外文翻译led显示屏数字电压表(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文

W外文文献原稿和译文原稿FRONTSIDECOPYRIGHTOFTHISCIRCUITBELONGSTOSMARTKITELECTRONICSINTHISPAGEWEWILLUSETHISCIRCUITTODISCUSSFORIMPROVEMENTSANDWEWILLINTRODUCESOMECHANGESBASEDONORIGINALSCHEMATICGENERALDESCRIPTIONTHISISANEASYTOBUILDBUTNEVERTHELESSVERYACCURATEANDUSEFULDIGITALVOLTMETERITHASBEENDESIGNEDASAPANELMETERANDCANBEUSEDINDCPOWERSUPPLIESORANYWHEREELSEITISNECESSARYTOHAVEANACCURATEINDICATIONOFTHEVOLTAGEPRESENTTHECIRCUITEMPLOYSTHEADCANALOGUETODIGITALCONVERTERICCL7107MADEBYINTERSILTHISICINCORPORATESINA40PINCASEALLTHECIRCUITRYNECESSARYTOCONVERTANANALOGUESIGNALTODIGITALANDCANDRIVEASERIESOFFOURSEVENSEGMENTLEDDISPLAYSDIRECTLYTHECIRCUITSBUILTINTOTHEICAREANANALOGUETODIGITALCONVERTERACOMPARATORACLOCKADECODERANDASEVENSEGMENTLEDDISPLAYDRIVERTHECIRCUITASITISDESCRIBEDHERECANDISPLAYANYDCVOLTAGEINTHERANGEOF01999VOLTSTECHNICALSPECIFICATIONSCHARACTERISTICSSUPPLYVOLTAGE/5VSYMMETRICALPOWERREQUIREMENTS200MAMAXIMUMMEASURINGRANGE/01999VDCINFOURRANGESACCURACY01FEATURESSMALLSIZEEASYCONSTRUCTIONLOWCOSTSIMPLEADJUSTMENTEASYTOREADFROMADISTANCEWFEWEXTERNALCOMPONENTSHOWITWORKSINORDERTOUNDERSTANDTHEPRINCIPLEOFOPERATIONOFTHECIRCUITITISNECESSARYTOEXPLAINHOWTHEADCICWORKSTHISICHASTHEFOLLOWINGVERYIMPORTANTFEATURESGREATACCURACYITISNOTAFFECTEDBYNOISENONEEDFORASAMPLEANDHOLDCIRCUITITHASABUILTINCLOCKITHASNONEEDFORHIGHACCURACYEXTERNALCOMPONENTSSCHEMATICFIXED161109W7SEGMENTDISPLAYPINOUTMAN6960ANANALOGUETODIGITALCONVERTERADCFROMNOWONISBETTERKNOWNASADUALSLOPECONVERTERORINTEGRATINGCONVERTERTHISTYPEOFCONVERTERISGENERALLYPREFERREDOVEROTHERTYPESASITOFFERSACCURACYSIMPLICITYINDESIGNANDARELATIVEINDIFFERENCETONOISEWHICHMAKESITVERYRELIABLETHEOPERATIONOFTHECIRCUITISBETTERUNDERSTOODIFITISDESCRIBEDINTWOSTAGESDURINGTHEFIRSTSTAGEANDFORAGIVENPERIODTHEINPUTVOLTAGEISINTEGRATEDANDINTHEOUTPUTOFTHEINTEGRATORATTHEENDOFTHISPERIODTHEREISAVOLTAGEWHICHISDIRECTLYPROPORTIONALTOTHEINPUTVOLTAGEATTHEENDOFTHEPRESETPERIODTHEINTEGRATORISFEDWITHANINTERNALREFERENCEVOLTAGEANDTHEOUTPUTOFTHECIRCUITISGRADUALLYREDUCEDUNTILITREACHESTHELEVELOFTHEZEROREFERENCEVOLTAGETHISSECONDPHASEISKNOWNASTHENEGATIVESLOPEPERIODANDITSDURATIONDEPENDSONTHEOUTPUTOFTHEINTEGRATORINTHEFIRSTPERIODASTHEDURATIONOFTHEFIRSTOPERATIONISFIXEDANDTHELENGTHOFTHESECONDISVARIABLEITISPOSSIBLETOCOMPARETHETWOANDTHISWAYTHEINPUTVOLTAGEISINFACTCOMPAREDTOTHEINTERNALREFERENCEVOLTAGEANDTHERESULTISCODEDANDISSENDTOTHEDISPLAYALLTHISSOUNDSQUITEEASYBUTITISINFACTASERIESOFVERYCOMPLEXOPERATIONSWHICHAREALLMADEBYTHEADCICWITHTHEHELPOFAFEWEXTERNALCOMPONENTSWHICHAREUSEDTOCONFIGURETHECIRCUITFORTHEJOBINDETAILTHECIRCUITWORKSASFOLLOWSTHEVOLTAGETOBEMEASUREDISAPPLIEDACROSSPOINTS1AND2OFTHECIRCUITANDTHROUGHTHECIRCUITR3R4ANDC4ISFINALLYAPPLIEDTOPINS30AND31OFTHEICTHESEARETHEINPUTOFTHEICASYOUCANSEEFROMITSDIAGRAMINHIGHAMPINLOWRESPECTIVELYTHERESISTORR1TOGETHERWITHC1WAREUSEDTOSETTHEFREQUENCYOFTHEINTERNALOSCILLATORCLOCKWHICHISSETATABOUT48HZATTHISCLOCKRATETHEREAREABOUTTHREEDIFFERENTREADINGSPERSECONDTHECAPACITORC2WHICHISCONNECTEDBETWEENPINS33AND34OFTHEICHASBEENSELECTEDTOCOMPENSATEFORTHEERRORCAUSEDBYTHEINTERNALREFERENCEVOLTAGEANDALSOKEEPSTHEDISPLAYSTEADYTHECAPACITORC3ANDTHERESISTORR5ARETOGETHERTHECIRCUITTHATDOESTHEINTEGRATIONOFTHEINPUTVOLTAGEANDATTHESAMETIMEPREVENTANYDIVISIONOFTHEINPUTVOLTAGEMAKINGTHECIRCUITFASTERANDMORERELIABLEASTHEPOSSIBILITYOFERRORISGREATLYREDUCEDTHECAPACITORC5FORCESTHEINSTRUMENTTODISPLAYZEROWHENTHEREISNOVOLTAGEATITSINPUTTHERESISTORR2TOGETHERWITHP1AREUSEDTOADJUSTTHEINSTRUMENTDURINGSETUPSOTHATITDISPLAYSZEROWHENTHEINPUTISZEROTHERESISTORR6CONTROLSTHECURRENTTHATISALLOWEDTOFLOWTHROUGHTHEDISPLAYSSOTHATTHEREISSUFFICIENTBRIGHTNESSWITHOUTDAMAGINGTHEMTHEICASWEHAVEALREADYMENTIONEDABOVEISCAPABLETODRIVEFOURCOMMONANODELEDDISPLAYSTHETHREERIGHTMOSTDISPLAYSARECONNECTEDSOTHATTHEYCANDISPLAYALLTHENUMBERSFROM0TO9WHILETHEFIRSTFROMTHELEFTCANONLYDISPLAYTHENUMBER1ANDWHENTHEVOLTAGEISNEGATIVETHESIGNTHEWHOLECIRCUITOPERATESFROMASYMMETRICAL5VDCSUPPLYWHICHISAPPLIEDATPINS15V210VAND265VOFTHEICCONSTRUCTIONFIRSTOFALLLETUSCONSIDERAFEWBASICSINBUILDINGELECTRONICCIRCUITSONAPRINTEDCIRCUITBOARDTHEBOARDISMADEOFATHININSULATINGMATERIALCLADWITHATHINLAYEROFCONDUCTIVECOPPERTHATISSHAPEDINSUCHAWAYASTOFORMTHENECESSARYCONDUCTORSBETWEENTHEVARIOUSCOMPONENTSOFTHECIRCUITTHEUSEOFAPROPERLYDESIGNEDPRINTEDCIRCUITBOARDISVERYDESIRABLEASITSPEEDSCONSTRUCTIONUPCONSIDERABLYANDREDUCESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFMAKINGERRORSTOPROTECTTHEBOARDDURINGSTORAGEFROMOXIDATIONANDASSUREITGETSTOYOUINPERFECTCONDITIONTHECOPPERISTINNEDDURINGMANUFACTURINGANDCOVEREDWITHASPECIALVARNISHTHATPROTECTSITFROMGETTINGOXIDISEDANDALSOMAKESSOLDERINGEASIERSOLDERINGTHECOMPONENTSTOTHEBOARDISTHEONLYWAYTOBUILDYOURCIRCUITANDFROMTHEWAYYOUDOITDEPENDSGREATLYYOURSUCCESSORFAILURETHISWORKISWNOTVERYDIFFICULTANDIFYOUSTICKTOAFEWRULESYOUSHOULDHAVENOPROBLEMSTHESOLDERINGIRONTHATYOUUSEMUSTBELIGHTANDITSPOWERSHOULDNOTEXCEEDTHE25WATTSTHETIPSHOULDBEFINEANDMUSTBEKEPTCLEANATALLTIMESFORTHISPURPOSECOMEVERYHANDYSPECIALLYMADESPONGESTHATAREKEPTWETANDFROMTIMETOTIMEYOUCANWIPETHEHOTTIPONTHEMTOREMOVEALLTHERESIDUESTHATTENDTOACCUMULATEONITDONOTFILEORSANDPAPERADIRTYORWORNOUTTIPIFTHETIPCANNOTBECLEANEDREPLAC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