMOREATTENTIONTOTHEPROCESSOFDATA,ANDTHEDETAILEDPHYSICALPROCESSOFDATAPROCESSING,THEPHYSICALDISTRIBUTIONISIGNOREDASYSTEMFLOWDIAGRAMISADESCRIPTIONOFTHEFUTUREINFORMATIONPROCESSINGSYSTEMTHATASYSTEMANALYSTWILLBUILDATTHETIMEOFTHESYSTEMARCHITECTUREPHASE,ORWHENITCOMESINTOCONTACTWITHTHEACTUALSYSTEM6WHATISADATADICTIONARYWHATISITAONTHEBASISOFDATAFLOWDIAGRAMS,WENEEDTODEFINEEACHOFTHESEDATASTREAMS,FILES,ANDDATAITEMSWECALLTHESETOFTHESEDEFINITIONSADATADICTIONARYWEDEFINEEACHDEFINITIONOFADATASTREAM,FILE,ANDDATAITEMASANENTRYINTHEDATADICTIONARYASARESULT,THEREARETHREETYPESOFENTRIESINTHEDATADICTIONARYDATAFLOWENTRIES,FILEENTRIES,ANDDATAITEMENTRIES7WHATARETHECONTENTSOFTHEPROCESSINGINSTRUCTIONSANSWER1PROCESSINGINSTRUCTIONSMUSTDESCRIBETHEFUNCTIONALUNITTOINPUTDATAINTOADATASTREAMCONVERSIONRULESTHEDESCRIPTIONOFEACHPROCESSINGMUSTDESCRIBETHECONVERSIONSTRATEGY8WHATARETHETOOLSFORDESCRIBINGMACHININGINSTRUCTIONSADESCRIPTIONOFPROCESSINGISDESCRIBEDUSINGSTRUCTUREDLANGUAGE,DECISIONTABLES,ANDDECISIONTREESANSWERCOMMONLYUSEDTOOLSARESTRUCTUREDLANGUAGE,DECISIONTABLEANDDECISIONTREE9,WHATARETHEBASICSTEPSANDMAINCONTENTSOFSTRUCTUREDANALYSISANSWERTHEFIRSTANALYSISSYSTEMALREADYEXISTSINTHEREALISTICENVIRONMENTONTHEBASISOFTHECONCEPTOFTHETARGETSYSTEMWILLBEDEVELOPEDSEVENTHCHAPTERS1,WHATARETHECONTENTSOFTHESYSTEMDESIGNWHATPRINCIPLESDOYOUFOLLOWANSWERSYSTEMDESIGNISTHEOVERALLSTRUCTUREOFTHEDESIGN,ANDTHENDETAILEDDESIGNSYSTEMDESIGNPRINCIPLESSIMPLICITY,SYSTEMVARIABILITY,CONSISTENCYANDINTEGRITY,RELIABILITY,ECONOMY,GOODSYSTEMEFFICIENCY,SECURITY2WHATARETHECHARACTERISTICSOFSTRUCTUREDDESIGNMETHODSANSWERSTRUCTUREDDESIGNMETHODSARECHARACTERIZEDBYTOPDOWNDESIGN3DESCRIBETHEQUALITYSTANDARDOFTHEMODULESTRUCTUREANDILLUSTRATEWITHEXAMPLESAINSTRUCTUREDDESIGN,THESTANDARDOFEVALUATINGMODULEQUALITYIS“COUPLINGSMALLANDCOHESIVE“THEFOLLOWINGISAFURTHERDISCUSSIONONTHECONCEPTOFCOUPLINGANDCOHESIONTOHELPDEVELOPERSADJUSTANDIMPROVETHEDIVISIONOFMODULESINTHEMODULESTRUCTUREDESIGN,ASMUCHASPOSSIBLETOREDUCEMODULECOUPLINGANDIMPROVETHECOHESIONOFTHEMODULE4、WHATARETHEMAINTOOLSINDETAILDESIGNANSWERIPODIAGRAM,PROBLEMANALYSISDIAGRAMPAD,PROCESSDESIGNLANGUAGEPDL5WHATISCODEDESIGNWHATISTHEIMPACTOFCODEDESIGNONSYSTEMPERFORMANCEACODEDESIGNISTODESIGNASETOFSYSTEMFORALLDEPARTMENTSOFPUBLIC,OPTIMIZEDCODESYSTEM,WHICHISAPREREQUISITEFORTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFCOMPUTERMANAGEMENT6WHATARETHEC