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英文文献SMARTCARDFORSMARTCAMPUSKFUPMCASESTUDYTALA1HALAWANIANDMOHAMEDMOHANDESKINGFAHDUNIVERSITYOFPETROLEUMANDMINERALSMOHANDESKFUUMEDUSAABSTRACTSMARTCARDISTHELATESTADDITIONINTHEWORLDOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYTHEVISIONOFTHESMARTCARDPROGRAMISTOPROVIDEACCESSTOSERVICESTHATISSECURE,FAST,FRIENDLY,EASYTOUSE,FLEXIBLE,PERSONAL,ANDISACCESSIBLEBYTHEUSERSKOMANYPLACEATANYTIMEASMARTCARDISOFTHESIZEOFACONVENTIONALCREDITCARDWITHANEMBEDDEDCOMPUTERCHIPTHATSTORESANDTRANSACTSDATABETWEENUSERSANDDEVICESTHISDATAISASSOCIATEDWITHEITHERVALUEORINFORMATIONORBOTHANDISSTOREDANDPROCESSEDWITHINTHECHIPOFTHECARDTHECARDDATAISTRANSACTEDVIAACARDREADERATTACHEDTOACOMPUTINGSYSTEMASAPERIPHERALDEVICESMARTCARDSAREEXTENSIVELYUSEDTHROUGHSEVERALKEYAPPLICATIONSLIKEEDUCATION,HEALTHCARE,BANKING,ENTERTAINMENT,ANDTRANSPORTATION1INTRODUCTIONSMARTCARDISAMINICOMPUTERCAPABLEOFSTORINGANDPROCESSINGDATAALTHOUGH,ATPRESENT,THEYAREMOSTPOPULARASSINGLEFUNCTIONCASHCARDSANDLONGDISTANCECALLINGCARDS,THEIRCAPABILITIESRANGEFROMRETAININGTICKETS,MONEY,FREQUENTFLYERMILES,TRAVELPREFERENCES,INSURANCEINFORMATION,KEYDEMOGRAPHICDATA,LINKSTOAPATIENTSMEDICALRECORDS,TOALLOWINGACCESSINTOABUILDING,LOGGINGONTOANETWORK,ETCTHEPOTENTIALOFTHESMARTCARDISLIMITLESSWITHTHEADDEDBONUSOFTHESEFUNCTIONSBEINGPERFORMEDONASINGLECARD,SMARTCARDSHAVETHEABILITYTOBECOMEINDISPENSABLETOOLSSMARTCARDSWEREFIRSTINTRODUCEDINEUROPEACOUPLEOFDECADESAGOASASTOREDVALUETOOLFORPAYPHONESTOREDUCETHEFTIASSMARTCARDSANDOTHERCHIPBASEDCARDSADVANCED,PEOPLEFOUNDNEWWAYSTOUSETHEM,SUCHASCHARGINGCARDSFORCREDITPURCHASESANDFORRECORDKEEPINGINPLACEOFPAPERSMARTCARDSPROVIDETAMPERPROOFSTORAGEOFUSERANDACCOUNTIDENTITYTHEYPROVIDEPROTECTIONAGAINSTAFULLRANGEOFSECURITYTHREATS,KOMCARELESSSTORAGEOFUSERPASSWORDSTOSOPHISTICATEDSYSTEMHACKSSMARTCARDCANBEMULTIFUNCTIONALTHROUGHTHEUSEOFSEVERALAPPLICATIONSSTOREDONTHECARDTHISPAPERSTARTSWITHTHEHISTORYOFSMARTCARDSANDDESCRIBESTHEDIFFERENTTYPESOFSMARTCARDSWITHCHARACTERISTICSOFEACHTYPEFINALLY,THEPAPERWILLDETAILKFUPMSMARTCARDSYSTEMASANIMPORTANTCASESTUDYINTHEFIELD2THEHISTORYOFSMARTCARDSTHEFIRSTPLASTICPAYMENTCARDFORGENERALUSEWASISSUEDBYTHEDINNERSCLUBIN1950ATFIRSTTHECARDSFUNCTIONSWEREQUITESIMPLE2THEYINITIALLYSERVEDASDATACARRIERSTHATWERESECUREAGAINSTFORGERYANDTAMPERINGGENERALINFORMATION,SUCHASTHECARDISSUERSNAME,WASPRINTEDONTHESURFACEWHILEPERSONALDATAELEMENTS,SUCHASTHECARDHOLDERSNAMEANDTHECARDNUMBERWEREEMBOSSEDFURTHERMORE,MANYCARDSBADASIGNATUREFIELDPROTECTIONAGAINSTFORGERYWASPROVIDEDBYVISUALFEATURESTHEREFORE,THESYSTEMSSECURITYDEPENDEDCOMPLETELYONTHERETAILSTAFFACCEPTINGTHECARDSHOWEVER,THISWASNOTANOVERWHELMINGPROBLEMDUETOTHECARDSINITIALEXCLUSIVITYTHEREWASAPRESSINGNEEDFORMACHINEREADABLECARDSTOREDUCEHANDLINGCOSTINADDITIONTOTHEFACTTHATCARDISSUERSLOSSESDUEGREWFROMYEARTOYEARDUETOFRAUD2THEFIRSTIMPROVEMENTCONSISTEDOFAMAGNETICSTRIPONTHEBACKOFTHECARDTHISALLOWEDDIGITALDATATOBESTOREDONTHECARDINAMACHINEREADABLEFORMASASUPPLEMENTTOTHEVISUALDATAADDITIONALLY,SECURITYISENHANCEDBYTHEUSEOFASECRETPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONNUMBERPINTHATISCOMPAREDTOAREFERENCENUMBERSTOREDINTHEMAGNETICSTRIP3ALTHOUGHTHEEMBOSSEDCARDWITHAMAGNETICSTRIPISSTILLTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDTYPEOFPAYMENTCARD,THEYSUFFERFROMASEVEREWEAKNESSINTHATDATASTOREDONTHESTRIPCANBEREAD,DELETEDANDREWRITTENBYANYONEWITHACCESSTOTHEAPPROPRIATEEQUIPMENTPINMUSTBESTOREDINTHEHOSTSYSTEMINASECUREENVIRONMENT,INSTEADOFONTHEMAGNETICSTRIPMOSTSYSTEMSTHATEMPLOYMAGNETICSTRIPCARDSHAVEONLINECONNECTIONSTOTHESYSTEMSHOSTCOMPUTERFORSECURITYREASONSHOWEVER,THISGENERATESCONSIDERABLEDATATRANSMISSIONCOSTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESMARTCARD,COMBINEDWITHTHEEXPANSIONOFELECTRONICDATAPROCESSINGHASCREATEDCOMPLETELYNEWPOSSIBILITIESFORSOLVINGTHISPROBLEMPROGRESSINMICROELECTRONICSINTHE1970SMADEITPOSSIBLETOINTEGRATEDATASTORAGEANDARITHMETICLOGICONASINGLESILICONCHIPMEASURINGAFEWSQUAREMILLIMETERS2THEIDEASOFINCORPORATINGSUCHANINTEGRATEDCIRCUITINTOANIDCARDWASCONTAINEDINAPATENTAPPLICATIONFILEDINJAPANBYKUNITAKAARIMURAINJAPANCONCERNING“APLASTICCARDINCORPORATINGONEORMOREINTEGRATEDCIRCUITCHIPSFORTHEGENERATIONOFDISTINGUISHINGSIGNALS”IN19703HOWEVER,THEFIRSTREALPROGRESSINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSMARTCARDSCAMEWHENRONALMORENOREGISTEREDHISSMARTCARDPATENTON“ANINDEPENDENTELECTRONICOBJECTWITHMEMORY”INFRANCEIN1974ABREAKTHROUGHWASACHIEVEDIN1984,WHENTHEFRENCHTELECOMMUNICATIONAUTHORITIESDECIDEDTOUSEPREPAIDCHIPCARDSFORPUBLICPAYPHONESDUETOTHEINCREASINGVANDALISMANDTHEFTCHIPCARDSWEREDEMONSTRATEDTOBEACOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTHEFRENCHEXAMPLEWASFOLLOWEDBYMANYOTHERCOUNTRIESTODAY,MORETHAN100COUNTRIESUSECHIPCARDSFORTHEIRPUBLICPHONESYSTEMSBY1990THETOTALNUMBEROFSMARTCARDSREACHED60MILLIONCARDS4TODAY,SEVERALBILLIONSMARTCARDSAREINUSEWORLDWIDE3TYPESOFSMARTCARDSSMARTCARDSARECOMPOSEDOFACHIP,ANINTERFACEBETWEENTHECHIPANDTHECARDREADER,ANDAPLASTICBODYSMARTCARDSARECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHECHIPTYPEMEMORYCHIPCARDSASWELLASMICROPROCESSORCHIPCARDSTHEYCANALSOBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEMETHODOFCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHEREADERCARDSMAYCOMMUNICATEWITHREADERSEITHERTHROUGHDIRECTPHYSICALCONTACTSCONTACTCARDSORTHROUGHARADIOKEQUENCYSIGNALSCONTACTLESSCARDS31MEMORYCHIPCURDSMEMORYCARDSHAVENOSOPHISTICATEDPROCESSINGPOWERANDCANNOTMANAGEFIL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STEMACSISRESPONSIBLEFORCONTROLLINGALLDEFINEDACCESSCONTROLLEDAREASITISALSOUSEDTODEFINETHEVARIOUSGROUPLEVELS,WHICHALLOWPROPERCONTROLOFTHEMOVEMENTOFSTUDENTSANDPERSONNELINTHEUNIVERSITYTHISSYSTEMPROVIDESACCESSCONTROLTOTHEUNIVERSITYGATES,BUILDINGS,LABORATORIES,LIBRARY,RECREATIONCENTERSANDCARPARKS,ASSHOWNINFIGURE4ACSTRACKSANDRECORDSMOVEMENTOFSTAFFANDSTUDENTSINCONTROLLEDREGIONSFIGURE4ACCESSCONTROLSYSTEMPAYMENTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMPMSISRESPONSIBLEFORCOLLECTINGTHEVARIOUSEPURSEANDUNIVERSITYACCOUNTTRANSACTIONSPERFORMEDATTHEPOINTOFSALEPOSTERMINALSTHESEPOSTERMINALSWOULDBEAVAILABLEATRESTAURANTS,LIBRARY,RECREATIONCENTER,MEDICALCENTER,ANDCOFFEESHOPSTHEPOSSYSTEMACCEPTSCASHPAYMENTS,MAKEPAYMENTSVIAUNIVERSITYACCOUNT,ANDMAKEPAYMENTSANDPROVIDEREFUNDSUSINGTHEEPURSESYSTEMFIGURE5SHOWSTHEPOSSYSTEMFIGURE5POINTOFSALESYSTEMCONCLUSIONSTHISPAPERINTRODUCEDSMARTCARDTECHNOLOGYITPRESENTEDTHEHISTORYANDINESOFSMARTCARDSADDITIONALLY,ITHIGHLIGHTEDTHEIMPORTANTPOINTSOFKFUPMSMARTCARDSYSTEMUPONCOMPLETIONOFTHESYSTEM,ITISHOPEDTHATKFUPMSMARTCARDPROJECTWILLBEANIMPORTANTCASESTUDYFOROTHERUNIVERSITIESINTHEARETOFOLLOW中文翻译校园智能卡摘要智能卡的诞生是对世界信息技术的一种补充。从前景来看,智能卡程序旨在提供安全、快速、友好,易于使用的,灵活的服务,便于用户任何时间任何地点使用。智能卡的大小与传统的信用卡大小相同,它内嵌用于在用户和设备间存储和交换数据的计算机芯片。这类数据可以是值或信息,也可以两者兼有,通过智能卡的芯片储存和处理。卡数据通过读卡器连接到计算机系统作为外围设备。目前,智能卡在几个主要应用领域得到广泛应用,如教育、医疗、银行、娱乐和运输。1简介智能卡是一种具有提高储存和处理数据能力的微型计算机。虽然现在它们最普遍的应用是单功能现金卡和长途呼叫卡,但它们的能力范围涉及保留票据和钱,累计飞行里程,旅游偏好、保险信息、关键的人口数据,连接到一个病人的病历,允许进入建筑物,登陆网络等。智能卡的潜力是无限的。如果在一个单一的卡上执行这些附加功能,智能卡有可能成为必不可少的工具。智能卡在几十年前第一次出现在欧洲，作为储值工具,以减少电话付费时的偷盗1。随着智能卡及其它基于芯片的卡的发展,人们找到新的使用方法,如通过一卡通收取信用卡消费来代替在纸上记录。智能卡提供用户和帐号的身份验证。他们针对全面的安全威胁提供保护,从用户密码的不安全存储到复杂的系统的修改。智能卡可通过使用储存在卡中的多种应用而变得多功能。本文从智能卡的历史开始说起,描述了不同类型的智能卡以及每种类型卡的特征。最后,本文将详细介绍KFUPM智能卡系统作为一个重要的案例研究。2智能卡的历史第一个做一般性使用的塑料付款卡发布于1950年的晚餐俱乐部。一开始，智能卡的功能相当简单2。他们最初作为数据的载体，以防止数据被伪造和篡改。一般性信息,如信用卡发行公司的名字,被印在卡的表面，而个人数据元素,如持卡人姓名和卡号码是浮雕式突出的。进一步来说,许多卡有一个签名区域。防伪通过视觉特征显示。因此,系统的安全性完全依于接受卡的零售人员。然而,鉴于卡的初始权这并不是一个绝对的问题。由于欺诈行为卡发行公司的损失逐年增多，就迫切需要有一种机器可读的卡来降低处理成本。第一个改进的是在卡背面贴一个磁条。这个允许数字数据作为可视化数据以机器可读的形式存储到卡中。此外,通过使用一个秘密的个人身份证明文件PIN,与存储在磁条中的参考数字进行比较，来增强安全性。在1984年当法国电信部门针对逐渐增加的破坏和偷窃决定使用预付费芯片卡支付公共电话费时智能卡取得了重大突破,。芯片卡被证明是有效的付费方案。法国的例子被许多其他的国家效仿。今天,超过100个国家在公共电话系统中才采用芯片卡付费。到1990年，智能卡的总数达到60万张。今天,有数十亿的智能卡在世界范围内被使用。3智能卡的分类智能卡芯片由一个芯片，一个在芯片和读卡机之间的接口和一个塑料外壳组成。根据芯片类型智能卡可分为内存芯片卡片和微处理器芯片卡。他们也可以根据与读卡器通信的方式不同进行分类。智能卡可通过直接物理接触接触式卡或通过射频讯号非接触式卡与读卡器通信。31内存芯片卡记忆卡没有复杂的处理能力，也无法动态管理文件。它们是用来存储数据和应用。数据可以包括卡的识别码,序列号、安装的应用程序以及多应用程序卡的一个特定应用程序所需的信息。记忆智能卡主要用于存储卡的操作系统,运行时间环境,卡发行方的安全域、卡发行方的应用,密钥、解密许可。钥匙函数作为安全运行环境的密码,解密许可核对密码的真实性。32微处理器芯片卡这些卡具有卡动态数据处理能力。这个芯片包含了一个用于管理内存分配和档案存取得微处理器或微控制器。它在组织好的文件结构中通过一个卡操作系统管理数据。不像其它操作系统,该软件控制对卡用户记忆的访问。这个功能允许不同的多重的功能和不同的应用程序记录在卡上。这种卡的微处理器芯片比在中使用的中央处理单元更小，处理起来更慢。他们的编程能力为卡的功能提供支持。33接触式智能卡智能卡除了能按智能卡芯片分类外，也可基于通信方式的不同来分。接触式智能卡需要卡和读卡器有物理上的接触。这种卡通过其上一个八针或六针的针头从物