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健康心理学导论第二版ANINTRODUCTIONTOHEALTHPSYCHOLOGY,2NDEDITIONSTRIKESTHEPERFECTBALANCEBETWEENBREADTHANDDEPTHOFCOVERAGEDRRICHARDTRIGGNOTTINGHAMTRENTUNIVERSITYANINTRODUCTIONTOHEALTHPSYCHOLOGYVALMORRISONPAULBENNETTSECONDEDITIONANINTRODUCTIONTOHEALTHPSYCHOLOGYVISITTHEANINTRODUCTIONTOHEALTHPSYCHOLOGY2NDEDITIONCOMPANIONWEBSITEATCOMUKMORRISONTONDVALUABLESTUDENTLEARNINGMATERIALINCLUDINGNMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONSARRANGEDBYCHAPTERTOTESTYOURLEARNINGNLINKSTOUSEFULWEBSITESTOEXTENDYOURLEARNINGANDTOPROVIDEAUSEFULRESOURCEFORFURTHERREADINGNGLOSSARYTOEXPLAINKEYTERMSNFLASHCARDSTOTESTYOURKNOWLEDGEOFKEYTERMSANDDENITIONSWEWORKWITHLEADINGAUTHORSTODEVELOPTHESTRONGESTEDUCATIONALMATERIALSINPSYCHOLOGYBRINGINGCUTTINGEDGETHINKINGANDBESTLEARNINGPRACTICETOAGLOBALMARKETUNDERARANGEOFWELLKNOWNIMPRINTSINCLUDINGPEARSONPRENTICEHALLWECRAFTHIGHQUALITYPRINTANDELECTRONICPUBLICATIONSTHATHELPREADERSTOUNDERSTANDANDAPPLYTHEIRCONTENTWHETHERSTUDYINGORATWORKTONDOUTMOREABOUTTHECOMPLETERANGEOFOURPUBLISHINGPLEASEVISITUSONTHEWORLDWIDEWEBATCOMUKANINTRODUCTIONTOHEALTHPSYCHOLOGYSECONDEDITIONVALMORRISONANDPAULBENNETTPEARSONEDUCATIONLIMITEDEDINBURGHGATEHARLOWESSEXCM202JEENGLANDANDASSOCIATEDCOMPANIESTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDVISITUSONTHEWORLDWIDEWEBATCOMUKFIRSTPUBLISHED2006SECONDEDITIONPUBLISHED2009PEARSONEDUCATIONLIMITED20062009THERIGHTSOFVALMORRISONANDPAULBENNETTTOBEIDENTIFIEDASAUTHORSOFTHISWORKHAVEBEENASSERTEDBYTHEMINACCORDANCEWITHTHECOPYRIGHTDESIGNSANDPATENTSACT1988ALLRIGHTSRESERVEDNOPARTOFTHISPUBLICATIONMAYBEREPRODUCEDSTOREDINARETRIEVALSYSTEMORTRANSMITTEDINANYFORMORBYANYMEANSELECTRONICMECHANICALPHOTOCOPYINGRECORDINGOROTHERWISEWITHOUTEITHERTHEPRIORWRITTENPERMISSIONOFTHEPUBLISHERORALICENCEPERMITTINGRESTRICTEDCOPYINGINTHEUNITEDKINGDOMISSUEDBYTHECOPYRIGHTLICENSINGAGENCYLTDSAFFRONHOUSE610KIRBYSTREETLONDONEC1N8TSISBN9780273718352BRITISHLIBRARYCATALOGUINGINPUBLICATIONDATAACATALOGUERECORDFORTHISBOOKISAVAILABLEFROMTHEBRITISHLIBRARYLIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGINGINPUBLICATIONDATAACATALOGRECORDFORTHISBOOKISAVAILABLEFROMTHELIBRARYOFCONGRESS10987654321111009TYPESETIN1025125PTSABONBY35PRINTEDANDBOUNDBYGRAFICASESTELLABILBOASPAINTHEPUBLISHERSPOLICYISTOUSEPAPERMANUFACTUREDFROMSUSTAINABLEFORESTSCONTENTSLISTOFFIGURESXIILISTOFTABLESXIVLISTOFPLATESXVPREFACEXVIIGUIDEDTOURXXIVPUBLISHERSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSXXVIPARTIBEINGANDSTAYINGHEALTHY11WHATISHEALTH3LEARNINGOUTCOMES3CHAPTEROUTLINE4WHATISHEALTHCHANGINGPERSPECTIVES4INDIVIDUALCULTURALANDLIFESPANPERSPECTIVESONHEALTH11WHATISHEALTHPSYCHOLOGY26SUMMARY31FURTHERREADING31VICONTENTS2HEALTHINEQUALITIES33LEARNINGOUTCOMES33CHAPTEROUTLINE34HEALTHDIFFERENTIALS34MINORITYSTATUSANDHEALTH45GENDERANDHEALTH48WORKANDHEALTH52SUMMARY56FURTHERREADING573HEALTHRISKBEHAVIOUR59LEARNINGOUTCOMES59CHAPTEROUTLINE60WHATISHEALTHBEHAVIOUR60UNHEALTHYDIET63OBESITY65ALCOHOLCONSUMPTION68SMOKING76UNPROTECTEDSEXUALBEHAVIOUR84SUMMARY91FURTHERREADING924HEALTHENHANCINGBEHAVIOUR93LEARNINGOUTCOMES93CHAPTEROUTLINE94HEALTHYDIET94EXERCISE101HEALTHSCREENINGBEHAVIOUR107IMMUNISATIONBEHAVIOUR117SUMMARY120FURTHERREADING1215PREDICTINGHEALTHBEHAVIOUR122LEARNINGOUTCOMES122CHAPTEROUTLINE123CONTENTSVIIINFLUENCESONHEALTHBEHAVIOUR123MODELSOFHEALTHBEHAVIOUR133SOCIALCOGNITIVEMODELSOFBEHAVIOURCHANGE133SUMMARY158FURTHERREADING1586REDUCINGRISKOFDISEASEINDIVIDUALAPPROACHES159LEARNINGOUTCOMES159CHAPTEROUTLINE160PROMOTINGINDIVIDUALHEALTH160SCREENINGPROGRAMMES161STRATEGIESFORCHANGINGRISKBEHAVIOUR170SUMMARY184FURTHERREADING1857POPULATIONAPPROACHESTOPUBLICHEALTH187LEARNINGOUTCOMES187CHAPTEROUTLINE188PROMOTINGPOPULATIONHEALTH188USINGTHEMASSMEDIA189ENVIRONMENTALINFLUENCESONHEALTHBEHAVIOUR196HEATHPROMOTIONPROGRAMMES201USINGTHEWEB213SUMMARY214FURTHERREADING215PARTIIBECOMINGILL2178THEBODYINHEALTHANDILLNESS219LEARNINGOUTCOMES219CHAPTEROUTLINE220THEBEHAVIOURALANATOMYOFTHEBRAIN220THEAUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEM223VIIICONTENTSTHEIMMUNESYSTEM226THEDIGESTIVESYSTEM234THECARDIOVASCULARSYSTEM239THERESPIRATORYSYSTEM247SUMMARY250FURTHERREADING2529SYMPTOMPERCEPTIONINTERPRETATIONANDRESPONSE253LEARNINGOUTCOMES253CHAPTEROUTLINE254HOWDOWEBECOMEAWAREOFTHESENSATIONSOFILLNESS254SYMPTOMPERCEPTION255SYMPTOMINTERPRETATION262PLANNINGANDTAKINGACTIONRESPONDINGTOSYMPTOMS278SUMMARY287FURTHERREADING28810THECONSULTATIONANDBEYOND289LEARNINGOUTCOMES289CHAPTEROUTLINE290THEMEDICALCONSULTATION290FACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHEPROCESSOFCONSULTATION295MOVINGBEYONDTHECONSULTATION302SUMMARY313FURTHERREADING31411STRESSHEALTHANDILLNESSTHEORY316LEARNINGOUTCOMES316CHAPTEROUTLINE317CONCEPTSOFSTRESS317CONTENTSIXTYPESOFSTRESS327STRESSASAPHYSIOLOGICALRESPONSE336THESTRESSANDILLNESSLINK344SUMMARY352FURTHERREADING35212STRESSANDILLNESSMODERATORS354LEARNINGOUTCOMES354CHAPTEROUTLINE355COPINGDEFINED355STRESSPERSONALITYANDILLNESS364STRESSANDCOGNITIONS375STRESSANDEMOTIONS379SOCIALSUPPORTANDSTRESS382SUMMARY387FURTHERREADING38713MANAGINGSTRESS389LEARNINGOUTCOMES389CHAPTEROUTLINE390STRESSTHEORYAQUICKREVIEW390STRESSMANAGEMENTTRAINING392PREVENTINGSTRESS397HELPINGPEOPLETOCOPEWITHTRAUMA403MINIMISINGSTRESSINHOSPITALSETTINGS408SUMMARY412FURTHERREADING413PARTIIIBEINGILL41514THEIMPACTOFILLNESSONQUALITYOFLIFE417LEARNINGOUTCOMES417CHAPTEROUTLINE418XCONTENTSILLNESSANDQUALITYOFLIFE418MEASURINGQUALITYOFLIFE432SUMMARY442FURTHERREADING44315THEIMPACTOFILLNESSONPATIENTSANDTHEIRFAMILIES444LEARNINGOUTCOMES444CHAPTEROUTLINE445ILLNESSEMOTIONSANDADJUSTMENT445ILLNESSAFAMILYAFFAIR458CARING462SUMMARY476FURTHERREADING47716PAIN478LEARNINGOUTCOMES478CHAPTEROUTLINE479THEEXPERIENCEOFPAIN479BIOLOGICALMODELSOFPAIN484APSYCHOBIOLOGICALTHEORYOFPAIN492FUTUREUNDERSTANDINGSOFPAINTHENEUROMATRIX496HELPINGPEOPLETOCOPEWITHPAIN497SUMMARY509FURTHERREADING51017IMPROVINGHEALTHANDQUALITYOFLIFE511LEARNINGOUTCOMES511CHAPTEROUTLINE512COPINGWITHCHRONICILLNESS512REDUCINGDISTRESS513MANAGINGILLNESS521PREVENTINGDISEASEPROGRESSION530SUMMARY536FURTHERREADING537CONTENTSXIPARTIVFUTURES53918FUTURES541LEARNINGOUTCOMES541CHAPTEROUTLINE542THENEEDFORTHEORYDRIVENPRACTICE542GETTINGEVIDENCEINTOPRACTICE546SUMMARY559FURTHERREADING559GLOSSARY562REFERENCES578INDEX656SUPPORTINGRESOURCESVISITPEARSONEDCOUMORRISONTONDVALUABLEONLINERESOURCESOMPANIONEBSITEFORSTUDENTSNMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONSFORSELFTESTINGNLINKSTOUSEFULUPTODATEWEBSITESNSEARCHABLEGLOSSARYTOEXPLAINKEYTERMSNFLASHCARDSTOTESTKNOWLEDGEOFKEYTERMSANDDENITIONSFORINSTRUCTORSNAPRINTABLETESTBANKOFMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONSFORUSEINACLASSROOMSETTINGNTUTORIALIDEASNDOWNLOADABLEPOWERPOINTSLIDESNSUGGESTIONSFORESSAYQUESTIONSTOTESTDEEPERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESUBJECTALSOTHECOMPANIONWEBSITEPROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGFEATURESNSEARCHTOOLTOHELPLOCATESPECICITEMSOFCONTENTNEMAILRESULTSANDPROLETOOLSTOSENDRESULTSOFQUIZZESTOINSTRUCTORSNONLINEHELPANDSUPPORTTOASSISTWITHWEBSITEUSAGEANDTROUBLESHOOTINGFORMOREINFORMATIONPLEASECONTACTYOURLOCALPEARSONEDUCATIONSALESREPRESENTATIVEORVISITPEARSONEDCOUMORRISONLISTOFFIGURESFIGURE21YEARSOFHEALTHYLIFEEXPECTANCYACCORDINGTOCARSTAIRSDEPRIVATIONSCORESINTHEUK37FIGURE22HEALTHSERVICEUSEACCORDINGTOLEVELOFSOCIALDEPRIVATIONINSCOTLANDIN199940FIGURE23SOMEOFTHEOCCUPATIONSTHATTINTOTHEFOURQUADRANTSOFTHEKARASEKANDTHEORELLMODEL53FIGURE31THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENBODYMASSINDEXANDMORTALITYAT23YEARFOLLOWUPFRAMINGHAMHEARTSTUDY66FIGURE32THEPARTICULARCONSEQUENCESCORRELATEDWITHDIFFERENTLEVELSOFALCOHOLINAPERSONSBLOODSTREAM69FIGURE33CIGARETTESMOKINGBYGENDERANDETHNICGROUPENGLAND199979FIGURE34PREVALENCETRENDSFORHIVINFECTIONPATIENTSSEENFORCAREBYPROBABLEROUTEOFINFECTIONENGLANDWALESANDNORTHERNIRELAND1995200186FIGURE35CONDOMUSEBYAGEANDGENDERINTHEATIONALSURVEYOFSEXUALATTITUDESANDIFESTYLES88FIGURE41PROPORTIONOF15YEAROLDSACROSSASELECTIONOFTHIRTYVECOUNTRIESWHOENGAGEINRECOMMENDEDEXERCISELEVELSATLEASTONEHOUROFMODERATEORHIGHERINTENSITYACTIVITYONVEORMOREDAYSPERWEEK106FIGURE42AGENETICFAMILYTREE110FIGURE51THEHEALTHBELIEFMODELORIGINALPLUSADDITIONSINITALICS134FIGURE52THETHEORYOFREASONEDACTIONANDTHETHEORYOFPLANNEDBEHAVIOURTPBADDITIONSINITALICS137FIGURE53THEHEALTHACTIONPROCESSAPPROACHMODEL154FIGURE71THEELABORATIONLIKELIHOODMODELOFPERSUASIVECOMMUNICATION191FIGURE72THESCURVEOFDIFFUSIONSHOWINGTHERATEOFADOPTIONOFINNOVATIONSOVERTIME196FIGURE81ACROSSSECTIONTHROUGHTHECEREBRALCORTEXOFTHEHUMANBRAIN221FIGURE82ALATERALVIEWOFTHELEFTSIDEOFASEMITRANSPARENTHUMANBRAINWITHTHEBRAINSTEMGHOSTEDIN221FIGURE83THEMAJORCOMPONENTSOFTHELIMBICSYSTEMALLOFTHELEFTHEMISPHEREAPARTFROMTHELIMBICSYSTEMHASBEENREMOVED222FIGURE84THEAUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEMWITHTHETARGETORGANSANDFUNCTIONSSERVEDBYTHESYMPATHETICANDPARASYMPATHETICBRANCHES224FIGURE85THELARGEANDSMALLINTESTINEANDRELATEDORGANS234FIGURE86THEOWOFBLOODTHROUGHTHEHEART240FIGURE87ELECTRICALCONDUCTIONANDCONTROLOFTHEHEARTRHYTHM241FIGURE88ANELECTROCARDIOGRAPHOFTHEELECTRICALACTIVITYOFTHEHEARTSEETEXTFOREXPLANATION242FIGURE89DIAGRAMOFTHELUNGSSHOWINGTHEBRONCHIBRONCHIOLESANDALVEOLI248FIGURE91ASIMPLIEDSYMPTOMPERCEPTIONMODEL257LISTOFFIGURESXIIIFIGURE92SITUATIONALDIFFERENCESINTHEPRODUCTIONANDCONTAINMENTOFPHYSICALSYMPTOMS259FIGURE93THESELFREGULATIONMODELTHECOMMONSENSEMODELOFILLNESS267FIGURE94THEDELAYBEHAVIOURMODEL281FIGURE101THETIMESCALEOFSTRESSEXPERIENCEDBYHEALTHCAREPROFESSIONALSANDPATIENTSINRELATIONTOTHEBADNEWSINTERVIEW302FIGURE111LAZARUSSEARLYTRANSACTIONALMODELOFSTRESS322FIGURE112THEYERKESDODSONLAW330FIGURE121THECOPINGPROCESS359FIGURE122THEBUFFERINGEFFECTSOFHARDINESS370FIGURE123ANGERANDHEALTHBEHAVIOUR372FIGURE131ASIMPLIEDREPRESENTATIONOFTHEEVENTSTRESSPROCESSSUGGESTEDBYBECKANDOTHERCOGNITIVETHERAPISTS391FIGURE132EXCERPTFROMASTRESSDIARYNOTINGSTRESSTRIGGERSLEVELSOFTENSIONANDRELATEDBEHAVIOURSANDTHOUGHTS395FIGURE141THEQUALITYOFLIFEPROCESSPRIORTOANDSUBSEQUENTTOBREASTCANCERBASELINEQOLISCHANGEDBYTHEIMPACTOFTHEDISEASEANDTREATMENTUPONEACHOFTHEDOMAINSCHANGESINFUNCTIONINGPOSTDISEASEAREWEIGHTEDANDWILLLEADTOCHANGESINPOSTDISEASEONSETQOL434FIGURE151PERCEIVEDGAINSFOLLOWINGBREASTCANCERORAHEARTATTACK454FIGURE152THEDIRECTANDINDIRECTEFFECTSOFINTERNALSELFEFCACYANDEXTERNALSOCIALSUPPORTRESOURCESUPONBENETNDINGINTHETWELVEMONTHSFOLLOWINGCANCERSURGERY455FIGURE153THEINTERDEPENDENCEMODELOFCOUPLEADJUSTMENT474FIGURE161THETRANSMISSIONOFINFORMATIONALONGTHEAANDCBRESTOTHEGELATINOSASUBSTANTIAINTHESPINALCORDANDUPWARDSTOTHEBRAIN493FIGURE162ASCHEMATICVIEWOFTHEGATECONTROLMECHANISMPOSTULATEDBYMELZACKANDWALL495FIGURE181FROMTHEORYTOPRACTICEANDBACKAGAIN550LISTOFTABLESTABLE11COMPARISONOFLEADINGPHYSICALCAUSESOFDEATH19002006ENGLANDANDWALES10TABLE21THEAVERAGEYEARSOFEQUIVALENTOFFULLHEALTHFORMENINTHETOPANDBOTTOM10COUNTRIESOFTHEWORLDIN200235TABLE22RELATIVERISKFORMENDYINGPREMATURELYBEFORETHEAGEOF65FROMVARIOUSILLNESSINCOMPARISONWITHWOMEN49TABLE31DEATHSINEUROPEFROMLIVERCIRRHOSISPER100000POPULATIONRANKEDHIGHESTTOLOWESTWITHAGESTANDARDISATION70TABLE32DEATHSFROMSELECTEDALCOHOLRELATEDCAUSESPER100000ALLAGESFORSELECTEDCOUNTRIES71TABLE33INTERNATIONALDENITIONSOFWHATCOMPRISESASTANDARDDRINKALCOHOLING72TABLE41IMMUNISATIONPOLICYINTHEUNITEDKINGDOM117TABLE51STAGESINTHETRANSTHEORETICALMODELANDTHEPRECAUTIONADOPTIONPROCESSMODEL152TABLE61SOMEOFTHECOMMONTYPESOFSCREENINGPROGRAMME161TABLE62SOMESTRATEGIESTHATSMOKERSMAYUSETOHELPTHEMTOCOPEINTHEPERIODIMMEDIATELYFOLLOWINGCESSATION177TABLE71THETHREELEVELSOFINTERVENTIONINTHESTANFORDTHREETOWNSPROJECT203TABLE81SUMMARYOFRESPONSESOFTHEAUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEMTOSYMPATHETICANDPARASYMPATHETICACTIVITY225TABLE82TYPICALBLOODPRESSUREREADINGSINNORMALANDHYPERTENSIVEINDIVIDUALS243TABLE91DISEASEPROTOTYPES266TABLE92REASONSCONSULTERSSOUGHTANDNONCONSULTERSDIDNOTSEEKAMEDICALCONSULTATION282TABLE111REPRESENTATIVELIFEEVENTITEMSFROMTHESOCIALREADJUSTMENTRATINGSCALEANDTHEIRLCUS319TABLE112APPRAISALRELATEDEMOTIONS324TABLE113EXAMPLESOFITEMSTOASSESSWORKRELATEDSTRESS332TABLE114SPECICIMMUNITYANDCELLTYPES340TABLE121COPINGDIMENSIONS357TABLE122MEASURINGOPTIMISMTHELIFEORIENTATIONTEST367TABLE123TYPESANDFUNCTIONSOFSOCIALSUPPORT383TABLE131SOMEOFTHESOURCESOFSTRESSFORHOSPITALWORKERS400TABLE151POTENTIALCAUSESOFCAREGIVERDISTRESS471TABLE161OUTLINEOFATYPICALPAINMANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEINTHISCASERUNATTHEGLOUCESTERROYALHOSPITALINTHEUK508LISTOFPLATESPLATE11HAVINGADISABILITYDOESNOTEQUATEWITHALACKOFHEALTHANDTNESSASOSCARPISTORIUSHASSHOWNTHEWORLD7PLATE12HIKINGCANBEENJOYEDBYALLAGEGROUPSINCLUDINGSENIORCITIZENS25PLATE21JUSTKIDSHANGINGAROUNDBUTHOWWILLTHEIRLIFECIRCUMSTANCESAFFECTTHEIRHEALTHANDPERHAPSTHATOFOTHERS43PLATE31THESOCIALCONTEXTISAPOWERFULINENCEONOUREATINGANDDRINKINGBEHAVIOUR75PLATE32YOUNGMOTHERSMOKINGWITHHERBABYSITTINGONHERLAPLOOKINGATTHECIGARETTETHISISANEMOTIVEEXAMPLEOFPASSIVESMOKING78PLATE41WEAREWHATWEEATTHEIMPORTANCEOFPROVIDINGPOSITIVENORMSFORHEALTHYEATINGINCHILDREN97PLATE42IMMUNISATIONBEHAVIOURISCRUCIALTOPUBLICHEALTHYETISINUENCEDBYMANYCULTURALSOCIALEMOTIONALANDCOGNITIVEFACTORSHEREAQUEUEOFMOTHERSTAKEUPTHERSTOPPORTUNITYOFVACCINATIONFORTHEIRCHILDAGAINSTMEASLESTOBEOFFEREDINTHEIRVILLAGE118PLATE51SOCIALNORMSHAVEBEENFOUNDTOBEIMPORTANTPREDICTORSOFWHETHERORNOTAPERSONINITIATESSPECICHEALTHBEHAVIOURSINTHISINSTANCESMOKINGANDDRINKINGALCOHOL129PLATE52BREASTSELFEXAMINATIONCANDETECTEARLYBREASTABNORMALITIESWHICHMAYBEINDICATIVEOFCANCEREARLYDETECTIONINCREASESTHECHANCEOFSUCCESSFULTREATMENT162PLATE61THESIMPLEPROCESSOFMEASURINGIDENTIFYINGANDTREATINGHIGHBLOODPRESSURECANSAVETHOUSANDSOFLIVESAYEAR169PLATE62BOTHWATCHINGOTHERSANDPRACTICEINCREASESTHECHANCESOFPEOPLEPURCHASINGANDUSINGACONDOM180PLATE71ANEXAMPLEOFAHEALTHPROMOTIONLEAETTARGETEDATGAYMENWITHASENSEOFHUMOURENCOURAGINGTHEMTOHAVETHREEVACCINATIONSAGAINSTHEPATITISPRODUCEDBYTHETERRENCEHIGGINSTRUST195PLATE72FORSOMEENVIRONMENTALINTERVENTIONSMAYBEFARFROMCOMPLEXSIMPLYPROVIDINGCLEANWATERMAYPREVENTEXPOSURETOAVARIETYOFPATHOGENSINDIRTYWATER202PLATES81AND82HEREWESEETWOCELLSAVIRUSANDCANCERCELLBEINGATTACKEDANDEITHERENGULFEDBYBCELLS81ORRENDEREDINERTBYNKCELLS82228PLATE91THISCASHLOOKSUNPLEASANTBUTISITAHEATRASHORSOMETHINGMORESERIOUS256PLATE92MAKINGSCREENINGACCESSIBLEBYMEANSOFSUCHMOBILESCREENINGUNITSOUTSIDEWORKPLACESORSUPERMARKETSMAYINCREASETHELIKELIHOODOFSCREENINGUPTAKEHOWWOULDNDINGALUMPBEINTERPRETED279XVILISTOFPLATESPLATE101BEINGAFRIENDLYFACEANDEXPRESSINGEMPATHYCANHELPPATIENTSCOPEWITHBADNEWSHEREANOCCUPATIONALTHERAPISTDISCUSSESTHERAPYOPTIONSWITHSOMEONEWITHAPROGRESSIVEMUSCULARDISORDERINACOMPLETELYINFORMALANDNONMEDICALMANNER296PLATE102SOMEDECISIONMAKINGCONTEXTSAREMOREDIFCULTTHANOTHERSJOINTDECISIONSPARTICULARLYIFLEDBYAPOWERFULCONSULTANTMAYNOTALWAYSBECORRECT305PLATE111QUEUEINGASAPOTENTIALSTRESSOR324PLATE112ENVIRONMENTALEVENTSSUCHASTHEASIANTSUNAMIHAVEDEVASTATINGSHORTTERMEFFECTSASSHOWNABOVEBUTALSOHAVESERIOUSLONGTERMEFFECTSONSURVIVORSSOMEOFWHOMWILLEXPERIENCEPOSTTRAUMATICSTRESSDISORDERPTSD329PLATE121HOWOPTIMISTICAREYOUISTHISGLASSHALFEMPTYORHALFFULL368PLATE122FROMANEARLYAGESOCIALSUPPORTISAPOWERFULMODERATOROFSTRESSRESPONSE385PLATE131THELONDONSTOCKEXCHANGETYPIESANENVIRONMENTTHATENCOURAGESSTRESSANDHIGHLEVELSOFAGGRESSIVEBEHAVIOURANDADRENALINE400PLATE132THECALMINGPRESENCEOFAPARENTCANHELPCHILDRENTORELAXANDCOPEBETTERWITHANYCONCERNSTHEYMAYHAVEABOUTTHEIROPERATION409PLATE141SOCIALISOLATIONINCREASESTHERISKOFAREDUCEDQUALITYOFLIFE424PLATE151HAVINGMORETIMETOSPENDWITHAPARTNERASARESULTOFILLNESSCANLEADTOSHARINGOFACTIVITIESPREVIOUSLYLOSTTOTHEOTHERDEMANDSOFLIFESPENDINGQUALITYTIMETOGETHERCANSTRENGTHENSOMERELATIONSHIPS469PLATE161THEEXPERIENCEOFPAINDIFFERSACCORDINGTOCONTEXTTERRYBUTCHERINPHOTOGRAPHPROBABLYEXPERIENCEDNOPAINWHENCLEARLYINJUREDWHILEPLAYINGFOOTBALLFORENGLANDAFTERTHEMATC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