2014年职称英语考试理工a完形填空小抄

2014理工A完形填空第十一篇CLIMATECHANGEPOSESMAJORRISKSFORUNPREPAREDCITIESANEWEXAMINATIONOFURBANPOLICIESHASBEEN1RECENTLYBYPATRICIAROMEROLANKAOSHEISASOCIOLOGISTSPECIALIZINGINCLIMATECHANGEAND2DEVELOPMENTSHEWARNSTHATMANYOFTHEWORLDSFASTGROWINGURBANAREAS，ESPECIALLYINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWILLLIKELYSUFFERFROMTHEIMPACTSOFCHANGINGCLIMATEHERWORKALSOCONCLUDESTHATMOSTCITIESAREFAILINGTO3EMISSIONSOFCARBONDIOXIDEANDOTHERGREENHOUSE4THESEGASESAREKNOWNTOAFFECTTHEATMOSPHERE”CLIMATECHANGEISADEEPLYLOCALISSUEANDPOSESPROFOUNDTHREATSTOTHEGROWINGCITIESOFTHEWORLD,”SAYSROMEROLANKAO”BUTTOOFEWCITIESAREDEVELOPINGEFFECTIVESTRATEGIESTO5THEIRRESIDENTS“CITIESARE6SOURCESOFGREENHOUSEGASESANDURBANPOPULATIONSARELIKELYTOBEAMONGTHOSEMOSTSEVERELYAFFECTEDBYFUTURECLIMATECHANGELANKAOSFINDINGSHIGHLIGHTWAYSINWHICHCITYRESIDENTSAREPARTICULARLYVULNERABLE,ANDSUGGESTPOLICYINTERVENTIONSTHATCOULDOFFERIMMEDIATEANDLONGERTERM7THELOCATIONSANDDENSECONSTRUCTIONPATTERNSOFCITIESOFTENPLACETHEIRPOPULATIONSATGREATERRISKFORNATURALDISASTERSPOTENTIAL8ASSOCIATEDWITHCLIMATEINCLUDESTORMSURGESANDPROLONGEDHOTWEATHERSTORMSURGESCANFLOODCOASTALAREASANDPROLONGEDHOTWEATHERCANHEAT9PAVEDCITIESMORETHANSURROUNDINGAREASTHEIMPACTSOFSUCHNATURALEVENTSCANBEMORESERIOUSINANURBANENVIRONMENTFOREXAMPLE，APROLONGEDHEATWAVECANINCREASEEXISTINGLEVELSOFAIRPOLLUTION，CAUSINGWIDESPREADHEALTHPROBLEMSPOORERNEIGHBORHOODSTHATMAY10BASICFACILITIESSUCHASDRINKINGWATERORADEPENDABLENETWORKOFROADS，AREESPECIALLYVULNERABLETONATURALDISASTERSMANYRESIDENTSINPOORERCOUNTRIESLIVEINSUBSTANDARDHOUSING11ACCESSTORELIABLEDRINKINGWATER，ROADSANDBASICSERVICESLOCALGOVERNMENTS,12,SHOULDTAKEMEASURESTOPROTECTTHEIRRESIDENTS”UNFORTUNATELY，THEYTENDTOMOVETOWARDSRHETORIC13MEANINGFULRESPONSES,ROMEROLANKAOWRITES,”THEYDONTIMPOSECONSTRUCTIONSTANDARDSTHATCOULDREDUCEHEATINGANDAIRCONDITIONINGNEEDSTHEYDONTEMPHASIZEMASSTRANSITANDREDUCE14USEINFACT,MANYLOCALGOVERNMENTSARETAKINGAHANDSOFFAPPROACH”THUS,SHEURGESTHEMTOCHANGETHEIR15POLICIESANDTOTAKESTRONGSTEPSTOPREVENTTHEHARMFULEFFECTSOFCLIMATECHANGEONCITIES1ACARRYALONGBCARRIEDAWAYCCARRIEDOUTDCARRIEDBACK2AECONOMICBINDUSTRIALCRURALDURBAN3AREDUCEBINCREASECSTUDYDMEASURE4ACROPSBGASESCFRUITSDPLANT55AEDUCATEBEVALUATECPROTECTDIDENTIFY6ADOUBTFULBPOSSIBLECREPEATABLEDMAJOR7AUSESBCHANCESCCURESDBENEFITS8ATHREATSBINTERESTSCFUNCTIONSDDIFFERENCES9ALOCALLYBHEAVILYCSUDDENLYDMILDLYL0APROVIDEBIMPROVECLACKDUPDATE11AWITHOUTBWITHCINDON12AMOREOVERBTHEREFORECHOWEVERDTHOUGH13AOTHERTHANBMORETHANCLESSTHANDRATHERTHAN14ATRAINBAUTOMOBILECBUSDBIKE15AIDLEBSMARTCBUSYDSECURE答案与题解1C本题的答案是CARRIEDOUT（执行；完成）。“ANEWEXAMINATIONOFURBANPOLICIESHASBEENCARRIEDOUT”意思上配得上。CARRIEDALONG（携带）、CARRIEDAWAY（运走）和CARRIEDBACK（运回）与下文的意思搭配不上。2D通篇文章讨论的是气候变化对城市的影响及其应对措施，并没有涉及ECONOMIC（经济的）、INDUSTRIAL（工业的）和RURAL（农村的）的话题。所以，这三个选项不可能是答案，URBAN才是答案。3A前面一句谈到，发展中国家的飞速成长的城市备受气候变化的折磨。本句紧接上一句的意思，大多数城市没有做到减少二氧化碳的排放量。四个选项中，要选REDUCE。4B减少的不仅是二氧化碳，还有GREENHOUSEGASES（温室气体）。GASES是答案。5C城市应该采取有效的措施应对气候变化。采取措施的目的当然是为了保护城市居民。可是LANKAO发现这样做的城市太少了。本题选PROTECT最合适。6D前面说到大多数城市没有做到减少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。这说明“CITIESAREMAJORSOURCESOFGREENHOUSEGASES”（城市是温室气体的主要来源），不会是DOUBTFULSOURCES（不能确定的来源）,POSSIBLESOURCES（可能的来源），更不会是REPEATABLESOURCES（不断重复的来源）。7D城市居民最易受气候变化的伤害，所以LANKAO建议地方政府要进行政策介入以降低居民因气候变化受到的伤害，而这会带来立即的和长期的益处。因此，USES、CHANCES和CURES可以排除。BENEFITS（益处）才是答案。8A由CLIMATECHANGE引发的STORMSURGES和PROLONGEDHOTWEATHER给城市居民造成伤害。INTERESTS、FUNCTIONS和DIFFERENCES这三个词与STORMSURGES和PROLONGEDHOTWEATHER造成的伤害挂不上号，不会是答案。STORMSURGES和PROLONGEDHOTWEATHER对城市居民会构成威胁。因此THREATS才是答案。9B为什么PROLONGEDHOTWEATHER对城市居民造成的伤害超过对其周边地区居民造成的伤害因为城市道路是大量铺设沥青的道路。HEAVILY是答案。其他三个选项不符合上述意思。10C贫穷社区更易受到伤害，句子给出有关基础设施的各个方面。贫穷社区的基础设施一定是不尽如人意的。所以要选LACK。11A贫穷国家许多人住在不符合标准的房子里。下面提到RELIABLETHINKINGWATER、ROADS和BASICSERVICES这些基础设施，从上下文判断，贫穷居民不会享有这些基础设施。所以选WITHOUT比较合理。12B本题的答案是THEREFORE。上文说的是气候变化给城镇居民带来的种种问题。下文说的是地方政府应该采取相应的对策以保护城镇居民。两部分的叙述是一种因果关系，所以要选THEREFORE。13DRHETORICRESPONSES（言辞反应，即用言语予以搪塞的反应）和MEANINGFULRESPONSES（有意义的反应）是两种截然不同的反应。地方政府的反应是前者还是后者随后的句子，特别是AHANDSOFFAPPROACH，说明地方政府作出的是RHETORICRESPONSES，而不是MEANINGFULRESPONSES。所以本题要选RATHERTHAN（而不是）。14B句中的“EMPHASIZEMASSTRANSIT”提示，要减少的运输工具不会是大众交通工具，因此选项中的TRAIN和BUS便可排除。BIKE是人力驱动，不会释放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是AUTOMOBILE。私人汽车排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。15A“MANYLOCALGOVERNMENTSARETAKINGAHANDSOFFAPPROACH”中的AHANDSOFFAPPROACH提示，LANKAO敦促地方政府改变的一定是他们无所作为（IDLE的政策。IDLE是正确的选择。第十二篇FREESTATINSWITHFASTFOODCOULDNEUTRALIZEHEARTRISKFASTFOODOUTLETSCOULDPROVIDESTATINDRUGSFREEOF1SOTHATCUSTOMERSCANREDUCETHEHEARTDISEASEDANGERSOFFATTYFOOD,RESEARCHERSATIMPERIALCOLLEGELONDON2INANEWSTUDYSTATINSREDUCETHE3OFUNHEALTHY”LDL”CHOLESTEROLINTHEBLOODAWEALTHOFTRIALDATAHASPROVENTHEMTOBEHIGHLYEFFECTIVEATLOWERINGAPERSONSHEARTATTACK4INAPAPERPUBLISHEDINTHEAMERICANJOURNALOFCARDIOLOGY，DRDARRELFRANCISANDCOLLEAGUESCALCULATETHATTHEREDUCTIONINHEARTATTACKRISKOFFEREDBYASTATINIS5TOOFFSETTHEINCREASEINHEARTATTACKRISKFROM6ACHEESEBURGERANDDRINKINGAMILKSHAKEDRFRANCIS，FROMTHENATIONALHEARTANDLUNGINSTITUTEATIMPERIALCOLLEGELONDON，WHOISTHESENIORAUTHOROFTHESTUDY,SAID”STATINSDONTCUTOUTA11OFTHE7EFFECTSOFCHEESEBURGERSANDFRENCHFRIESITSBETTERTOAVOIDFATTYFOODALTOGETHERBUTWEVEWORKEDOUTTHATINTERMSOFYOUR8OFHAVINGAHEARTATTACKTAKINGASTATINCANREDUCEYOURRISKTOMOREORLESSTHESAME9ASAFASTFOODMEALINCREASESIT”“ITSIRONICTHATPEOPLEAREFREETOTAKEASMANYUNHEALTHVCONDIMENTSINFASTFOODOUTLETSASTHEY10,BUTSTATINS,WHICHAREBENEFICIALTOHEARTHEALTH,HAVETOBEPRESCRIBEDITMAKESSENSETOMAKERISKREDUCINGSTATINSAVAILABLEJUSTASEASILYASTHEUNHEALTHYCONDIMENTSTHATAREL1FREEOFCHARGEITWOULDCOSTLESSTHAN5PENCEPER12一NOTMUCHDIFFERENTTOASACHETOFSUGAR”DRFRANCISSAIDWHENPEOPLEENGAGEINRISKYBEHAVIOURSLIKEDRIVINGORSMOKING,THEYREENCOURAGEDTOTAKE13THATLOWERTHEIRRISK,1IKE14ASEATBELTORCHOOSINGCIGARETTESWITHFILTERSTAKINGASTATINISARATIONALWAYOF15SOMEOFTHERISKSOFEATINGAFATTYMEAL1ACHANGEBCHARGECCHAINDCHANCE2ATRUSTBDECIDECSUGGESTDCALCULATE3ANUMBERBAMOUNTCVOLUMEDPRODUCT4AFREQUENCYBTREATMENTCDIAGNOSISDRISK5ASEVEREBENOUGHCWEAKDACTIVE6ABUYINGBPREPARINGCEATINGDCOOKING7AUNHEALTHYBSTRONGCDIFFERENTDDOUBTFUL8AEXAMINATIONBSUFFERINGCDETERMINATIONDPOSSIBILITY9ADEGREEBDIMENSIONCANGLEDRANGE10AUSEBHATECREJECTDLIKE11ATRANSPORTEDBPROVIDEDCPRESERVEDDCONVENED12ACOOKBPATIENTCCUSTOMERDVISITOR13AMEASURESBCARECADVANTAGESDTURNS14ABUYINGBWEARINGCCLEANINGDCHANGING15AINCREASINGBFINDINGCLOWERINGDTAKING答案与题解1B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用STATIN能降低心脏病发作的风险，一正一负正好抵消。STATIN价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供应STATIN0FREEOFCHARGE是固定搭配，意为“免费”。选择CHARGE是对的。2C本题要选SUGGEST，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了COULDPROVIDE，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。所以SUGGEST是个不二的选择。3B与降低UNHEALTHY“LDL“CHOLESTEROL搭配的一定是AMOUNT（量），而不可能是NUMBER（数字）、VOLUME（体积）或PRODUCT（乘积）。4D从上下文判断，要降低（LOWER）的当然是RISK。LOWERFREQUENCY（降低频率）、LOWERTREATMENT（降低治疗）或LOWERDIAGNOSIS（降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。5B本句表达的意思是DRDARRELFRANCIS在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒STATIN降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。所以本题的答案是ENOUGH。6C顾客不可能在快餐店里PREPARINGCHEESEBURGER或COOKINGCHEESEBURGER，而BUYINGCHEESEBURGER不会增加心脏病风险。所以，只有EATINGCHEESEBURGER才合乎上下文的意思。7A从上下文判断，被CUTOUT（去除）的EFFECTS一定是UNHEALTHYEFFECTS，所以，UNHEALTHY是本题的答案。8D本句中的INTERMSOF意为“就而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。POSSIBILITY是答案。9A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即STATIN降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在程度（DEGREE）上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸DIMENSION）上、角度（ANGLE）上或范围（RANGE）上大致相当”，就说不通了。1OD填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。ASONELIKES是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”。所以，LIKE是答案。其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。11BTRANSPORTED（运输）、PRESERVED（保存）或CONVERTED（转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入PROVIDED（提供）符合句意。PROVIDED是答案。12C到快餐店去就餐的人当然是CUSTOMER。13A为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择MEASURES是正确的。TAKEMEASURE的意思是“采取措施”。其他三个选项都不合适TAKECARE是“注意，小心”，TAKEADVANTAGE是“利用”，TAKETURNS是“轮流，依次”。14B本题很明显要选WEARING，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”。BUYINGASEATBELT,CLEANINGASEATBELT和CHANGINGASEATBELT都与上下文的意思相去太远。15C通篇文章都在阐述STATIN能降低患心脏病的风险。所以，LOWERING（降低）是答案。第十四篇SHARKSPERFORMASERVICEFOREARTHSWATERSITISHARDTOGETPEOPLETOTHINKOFSHARKSASANYTHINGBUTADEADLYENEMY1THEYARETHOUGHTTO1PEOPLEFREQUENTLYBUTTHESEFISH2PERFORMA2SERVICEFOREARTHSWATERSANDFORHUMANBEINGSYETBUSINESSANDSPORTFISHING3ARETHREATENINGTHEIR3SOMESHARKSAREATRISKOFDISAPPEARINGFROM4WARMWEATHERMAYINFLUENCEBOTHFISHANDSHARKACTIVITYMANYFISHSWIMNEARCOASTALAREAS5THEIRWARMWATERSEXPERTSSAYSHARKSMAYFOLLOWTHEFISHINTOTHESAMEAREAS,6PEOPLEALSOSWIMINFACT,MOSTSHARKSDONOTPURPOSELYCHARGEATORBITEHUMANSTHEYARETHOUGHTTOMISTAKEAPERSON7ASEAANIMAL,SUCHASASEALORSEALIONTHATISWHYPEOPLESHOULDNOTSWIMINTHEOCEANWHENTHESUNGOESDOWNORCOMESUPTHOSEARETHE8WHENSHARKSARELOOKINGFORFOODEXPERTSALSOSAYTHATBRIGHTCOLORSANDSHINYJEWELRYMAYCAUSESHARKSTOATTACKASHARKHASANEXTREMELYGOODSENSEOFSMELL4ITCANFINDSMALLAMOUNTSOFSUBSTANCESINWATER,SUCHASBLOOD,BODYLIQUIDSAND9PRODUCEDBYANIMALSTHESEPOWERFUL10HELPSHARKSFINDTHEIRFOODSHARKSEATFISH,ANY11SHARKS,ANDPLANTSTHATLIVEINTHEOCEANMEDICALRESEARCHERSWANTTOLEARNMOREABOUTTHESHARKSBODYDEFENSE,ANDIMMUNE12AGAINSTDISEASERESEARCHERSKNOWTHATSHARKS13QUICKLYFROMINJURIESTHEYSTUDYTHESHARKINHOPESOFFINDINGAWAYTOFIGHTHUMANDISEASESHARKSAREIMPORTANTFORTHEWORLDS14THEYEATINJUREDANDDISEASEDFISHTHEIRHUNTINGACTIVITIESMEANTHATTHENUMBERSOFOTHERFISHINOCEANWATERSDONOTBECOMETOO15THISPROTECTSTHEPLANTSANDOTHERFORMSOFLIFETHATEXISTINTHEOCEANS1AATTACKBMEETCLOVEDVISIT2ATERRIBLEBEATABLECVALUABLEDPOSSIBLE3ASOURCEBEXISTENCECFRIENDSDFISH4ASPACEBSKYCLANDDEARTH5ABECAUSEBSINCECBECAUSEOFDBYREASONTHAT6AWHOSEBWHICHCTHATDWHERE7ATOBFORCLIKEDWITH8ATIMESBPLACESCSEASDOCEANS9ASCIENCESBMATHEMATICSCCHEMICALSDPHYSICS10AFEELINGSBSENSESCTOUCHESDTASTES11ATHOSEBTHESECANOTHERDOTHER12ASYSTEMSBPROCESSESCIDEASDCIRCLES13ARECOVERBREFORMCRETURNDRELY14ARIVERSBOCEANSCFORESTSDMOUNTAINS15AWEAKBLITTLECFEWDGREAT答案与题解1A本题应选择ATTACK，因为第一句说到人们认为鲨鱼是ADEADLYENEMY，也就是说鲨鱼会对人类造成伤害。第二句是对DEADLYENEMY的具体说明。其他的三个选项MEET，LOVE，VISIT都不合适，LOVE与上下文意思相反，MEET和VISIT与上下文意思不符。2C空格2所在的句子由BUT连接，所以该句子表达的意思一定与第二句相反。第二句对鲨鱼的评价是负面的，填入空格2的词应该是正面的。四个选项中只有VALUABLE符合这一条件，所以是答案。3B第三句说到鲨鱼有益于“WATERSANDHUMANBEINGS”，第五句又说到鲨鱼濒临灭绝的危险。根据上下文的意思，THREATENING（威胁）到它们的应该是EXISTENCE（生存）。其他的三个选项SOURCE，FRIENDS，FISH都不合适，与上下文意思没有联系。4D如果鲨鱼消失，从什么地方消失呢当然从EARTH（地球）上消失。从SPACE（宇宙空间）、SKY（天空）中消失，或从LAND（陆地）上消失，都有悖常理。5C四个选项的意思都是“因为“，但是从用法上分析，BECAUSE、SINCE和BYREASONTHAT之后要接句子，BECAUSEOF之后接名词或名词短语。THEIRWARMWATERS是名词短语，所以要选用BECAUSEOF。6D“PEOPLEALSOSWIM”明显是定语从句，其先行词是表示地点的名词AREA，所以要选关系副词WHERE。7B从上下文判断，本句的意思是鲨鱼将人错认为是海洋动物。而“将错认为是”的英语表达是MISTAKEFOR，所以本题的答案是选项B。8A本段的意思是鲨鱼并非故意袭击人类。人们认为，由于鲨鱼将人错认为是海狮等海洋动物，在饥饿时才袭击人类。日出和日落时，正是鲨鱼饥肠辘辘的时候，人们不应该出海游泳。空格8填入的词应该与时间有关，所以TIMES是答案，而与地点有关的选项（PLACESSEAS和OCEANS）与上下文意思脱节。9C本段第一、二句是说，鲨鱼的嗅觉特别灵敏，能嗅到海水中存在的极为微量的气味。作者举了三个物质血、体液和化学品。空格9要填入表示物质的名词。四个选项中惟一表达物质的词是CHEMICALS（化学品）。所以CHEMICALS是答案，而其它三个选项与学科有关，脱离了上下文的意思，不是本题的答案。10B在第一、二句意思的基础上，作者进一步说明，灵敏的嗅觉有助于鲨鱼找到食物。所以本题的答案是选项D的SENSES，因为FEELINGS，TOUCHES和TASTES都与SMELLS无关。11D本句的中心词是复数的SHARKS，ANOTHER所修饰的名词一般是单数，所以不会是答案。THESE和THOSE是表特指的代词，指代前面出现过的名词。由于前面没有先行词，所以也不可能是答案。剩下的OTHER是答案，ANYOTHERSHARKS的说法也合乎英语的用法。12A从上下文判断，医学研究人员想要更多了解的是“身体抗病SYSTEM（系统）”，不会是“身体抗病IDEA（思想）”、“身体抗病工作（WORK）”或“身体抗病CIRCLE（周期）”。13A本段昀后一句的意思是医学研究人员研究鲨鱼的目的是为了找到一种人类抗病的方法。所以空格L3所在句子的意思应该是RECOVER（QUICKLYFROMINJURIES）。科学家想要探索的应该是有关受伤鲨鱼RECOVERQUICKLYFROMINJURIES的秘密，而REFORM（改造）、RETURN（回归）和RELY（依靠）只是与答案RECOVER词形上有点相似而已，其意思与上下文的意思风马牛不相及。14B从上下文判断，鲨鱼的存在能使OCEANS得益。鲨鱼不生活在RIVERS、FORESTS或MOUNTAINS中，所以，这三个选项不会是答案。15D本段的其余三句都是说明为什么鲨鱼有益于海洋。它们吃海洋动物，结果使得海洋中的动物数量不会过多。WEAK、LITTLE、FEW都与上面表达的意思相反，所以，只有GREAT是答案。第十五篇“LIQUEFACTION”KEYTOMUCHOFJAPANESEEARTHQUAKEDAMAGETHEMASSIVESUBDUCTIONZONE1EARTHQUAKEINJAPANCAUSEDASIGNIFICANTLEVELOFSOIL“LIQUEFACTION“2THATHASSURPRISEDRESEARCHERSWITHITS1SEVERITY,ANEWANALYSISSHOWS“WEVESEENLOCALIZED3EXAMPLESOFSOILLIQUEFACTIONASEXTREMEASTHISBEFORE,BUTTHEDISTANCEAND2OFDAMAGEINJAPANWEREUNUSUALLYSEVERE,“SAIDSCOTTASHFORD,APROFESSOROFGEOTECHNICALENGINEERING4ATOREGONSTATEUNIVERSITY5“ENTIRESTRUCTURESWERETILTEDANDSINKINGINTOTHESEDIMENTS,“ASHFORDSAID“THESHIFTSINSOILDESTROYEDWATER,DRAINANDGASPIPELINES6,CRIPPLINGTHEUTILITIESANDINFRASTRUCTURETHESECOMMUNITIESNEEDTO3WESAWSOMEPLACESTHATSANKASMUCHASFOURFEET“SOMEDEGREEOFSOILLIQUEFACTION7ISCOMMONINALMOSTANYMAJOREARTHQUAKEITSAPHENOMENONINWHICHSOILSSOAKEDWITHWATER,PARTICULARLYRECENTSEDIMENTSORSAND,CANLOSEMUCHOFTHEIR4ANDFLOWDURINGANEARTHQUAKETHISCANALLOWSTRUCTURESTOSHIFTORSINKOR5BUTMOSTEARTHQUAKESAREMUCH6THANTHERECENTEVENTINJAPAN,ASHFORDSAIDTHELENGTHOFTHEJAPANESEEARTHQUAKE,ASMUCHASFIVEMINUTES,MAYFORCERESEARCHERSTORECONSIDERTHEEXTENTOFLIQUEFACTIONDAMAGEPOSSIBLYOCCURRINGINSITUATIONSSUCHASTHIS8“WITHSUCHALONGLASTINGEARTHQUAKE,WESAW7STRUCTURESTHATMIGHTHAVEBEENOKAYAFTER30SECONDSJUSTCONTINUEDTOSINKANDTILTASTHESHAKINGCONTINUEDFORSEVERALMOREMINUTES,“HESAID“ANDITWASCLEARTHATYOUNGERSEDIMENTS,ANDESPECIALLYAREASBUILTON8FILLEDGROUND,AREMUCHMOREVULNERABLE“THEDATAPROVIDEDBYANALYZINGTHEJAPANESEEARTHQUAKE,RESEARCHERSSAID,SHOULDMAKEITPOSSIBLETOIMPROVETHEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISSOIL9ANDBETTERPREPAREFORITINTHEFUTUREASHFORDSAIDITWASCRITICALFORTHETEAMTOCOLLECTTHEINFORMATIONQUICKLY,10DAMAGEWASREMOVEDINTHERECOVERYEFFORTS9“THERESNODOUBTTHATWELLLEARNTHINGSFROMWHATHAPPENEDINJAPAN10THAT11WILLHELPUSTOREDUCERISKSINOTHERSIMILAR11,“ASHFORDSAID“FUTURECONSTRUCTIONINSOMEPLACESMAYMAKEMOREUSEOFTECHNIQUESKNOWNTOREDUCELIQUEFACTION,SUCHASBETTERCOMPACTIONTOMAKESOILSDENSE,ORUSEOFREINFORCINGSTONECOLUMNS“ASHFORDPOINTEDOUTTHATNORTHERNCALIFORNIAHAVEYOUNGERSOILSVULNERABLETOLIQUEFACTIONONTHECOAST,NEARRIVERDEPOSITSORINAREASWITHFILLEDGROUNDTHE“YOUNG“SEDIMENTS,INGEOLOGICTERMS,MAYBETHOSE12WITHINTHEPAST10,000YEARSORMOREINOREGON,FORINSTANCE,THATDESCRIBESMUCHOFDOWNTOWNPORTLAND,THEPORTLANDINTERNATIONALAIRPORTANDOTHERCITIESANYTHING13ARIVERANDOLDFLOODPLAINSISASUSPECT12,ANDTHEOREGONDEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONHASALREADYCONCLUDEDTHAT1,100BRIDGESINTHESTATEAREATRISKFROMANEARTHQUAKEFEWERTHAN15PERCENTOFTHEMHAVEBEENREINFORCEDTO14COLLAPSEJAPANHASSUFFEREDTREMENDOUSLOSSESINTHEMARCH11EARTHQUAKE,BUTJAPANESECONSTRUCTION15HELPEDPREVENTMANYBUILDINGSFROMCOLLAPSEEVENASTHEYTILTEDANDSANKINTOTHEGROUND1AINTERNALBDIFFERENTCDIFFICULTDWIDESPREAD2AVOLUMEBLENGTHCEXTENTDWIDTH3AFUNCTIONBREPAIRCBUILDDREMOVE4ADURABILITYBSTRENGTHCABILITYDPROPERTY5AASCENDBCOMPACTCCOLLAPSEDRECOVER6ASHORTERBLONGERCSIMPLERDSTRANGER7AWHENBWHATCHOWDWHICH8AOCCASIONALLYBFREQUENTLYCSPECIALLYDRECENTLY9ADEVELOPMENTBPHENOMENONCFORMATIONDCOMPOSITION10AUNLESSBUNTILCAFTERDBEFORE11AFINDINGSBLOCATIONSCEVENTSDSOURCES12ADELIVEREDBDEPOSITEDCDESTROYEDDDETACHED13ANEARBFROMCINSIDEDOVER14APREVENTBACCELERATECPREDICTDDETECT15ASTYLESBSITESCCOSTSDSTANDARDS答案与题解1D前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是MASSIVE（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个SIGNIFICANTLEVEL。根据上述描述，选WIDESPREAD（分布广泛的）修饰SEVERITY是正确的。其他三个选项与SEVERITY搭配后，意思接不上。2C本句由BUT连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过BUT语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选EXTENT程度与DISTANCE（距离，范围）合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的。3A在“THESHIFTSINSOILDESTROYEDWATER,SEWERANDGASPIPELINES,CRIPPLINGTHEUTILITIESANDINFRASTRUCTURETHESECOMMUNITIESNEEDTO”中，“THESECOMMUNITIESNEEDTO”是