高中化学学业水平测试复习资料（review of senior high school chemistry proficiency test）

高中化学学业水平测试复习资料（REVIEWOFSENIORHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYPROFICIENCYTEST）REVIEWOFCHEMISTRYACADEMICLEVELTESTINJIANGSUHIGHSCHOOLIN2008KNOWLEDGEASSEMBLYCLASSIFICATION,STRUCTURE,REACTIONANDBASICOPERATIONOFASUBJECTCLASSIFICATIONANDTRANSFORMATIONOFSUBSTANCESSOLUTIONMIXTURECOLLOIDEMULSIONOFORGANICCOMPOUNDSPHYSICALCOMPOUNDAPURESUBSTANCEINORGANICCOMPOUNDNONMETALELEMENTALMETALTWOTYPESOFCHEMICALREACTIONS1,FOURBASICREACTIONTYPESCHEMICALREACTION,DECOMPOSITIONREACTION,DISPLACEMENTREACTIONANDMETATHESISREACTIONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEEN2ANDFOURBASICREACTIONTYPESANDREDOXREACTIONSTHEREPLACEMENTREACTIONMUSTBEAREDOXREACTION,ANDTHEMETATHESISREACTIONISNOTNECESSARILYAREDOXREACTIONTHECHEMICALREACTIONMAYBETHEREDOXREACTION3REDOXREACTIONTHEESSENCEOFELECTRONTRANSFERORLOSSOFFSETFEATURESTHECHANGEOFVALENCEJUDGMENTOFREDOXREACTIONONTHEBASISCONCEPTLVALENCELOSTELECTRONICOXYGENOXIDATIONREDUCINGAGENTDROPVALENCE,EOXIDATION,OXYGENREDUCINGAGENTREPRESENTATIONMETHODSINGLETRACKBRIDGE2ELOSES2E10100,12KBRCL2BR22KCL2KBRCL2BR22KCLGET2ETHREE,THEAMOUNTOFMATERIAL1DEFINITIONACOLLECTIONOFSYMBOLSREPRESENTINGACERTAINNUMBEROFPARTICLESNUNITSMOL2,THEAVOGADROCONSTANT0012KGC12CONTAINSTHENUMBEROFCARBONATOMSEXPRESSEDINNAABOUT602X10233,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEAMOUNTOFPARTICLESANDSUBSTANCESFORMULAN4THEMASSOFASUBSTANCEINTHEQUANTITYOFAUNITOFSUBSTANCEEXPRESSEDINMG/MOLISEQUALTOTHEQUANTITYOFTHESUBSTANCE5,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMASSANDMATERIALQUANTITYFORMULAN6,VOLUMEANDMATERIALQUANTITYRELATIONFORMULANSTANDARDCONDITION,1MOL,ANYGASVOLUMEISABOUT224L7,AVOGADEROSLAWTHESAMETEMPERATUREANDPRESSURE,ANYGASOFTHESAMEVOLUMEALLCONTAINTHESAMENUMBEROFMOLECULES8THEAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCEINAUNITVOLUMESOLUTIONTHEAMOUNTOFSOLUTEBSYMBOLCBUNITSMOL/L9,THEAMOUNTOFMATTERCONCENTRATIONANDTHEAMOUNTOFMATERIALRELATIONSFORMULACB10,THEAMOUNTOFMATERIALCONCENTRATION,PREPARATION,PREPARATIONBEFORECHECKINGTHECAPACITYOFTHEBOTTLEISLEAKINGPROCEDURES1CALCULATEMCVMWEIGHDISSOLVETRANSFERWASH23TIMES,WASHLIQUIDINTOVOLUMETRICFLASK567ACONSTANTVOLUMESTRAINBOTTLINGLABELFOUR、DISPERSESYSTEMCOLLOIDALSUSPENSION1,SCATTERSIZENM1072THENATUREOFCOLLOIDSTHEDAUGHTERPHENOMENONBRIGHTPATHWAYUSEDTODISTINGUISHBETWEENSOLUTIONSANDCOLLOIDS3ELECTROLYTEACOMPOUNDTHATCONDUCTSELECTRICITYINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONORINAMOLTENSTATE4NONELECTROLYTECOMPOUNDSTHATCANCONDUCTELECTRICITYINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONANDMOLTENSTATESUCROSE,ALCOHOL,SO2,CO2,NH3,ETCSTRONGACIDHCL,H2SO4,HNO35STRONGELECTROLYTEELECTROLYTETHATCANBEIONIZEDCOMPLETELYINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONSTRONGALKALINAOH,KOH,CAOH2,BAOH2MOSTSALTWEAKACIDWEAKELECTROLYTEANELECTROLYTEWEAKBASETHATCANIONIZEPARTIALLYINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONWATERFIVE,THESEPARATIONANDPURIFICATIONOFSUBSTANCES1,FILTRATIONMETHODSUITABLEFORSEPARATIONOFASOLUBLECOMPONENT,ANOTHERINSOLUBLESOLIDMIXTURESUCHASSALTPURIFICATION2EVAPORATIONCRYSTALLIZATIONTHESOLUBILITYOFEACHCOMPONENTINTHEMIXTUREINTHESOLVENT3,DISTILLATIONAPPLYTOSEPARATECOMPONENTSOFEACHOTHER,BUTDIFFERENTBOILINGPOINTOFLIQUIDMIXTURESFOREXAMPLETHESEPARATIONOFALCOHOLANDWATER,THEMAININSTRUMENTDISTILLATIONFLASKCONDENSER4,SUBLIQUIDSEPARATEINCOMPATIBLETWOKINDSOFLIQUID5EXTRACTIONOFSOLUTEINIMMISCIBLESOLVENTINDIFFERENTWATERSOLUBILITYCCL4LAYEREDUPPERLOWERCOLORLESSORANGEREDWITHOUTALCOHOLEXTRACTIONSIX,IONTESTINGTHEFLAMEREACTIONOFSODIUMPOTASSIUMFLAMEYELLOWFLAMEPURPLETHROUGHCOBALTBLUEGLASSCLTESTTHEWHITEPRECIPITATEPRODUCEDBYADDINGSILVERNITRATEISNOTSOLUBLEINDILUTENITRICACIDSO42TESTTHEWHITEPRECIPITATEPRODUCEDBYADDINGBANO32ISNOTSOLUBLEINDILUTENITRICACIDNH4TESTREDLITMUSPAPERJOINEDTHENAOHHEATINGGASWETBLUEFE3TESTADDINGKSCNSOLUTIONAPPEARSREDFE33SCNFESCN3AL3TESTAFTERADDINGNAOH,WHITEPRECIPITATEFIRSTAPPEAREDANDTHENDISAPPEAREDSEVENATOMICSTRUCTUREPROTONZNUCLEUS1ATOMAZXNEUTRONNAZEXTRANUCLEARELECTRONZ2,MASSNUMBERPROTONNUMBERNEUTRONNUMBER3,NUCLEARCHARGENUMBERTHENUMBEROFPROTONSOUTSIDETHEATOMICNUCLEUSELECTRONNUMBER4ISOTOPESDIFFERENTATOMSWITHTHESAMENUMBEROFPROTONSANDDIFFERENTNEUTRONSARECALLED11H,21HAND31HRESPECTIVELYEIGHT,IONREACTION1,THECONDITIONSOFOCCURRENCE1THEFORMATIONOFINSOLUBLESUBSTANCES2TOGENERATEVOLATILESUBSTANCES3,THEFORMATIONOFDIFFICULTTOIONIZESUBSTANCES2STEPS1WRITETHEWRITINGMATERIALINTOEASILYIONIZEDIONS,SOLUBLEANDINSOLUBLETOIONIZABLESUBSTANCES,GASES,ELEMENTAL,CHEMICALFORMULATHEOXIDERETENTIONCHECKDELETETHECHARGECONSERVATION,CONSERVATIONOFTHEATOMICNUMBEREXAMPLESOFCOMMONERRORSINIONICEQUATIONSCL2REACTIONWITHWATERSOLUBLEINHYDROCHLORICACIDCALCIUMCARBONATEH2OCL22HCLCLOCO322HCO2H2OIRONREACTSWITHFERRICCHLORIDE,FEFE32FE2SULFURICACIDREACTSWITHBARIUMHYDROXIDEHOHH2OTOPICTWOCHLORINEANDSODIUMICHLORINEGAS1PHYSICALPROPERTIESCHLORINEISYELLOWGREEN,PUNGENTSMELL,SOLUBLEINWATER,DENSITY,LARGERTHANTHEAIR,EASYTOLIQUEFIEDTOXICGAS2CHEMICALPROPERTIESCHLORINEHASSTRONGOXIDIZINGPROPERTY1ABLETOFOLLOWMETALSSUCHASNA,FE,ETC2NACL22NA,CL,2FE3CL22FECL32ANDNONMETALSUCHASH2H2CL22HCLREACTIONFLAMEISPALE,MOUTHMISTGENERATED3ANDWATERREACTIONCL2H2OHCLHCLOHYPOCHLOROUSACIDPROPERTIESWEAKACID,STRONGOXIDIZINGSTABILITY,NOTEASYTOSEELIGHTDECOMPOSITIONEQUATIONWAS2HCLO2HCLO2,SAVETHENEWSYSTEMCONTAININGCHLORINE,THEMAINCOMPONENTOFWATERFORLONG4REACTWITHALKALI2NAOHCL2NACLNACLOH2OUSEDINTAILGASTREATMENTANDBLEACHINGTHE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INNATUREINTHEFORMOFSIO2ANDSILICATES,KNOWINGTHATCRYSTALLINESILICONISAGOODSEMICONDUCTORMATERIAL2PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFSILICONCRYSTALLINESILICONHASBLACK,METALLICHARDANDBRITTLESOLIDSIO22C2COSICOARSESILICONSI2CL2SICL42SICL42H2SI4HCLTOPICFOURSULFURANDNITROGENFIRST,THENATUREANDROLEOFSULFURDIOXIDE1,PHYSICALPROPERTIESCOLORLESS,PUNGENTODOROFTOXICGASES,THEDENSITYISGREATERTHANTHEAIR2,CHEMICALPROPERTIES1REACTIONWITHWATER,SO2H2OH2SO3REVERSIBLEREACTION,INSTABILITYOFH2SO3,2H2SO3,O22H2SO42REDUCTIVE2SO2O22SO33SO2BLEACHINGFUCHSINSOLUTIONCOMBINEDWITHTHEPRINCIPLEFADECOLOREDMATERIALGENERATESCOLORLESSSUBSTANCE,THESUBSTANCEISNOTSTABLETEMPORARYCHLORINEBLEACHPERMANENTBLEACHINGPRINCIPLEHCLOHASSTRONGOXIDATION3,ACIDRAINPHMGALTHEMETALLICPROPERTYISGRADUALLYWEAKENEDANDTHENONMETALLICPROPERTYISGRADUALLYINCREASEDTHENONMETALLICPROPERTYISCLSPSI,5OFTHEMETALELEMENTSISSTRONGER,THEHIGHESTPRICEOFTHECORRESPONDINGOXIDEHYDRATEHYDROXIDEALKALINEISSTRONGER,ANDVICEVERSAMETALLICITYNAMGAL,ALKALINESTRENGTHOFHYDROXIDEISNAOHMGOH2ALOH3NONMETALLICELEMENTS,MORESTRONG,THEHIGHESTPRICEOFTHECORRESPONDINGOXIDEHYDRATEOXYGENACIDMOREACIDIC,ANDVICEVERSANONMETALLICH2CO32CH3COOHNA2CO32CH3COONAH2OCO22ESTERIFICATIONTHEACTIONOFALCOHOLANDACIDTOPRODUCEESTERANDWATERISCALLEDESTERIFICATIONCH3CH2OHCH3COOHCH3COOCH2CH3H2OREACTIONTYPESUBSTITUTIONREACTION,REACTIONSUBSTANCEACIDDEHYDROGENATIONOFHYDROXYLALCOHOLCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDCATALYSTANDWATERABSORBENTSATURATEDSODIUMCARBONATESOLUTION1THEEFFECTOFACETICACIDANDVOLATILEOUTTOSMELLTHESMELLOFETHYLACETATEABSORBTHEVOLATILIZATIONOFTHEETHANOL3TOREDUCETHESOLUBILITYOFETHYLACETATESUMUPSEVEN,ESTEROILSTRUCTUREOFESTER