已阅读5页,还剩52页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
胡壮麟语言学教程(修订版)测试题CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONSTOLINGUISTICSICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201LANGUAGEISASYSTEMOFARBITRARYVOCALSYMBOLSUSEDFORHUMAN_ACONTACTBCOMMUNICATIONCRELATIONDCOMMUNITY2WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGWORDSISENTIRELYARBITRARYATREEBTYPEWRITERCCRASHDBANG3THEFUNCTIONOFTHESENTENCE“WATERBOILSAT100DEGREESCENTIGRADE”IS_ERROGATIVEBDIRECTIVECINFORMATIVEDPERFORMATIVE4INCHINESEWHENSOMEONEBREAKSABOWLORAPLATETHEHOSTORTHEPEOPLEPRESENTARELIKELYTOSAY“碎碎(岁岁)平安”ASAMEANSOFCONTROLLINGTHEFORCESWHICHTHEYBELIEVESFEELMIGHTAFFECTTHEIRLIVESWHICHFUNCTIONSDOESITPERFORMAINTERPERSONALBEMOTIVECPERFORMATIVEDRECREATIONAL5WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGPROPERTYOFLANGUAGEENABLESLANGUAGEUSERSTOOVERCOMETHEBARRIERSCAUSEDBYTIMEANDPLACE,DUETOTHISFEATUREOFLANGUAGE,SPEAKERSOFALANGUAGEAREFREETOTALKABOUTANYTHINGINANYSITUATIONATRANSFERABILITYBDUALITYCDISPLACEMENTDARBITRARINESS6STUDYTHEFOLLOWINGDIALOGUEWHATFUNCTIONDOESITPLAYACCORDINGTOTHEFUNCTIONSOFLANGUAGEANICEDAY,ISNTITRIGHTIREALLYENJOYTHESUNLIGHTAEMOTIVEBPHATICCPERFORMATIVEDINTERPERSONAL7_REFERSTOTHEACTUALREALIZATIONOFTHEIDEALLANGUAGEUSERSKNOWLEDGEOFTHERULESOFHISLANGUAGEINUTTERANCESAPERFORMANCEBCOMPETENCECLANGUEDPAROLE8WHENADOGISBARKING,YOUASSUMEITISBARKINGFORSOMETHINGORATSOMEONETHATEXISTSHEARANDNOWITCOULDNTBESORROWFULFORSOMELOSTLOVEORLOSTBONETHISINDICATESTHEDESIGNFEATUREOF_ACULTURALTRANSMISSIONBPRODUCTIVITYCDISPLACEMENTDDUALITY9_ANSWERSSUCHQUESTIONSASHOWWEASINFANTSACQUIREOURFIRSTLANGUAGEAPSYCHOLINGUISTICSBANTHROPOLOGICALLINGUISTICSCSOCIOLINGUISTICSDAPPLIEDLINGUISTICS10_DEALSWITHLANGUAGEAPPLICATIONTOOTHERFIELDS,PARTICULARLYEDUCATIONALINGUISTICTHEORYBPRACTICALLINGUISTICSCAPPLIEDLINGUISTICSDCOMPARATIVELINGUISTICSIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011LANGUAGEISAMEANSOFVERBALCOMMUNICATIONTHEREFORE,THECOMMUNICATIONWAYUSEDBYTHEDEAFMUTEISNOTLANGUAGE12LANGUAGECHANGEISUNIVERSAL,ONGOINGANDARBITRARY13SPEAKINGISTHEQUICKESTANDMOSTEFFICIENTWAYOFTHEHUMANCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS14LANGUAGEISWRITTENBECAUSEWRITINGISTHEPRIMARYMEDIUMFORALLLANGUAGES15WEWEREALLBORNWITHTHEABILITYTOACQUIRELANGUAGE,WHICHMEANSTHEDETAILSOFANYLANGUAGESYSTEMCANBEGENETICALLYTRANSMITTED16ONLYHUMANBEINGSAREABLETOCOMMUNICATE17FDESAUSSURE,WHOMADETHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENLANGUEANDPAROLEINTHEEARLY20THCENTURY,WASAFRENCHLINGUIST18ASTUDYOFTHEFEATURESOFTHEENGLISHUSEDINSHAKESPEARESTIMEISANEXAMPLEOFTHEDIACHRONICSTUDYOFLANGUAGE19SPEECHANDWRITINGCAMEINTOBEINGATMUCHTHESAMETIMEINHUMANHISTORY20ALLTHELANGUAGESINTHEWORLDTODAYHAVEBOTHSPOKENANDWRITTENFORMSIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS1021LANGUAGE,BROADLYSPEAKING,ISAMEANSOF_COMMUNICATION22INANYLANGUAGEWORDSCANBEUSEDINNEWWAYSTOMEANNEWTHINGSANDCANBECOMBINEDINTOINNUMERABLESENTENCESBASEDONLIMITEDRULESTHISFEATUREISUSUALLYTERMED_23LANGUAGEHASMANYFUNCTIONSWECANUSELANGUAGETOTALKABOUTITSELFTHISFUNCTIONIS_24THEORYTHATPRIMITIVEMANMADEINVOLUNTARYVOCALNOISESWHILEPERFORMINGHEAVYWORKHASBEENCALLEDTHE_THEORY25LINGUISTICSISTHE_STUDYOFLANGUAGE26MODERNLINGUISTICSIS_INTHESENSETHATTHELINGUISTTRIESTODISCOVERWHATLANGUAGEISRATHERTHANLAYDOWNSOMERULESFORPEOPLETOOBSERVE27ONEGENERALPRINCIPLEOFLINGUISTICANALYSISISTHEPRIMACYOF_OVERWRITING28THEDESCRIPTIONOFALANGUAGEASITCHANGESTHROUGHTIMEISA_STUDY29SAUSSUREPUTFORWARDTWOIMPORTANTCONCEPTS_REFERSTOTHEABSTRACTLINGUISTICSYSTEMSHAREDBYALLMEMBERSOFASPEECHCOMMUNITY30LINGUISTICPOTENTIALISSIMILARTOSAUSSURESLANGUEANDCHOMSKYS_CHAPTER2SPEECHSOUNDSICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201PITCHVARIATIONISKNOWNAS_WHENITSPATTERNSAREIMPOSEDONSENTENCESAINTONATIONBTONECPRONUNCIATIONDVOICE2CONVENTIONALLYA_ISPUTINSLASHES/AALLOPHONEBPHONECPHONEMEDMORPHEME3ANASPIRATEDP,ANUNASPIRATEDPANDANUNRELEASEDPARE_OFTHEPPHONEMEAANALOGUESBTAGMEMESCMORPHEMESDALLOPHONES4THEOPENINGBETWEENTHEVOCALCORDSISSOMETIMESREFERREDTOAS_AGLOTTISBVOCALCAVITYCPHARYNXDUVULA5THEDIPHTHONGSTHATAREMADEWITHAMOVEMENTOFTHETONGUETOWARDSTHECENTERAREKNOWNAS_DIPHTHONGSAWIDEBCLOSINGCNARROWDCENTERING6APHONEMEISAGROUPOFSIMILARSOUNDSCALLED_AMINIMALPAIRSBALLOMORPHSCPHONESDALLOPHONES7WHICHBRANCHOFPHONETICSCONCERNSTHEPRODUCTIONOFSPEECHSOUNDSAACOUSTICPHONETICSBARTICULATORYPHONETICSCAUDITORYPHONETICSDNONEOFTHEABOVE8WHICHONEISDIFFERENTFROMTHEOTHERSACCORDINGTOPLACESOFARTICULATIONANBMCBDP9WHICHVOWELISDIFFERENTFROMTHEOTHERSACCORDINGTOTHECHARACTERISTICSOFVOWELSAIBUCEDI10WHATKINDOFSOUNDSCANWEMAKEWHENTHEVOCALCORDSAREVIBRATINGAVOICELESSBVOICEDCGLOTTALSTOPDCONSONANTIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011SUPRASEGMENTALPHONOLOGYREFERSTOTHESTUDYOFPHONOLOGICALPROPERTIESOFUNITSLARGERTHANTHESEGMENTPHONEME,SUCHASSYLLABLE,WORDANDSENTENCE12THEAIRSTREAMPROVIDEDBYTHELUNGSHASTOUNDERGOANUMBEROFMODIFICATIONTOACQUIRETHEQUALITYOFASPEECHSOUND13TWOSOUNDSAREINFREEVARIATIONWHENTHEYOCCURINTHESAMEENVIRONMENTANDDONOTCONTRAST,NAMELY,THESUBSTITUTIONOFONEFORTHEOTHERDOESNOTPRODUCEADIFFERENTWORD,BUTMERELYADIFFERENTPRONUNCIATION14PISAVOICEDBILABIALSTOP15ACOUSTICPHONETICSISCONCERNEDWITHTHEPERCEPTIONOFSPEECHSOUNDS16ALLSYLLABLESMUSTHAVEANUCLEUSBUTNOTALLSYLLABLESCONTAINANONSETANDACODA17WHENPUREVOWELSORMONOPHTHONGSAREPRONOUNCED,NOVOWELGLIDESTAKEPLACE18ACCORDINGTOTHELENGTHORTENSENESSOFTHEPRONUNCIATION,VOWELSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTENSEVSLAXORLONGVSSHORT19RECEIVEDPRONUNCIATIONISTHEPRONUNCIATIONACCEPTEDBYMOSTPEOPLE20HEMAXIMALONSETPRINCIPLESTATESTHATWHENTHEREISACHOICEASTOWHERETOPLACEACONSONANT,ITISPUTINTOTHECODARATHERTHANTHEONSETIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS2021CONSONANTSOUNDSCANBEEITHER_OR_,WHILEALLVOWELSOUNDSARE_22CONSONANTSOUNDSCANALSOBEMADEWHENTWOORGANSOFSPEECHINTHEMOUTHAREBROUGHTCLOSETOGETHERSOTHATTHEAIRISPUSHEDOUTBETWEENTHEM,CAUSING_23THEQUALITIESOFVOWELSDEPENDUPONTHEPOSITIONOFTHE_ANDTHELIPS24ONEELEMENTINTHEDESCRIPTIONOFVOWELSISTHEPARTOFTHETONGUEWHICHISATTHEHIGHESTPOINTINTHEMOUTHASECONDELEMENTISTHE_TOWHICHTHATPARTOFTHETONGUEISRAISED25CONSONANTSDIFFERFROMVOWELSINTHATTHELATTERAREPRODUCEDWITHOUT_26INPHONOLOGICALANALYSISTHEWORDSFAIL/VEILAREDISTINGUISHABLESIMPLYBECAUSEOFTHETWOPHONEMES/F/V/THISISANEXAMPLEFORILLUSTRATING_27INENGLISHTHEREAREANUMBEROF_,WHICHAREPRODUCEDBYMOVINGFROMONEVOWELPOSITIONTOANOTHERTHROUGHINTERVENINGPOSITIONS28_REFERSTOTHEPHENOMENONOFSOUNDSCONTINUALLYSHOWTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEIRNEIGHBORS29_ISTHESMALLESTLINGUISTICUNIT30SPEECHTAKESPLACEWHENTHEORGANSOFSPEECHMOVETOPRODUCEPATTERNSOFSOUNDTHESEMOVEMENTSHAVEANEFFECTONTHE_COMINGFROMTHELUNGSCHAPTER3LEXICONICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201NOUNS,VERBSANDADJECTIVESCANBECLASSIFIEDAS_ALEXICALWORDSBGRAMMATICALWORDSCFUNCTIONWORDSDFORMWORDS2MORPHEMESTHATREPRESENTTENSE,NUMBER,GENDERANDCASEARECALLED_MORPHEMEAINFLECTIONALBFREECBOUNDDDERIVATIONAL3THEREARE_MORPHEMESINTHEWORDDENATIONALIZATIONATHREEBFOURCFIVEDSIX4INENGLISHISEANDTIONARECALLED_APREFIXESBSUFFIXESCINFIXESDSTEMS5THETHREESUBTYPESOFAFFIXESAREPREFIX,SUFFIXAND_ADERIVATIONALAFFIXBINFLECTIONALAFFIXCINFIXDBACKFORMATION6_ISAWAYINWHICHNEWWORDSMAYBEFORMEDFROMALREADYEXISTINGWORDSBYSUBTRACTINGANAFFIXWHICHISTHOUGHTTOBEPARTOFTHEOLDWORDAAFFIXATIONBBACKFORMATIONCINSERTIONDADDITION7THEWORDTBISFORMEDINTHEWAYOF_AACRONYMYBCLIPPINGCINITIALISMDBLENDING8THEWORDSLIKECOMSATANDSITCOMAREFORMEDBY_ABLENDINGBCLIPPINGCBACKFORMATIONDACRONYMY9THESTEMOFDISAGREEMENTSIS_AAGREEMENTBAGREECDISAGREEDDISAGREEMENT10ALLOFTHEMAREMEANINGFULEXCEPTFOR_ALEXEMEBPHONEMECMORPHEMEDALLOMORPHIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011PHONETICALLY,THESTRESSOFACOMPOUNDALWAYSFALLSONTHEFIRSTELEMENT,WHILETHESECONDELEMENTRECEIVESSECONDARYSTRESS12FOREASINFORETELLISBOTHAPREFIXANDABOUNDMORPHEME13BASEREFERSTOTHEPARTOFTHEWORDTHATREMAINSWHENALLINFLECTIONALAFFIXESAREREMOVED14INMOSTCASES,PREFIXESCHANGETHEMEANINGOFTHEBASEWHEREASSUFFIXESCHANGETHEWORDCLASSOFTHEBASE15CONVERSIONFROMNOUNTOVERBISTHEMOSTPRODUCTIVEPROCESSOFAWORD16REDUPLICATIVECOMPOUNDISFORMEDBYREPEATINGTHESAMEMORPHEMEOFAWORD17THEWORDSWHIMPER,WHISPERANDWHISTLEAREFORMEDINTHEWAYOFONOMATOPOEIA18INMOSTCASES,THENUMBEROFSYLLABLESOFAWORDCORRESPONDSTOTHENUMBEROFMORPHEMES19BACKFORMATIONISAPRODUCTIVEWAYOFWORDFORMATIONS20INFLECTIONISAPARTICULARWAYOFWORDFORMATIONSIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS2021AN_ISPRONOUNCEDLETTERBYLETTER,WHILEAN_ISPRONOUNCEDASAWORD22LEXICON,INMOSTCASES,ISSYNONYMOUSWITH_23ORTHOGRAPHICALLY,COMPOUNDSAREWRITTENINTHREEWAYS_,_AND_24ALLWORDSMAYBESAIDTOCONTAINAROOT_25ASMALLSETOFCONJUNCTIONS,PREPOSITIONSANDPRONOUNSBELONGTO_CLASS,WHILETHELARGESTPARTOFNOUNS,VERBS,ADJECTIVESANDADVERBSBELONGSTO_CLASS26_ISAREVERSEPROCESSOFDERIVATION,ANDTHEREFOREISAPROCESSOFSHORTENING27_ISEXTREMELYPRODUCTIVE,BECAUSEENGLISHHADLOSTMOSTOFITSINFLECTIONALENDINGSBYTHEENDOFMIDDLEENGLISHPERIOD,WHICHFACILITATEDTHEUSEOFWORDSINTERCHANGEABLYASVERBSORNOUNS,VERBSORADJECTIVES,ANDVICEVERSA28WORDSAREDIVIDEDINTOSIMPLE,COMPOUNDANDDERIVEDWORDSONTHE_LEVEL29AWORDFORMEDBYDERIVATIONISCALLEDA_,ANDAWORDFORMEDBYCOMPOUNDINGISCALLEDA_30BOUNDMORPHEMESARECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOTYPES_AND_CHAPTER4SYNTAXICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201THESENTENCESTRUCTUREIS_AONLYLINEARBONLYHIERARCHICALCCOMPLEXDBOTHLINEARANDHIERARCHICAL2THESYNTACTICRULESOFANYLANGUAGEARE_INNUMBERALARGEBSMALLCFINITEDINFINITE3THE_RULESARETHERULESTHATGROUPWORDSANDPHRASESTOFORMGRAMMATICALSENTENCESALEXICALBMORPHOLOGICALCLINGUISTICDCOMBINATIONAL4ASENTENCEISCONSIDERED_WHENITDOESNOTCONFORMTOTHEGRAMMATICALKNOWLEDGEINTHEMINDOFNATIVESPEAKERSARIGHTBWRONGCGRAMMATICALDUNGRAMMATICAL5A_INTHEEMBEDDEDCLAUSEREFERSTOTHEINTRODUCTORYWORDTHATINTRODUCESTHEEMBEDDEDCLAUSEACOORDINATORBPARTICLECPREPOSITIONDSUBORDINATOR6PHRASESTRUCTURERULESHAVE_PROPERTIESARECURSIVEBGRAMMATICALCSOCIALDFUNCTIONAL7PHRASESTRUCTURERULESALLOWUSTOBETTERUNDERSTAND_AHOWWORDSANDPHRASESFORMSENTENCESBWHATCONSTITUTESTHEGRAMMATICALITYOFSTRINGSOFWORDSCHOWPEOPLEPRODUCEANDRECOGNIZEPOSSIBLESENTENCESDALLOFTHEABOVE8THEHEADOFTHEPHRASE“THECITYROME”IS_ATHECITYBROMECCITYDTHECITYROME9THEPHRASE“ONTHESHELF”BELONGSTO_CONSTRUCTIONAENDOCENTRICBEXOCENTRICCSUBORDINATEDCOORDINATE10THESENTENCE“THEYWEREWANTEDTOREMAINQUIETANDNOTTOEXPOSETHEMSELVES”ISA_SENTENCEASIMPLEBCOORDINATECCOMPOUNDDCOMPLEXIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011UNIVERSALLYFOUNDINTHEGRAMMARSOFALLHUMANLANGUAGES,SYNTACTICRULESTHATCOMPRISETHESYSTEMOFINTERNALIZEDLINGUISTICKNOWLEDGEOFALANGUAGESPEAKERAREKNOWNASLINGUISTICCOMPETENCE12THESYNTACTICRULESOFANYLANGUAGEAREFINITEINNUMBER,BUTTHEREISNOLIMITTOTHENUMBEROFSENTENCESNATIVESPEAKERSOFTHATLANGUAGEAREABLETOPRODUCEANDCOMPREHEND13INACOMPLEXSENTENCE,THETWOCLAUSESHOLDUNEQUALSTATUS,ONESUBORDINATINGTHEOTHER14CONSTITUENTSTHATCANBESUBSTITUTEDFORONEANOTHERWITHOUTLOSSOFGRAMMATICALITYBELONGTOTHESAMESYNTACTICCATEGORY15MINORLEXICALCATEGORIESAREOPENBECAUSETHESECATEGORIESARENOTFIXEDANDNEWMEMBERSAREALLOWEDFOR16INENGLISHSYNTACTICANALYSIS,FOURPHRASALCATEGORIESARECOMMONLYRECOGNIZEDANDDISCUSSED,NAMELY,NOUNPHRASE,VERBPHRASE,INFINITIVEPHRASE,ANDAUXILIARYPHRASE17INENGLISHTHESUBJECTUSUALLYPRECEDESTHEVERBANDTHEDIRECTOBJECTUSUALLYFOLLOWSTHEVERB18WHATISACTUALLYINTERNALIZEDINTHEMINDOFANATIVESPEAKERISACOMPLETELISTOFWORDSANDPHRASESRATHERTHANGRAMMATICALKNOWLEDGE19ANOUNPHRASEMUSTCONTAINANOUN,BUTOTHERELEMENTSAREOPTIONAL20ITISBELIEVEDTHATPHRASESTRUCTURERULES,WITHTHEINSERTIONOFTHELEXICON,GENERATESENTENCESATTHELEVELOFDSTRUCTUREIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS2021A_SENTENCECONSISTSOFASINGLECLAUSEWHICHCONTAINSASUBJECTANDAPREDICATEANDSTANDSALONEASITSOWNSENTENCE22A_ISASTRUCTURALLYINDEPENDENTUNITTHATUSUALLYCOMPRISESANUMBEROFWORDSTOFORMACOMPLETESTATEMENT,QUESTIONORCOMMAND23A_MAYBEANOUNORANOUNPHRASEINASENTENCETHATUSUALLYPRECEDESTHEPREDICATE24THEPARTOFASENTENCEWHICHCOMPRISESAFINITEVERBORAVERBPHRASEANDWHICHSAYSSOMETHINGABOUTTHESUBJECTISGRAMMATICALLYCALLED_25A_SENTENCECONTAINSTWO,ORMORE,CLAUSES,ONEOFWHICHISINCORPORATEDINTOTHEOTHER26INTHECOMPLEXSENTENCE,THEINCORPORATEDORSUBORDINATECLAUSEISNORMALLYCALLEDAN_CLAUSE27MAJORLEXICALCATEGORIESARE_CATEGORIESINTHESENSETHATNEWWORDSARECONSTANTLYADDED28_CONDITIONONCASEASSIGNMENTSTATESTHATACASEASSIGNORANDACASERECIPIENTSHOULDSTAYADJACENTTOEACHOTHER29_ARESYNTACTICOPTIONSOFUGTHATALLOWGENERALPRINCIPLESTOOPERATEINONEWAYORANOTHERANDCONTRIBUTETOSIGNIFICANTLINGUISTICVARIATIONSBETWEENANDAMONGNATURALLANGUAGES30THETHEORYOF_CONDITIONEXPLAINSTHEFACTTHATNOUNPHRASESAPPEARONLYINSUBJECTANDOBJECTPOSITIONSCHAPTER5MEANINGMAINLYTAKENFROMLXM1000WSEXERCISESICYWARMTEAICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201THENAMINGTHEORYISADVANCEDBY_APLATOBBLOOMFIELDCGEOFFREYLEECHDFIRTH2“WESHALLKNOWAWORDBYTHECOMPANYITKEEPS”THISSTATEMENTREPRESENTS_ATHECONCEPTUALISTVIEWBCONTEXUTALISMCTHENAMINGTHEORYDBEHAVIORISM3WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISNOTTRUEASENSEISCONCERNEDWITHTHEINHERENTMEANINGOFTHELINGUISTICFORMBSENSEISTHECOLLECTIONOFALLTHEFEATURESOFTHELINGUISTICFORMCSENSEISABSTRACTANDDECONTEXTUALIZEDDSENSEISTHEASPECTOFMEANINGDICTIONARYCOMPILERSARENOTINTERESTEDIN4“CANIBORROWYOURBIKE”_“YOUHAVEABIKE”AISSYNONYMOUSWITHBISINCONSISTENTWITHCENTAILSDPRESUPPOSES5_ISAWAYINWHICHTHEMEANINGOFAWORDCANBEDISSECTEDINTOMEANINGCOMPONENTS,CALLEDSEMANTICFEATURESAPREDICATIONANALYSISBCOMPONENTIALANALYSISCPHONEMICANALYSISDGRAMMATICALANALYSIS6“ALIVE”AND“DEAD”ARE_AGRADABLEANTONYMSBRELATIONALANTONYMSCCOMPLEMENTARYANTONYMSDNONEOFTHEABOVE7_DEALSWITHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELINGUISTICELEMENTANDTHENONLINGUISTICWORLDOFEXPERIENCEAREFERENCEBCONCEPTCSEMANTICSDSENSE8_REFERSTOTHEPHENOMENONTHATWORDSHAVINGDIFFERENTMEANINGSHAVETHESAMEFORMAPOLYSEMYBSYNONYMYCHOMONYMYDHYPONYMY9WORDSTHATARECLOSEINMEANINGARECALLED_AHOMONYMSBPOLYSEMIESCHYPONYMSDSYNONYMS10THEGRAMMATICALITYOFASENTENCEISGOVERNEDBY_AGRAMMATICALRULESBSELECTIONALRESTRICTIONSCSEMANTICRULESDSEMANTICFEATURESIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011DIALECTALSYNONYMSCANOFTENBEFOUNDINDIFFERENTREGIONALDIALECTSSUCHASBRITISHENGLISHANDAMERICANENGLISHBUTCANNOTBEFOUNDWITHINTHEVARIETYITSELF,FOREXAMPLE,WITHINBRITISHENGLISHORAMERICANENGLISH12SENSEISCONCERNEDWITHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELINGUISTICELEMENTANDTHENONLINGUISTICWORLDOFEXPERIENCE,WHILETHEREFERENCEDEALSWITHTHEINHERENTMEANINGOFTHELINGUISTICFORM13LINGUISTICFORMSHAVINGTHESAMESENSEMAYHAVEDIFFERENTREFERENCESINDIFFERENTSITUATIONS14INSEMANTICS,MEANINGOFLANGUAGEISCONSIDEREDASTHEINTRINSICANDINHERENTRELATIONTOTHEPHYSICALWORLDOFEXPERIENCE15CONTEXTUALISMISBASEDONTHEPRESUMPTIONTHATONECANDERIVEMEANINGFROMORREDUCEMEANINGTOOBSERVABLECONTEXTS16BEHAVIORISTSATTEMPTEDTODEFINETHEMEANINGOFALANGUAGEFORMASTHESITUATIONINWHICHTHESPEAKERUTTERSITANDTHERESPONSEITCALLSFORTHINTHEHEARER17THEMEANINGOFASENTENCEISTHESUMTOTALOFTHEMEANINGSOFALLITSCOMPONENTS18MOSTLANGUAGESHAVESETSOFLEXICALITEMSSIMILARINMEANINGBUTRANKEDDIFFERENTLYACCORDINGTOTHEIRDEGREEOFFORMALITY19“ITISHOT”ISANOPLACEPREDICATIONBECAUSEITCONTAINSNOARGUMENT20INGRAMMATICALANALYSIS,THESENTENCEISTAKENTOBETHEBASICUNIT,BUTINSEMANTICANALYSISOFASENTENCE,THEBASICUNITISPREDICATION,WHICHISTHEABSTRACTIONOFTHEMEANINGOFASENTENCEIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS2021_CANBEDEFINEDASTHESTUDYOFMEANING22THECONCEPTUALISTVIEWHOLDSTHATTHEREISNO_LINKBETWEENALINGUISTICFORMANDWHATITREFERSTO23_MEANSWHATALINGUISTICFORMREFERSTOINTHEREAL,PHYSICALWORLDITDEALSWITHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELINGUISTICELEMENTANDTHENONLINGUISTICWORLDOFEXPERIENCE24WORDSTHATARECLOSEINMEANINGARECALLED_25WHENTWOWORDSAREIDENTICALINSOUND,BUTDIFFERENTINSPELLINGANDMEANING,THEYARECALLED_26_OPPOSITESAREPAIRSOFWORDSTHATEXHIBITTHEREVERSALOFARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETWOITEMS27_ANALYSISISBASEDUPONTHEBELIEFTHATTHEMEANINGOFAWORDCANBEDIVIDEDINTOMEANINGCOMPONENTS28WHETHERASENTENCEISSEMANTICALLYMEANINGFULISGOVERNEDBYRULESCALLED_RESTRICTIONS,WHICHARECONSTRAINTSONWHATLEXICALITEMSCANGOWITHWHATOTHERS29AN_ISALOGICALPARTICIPANTINAPREDICATION,LARGELYIDENTICALWITHTHENOMINALELEMENTSINASENTENCE30ACCORDINGTOTHE_THEORYOFMEANING,THEWORDSINALANGUAGEARETAKENTOBELABELSOFTHEOBJECTSTHEYSTANDFORCHAPTER7LANGUAGE,CULTUREANDSOCIETYICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201_ISCONCERNEDWITHTHESOCIALSIGNIFICANCEOFLANGUAGEVARIATIONANDLANGUAGEUSEINDIFFERENTSPEECHCOMMUNITIESAPSYCHOLINGUISTICSBSOCIOLINGUISTICSCAPPLIEDLINGUISTICSDGENERALLINGUISTICS2THEMOSTDISTINGUISHABLELINGUISTICFEATUREOFAREGIONALDIALECTISITS_AUSEOFWORDSBUSEOFSTRUCTURESCACCENTDMORPHEMES3_ISSPEECHVARIATIONACCORDINGTOTHEPARTICULARAREAWHEREASPEAKERCOMESFROMAREGIONALVARIATIONBLANGUAGEVARIATIONCSOCIALVARIATIONDREGISTERVARIATION4_ARETHEMAJORSOURCEOFREGIONALVARIATIONOFLANGUAGEAGEOGRAPHICALBARRIERSBLOYALTYTOANDCONFIDENCEINONESNATIVESPEECHCPHYSICALDISCOMFORTANDPSYCHOLOGICALRESISTANCETOCHANGEDSOCIALBARRIERS5_MEANSTHATCERTAINAUTHORITIES,SUCHASTHEGOVERNMENTCHOOSE,APARTICULARSPEECHVARIETY,STANDARDIZEITANDSPREADTHEUSEOFITACROSSREGIONALBOUNDARIESALANGUAGEINTERFERENCEBLANGUAGECHANGESCLANGUAGEPLANNINGDLANGUAGETRANSFER6_INAPERSONSSPEECHORWRITINGUSUALLYRANGESONACONTINUUMFROMCASUALORCOLLOQUIALTOFORMALORPOLITEACCORDINGTOTHETYPEOFCOMMUNICATIVESITUATIONAREGIONALVARIATIONBCHANGESINEMOTIONSCVARIATIONINCONNOTATIONSDSTYLISTICVARIATION7A_ISAVARIETYOFLANGUAGETHATSERVESASAMEDIUMOFCOMMUNICATIONAMONGGROUPSOFPEOPLEFORDIVERSELINGUISTICBACKGROUNDSALINGUAFRANCABREGISTERCCREOLEDNATIONALLANGUAGE8ALTHOUGH_ARESIMPLIFIEDLANGUAGESWITHREDUCEDGRAMMATICALFEATURES,THEYARERULEGOVERNED,LIKEANYHUMANLANGUAGEAVERNACULARLANGUAGESBCREOLESCPIDGINSDSOCIOLECTS9INNORMALSITUATIONS,_SPEAKERSTENDTOUSEMOREPRESTIGIOUSFORMSTHANTHEIR_COUNTERPARTSWITHTHESAMESOCIALBACKGROUNDAFEMALEMALEBMALEFEMALECOLDYOUNGDYOUNGOLD10ALINGUISTIC_REFERSTOAWORDOREXPRESSIONTHATISPROHIBITEDBYTHE“POLITE”SOCIETYFROMGENERALUSEASLANGBEUPHEMISMCJARGONDTABOOIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011LANGUAGEASAMEANSOFSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONISAHOMOGENEOUSSYSTEMWITHAHOMOGENEOUSGROUPOFSPEAKERS12THEGOALOFSOCIOLINGUISTICSISTOEXPLORETHENATUREOFLANGUAGEVARIATIONANDLANGUAGEUSEAMONGAVARIETYOFSPEECHCOMMUNITIESANDINDIFFERENTSOCIALSITUATIONS13FROMTHESOCIOLINGUISTICPERSPECTIVE,THETERM“SPEECHVARIETY”CANNO
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 焊工考核试题及答案
- 外墙涂装施工方案
- 高性能磷酸铁项目可行性研究报告
- 团队员工执行力提升落地方法
- 梁柱节点加固施工技术交底
- 商场客流引导与服务实施方案
- 2026届安徽省铜陵市狮子山区数学四年级下学期期中监测模拟试题(含答案解析)
- 2026学年临夏回族自治州和政县三年级数学下学期期中综合测试试题(含答案解析)
- 甘肃兰州市永登县2025-2026学年度第二学期期末学情测查七年级地理试卷(含答案)
- 2025-2026学年江苏省苏州市姑苏区立达中学八年级(下)期末数学试卷(含答案)
- 2026故宫博物院招聘应届毕业生(第二批)9人备考题库及1套完整答案详解
- 2026-2030中国人力资源服务行业全景调研与发展战略研究咨询报告
- 2026年无人机测绘操控员(高级)技能鉴定理论考试题库及答案
- 编制说明:可吸收缝合线用聚对二氧环己酮(PPDO)
- 商砼站安全环保制度内容
- 白酒培训销售新人课件
- 布病护理新进展分享
- 2025年大学(工学)计算机组成原理期末测试题及解析
- 中通快递培训课件
- 安全生产事故复盘报告
- 2025年上半年教师资格证初中美术考试真题及答案完整版
评论
0/150
提交评论