




已阅读5页,还剩52页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
胡壮麟语言学教程(修订版)测试题CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONSTOLINGUISTICSICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201LANGUAGEISASYSTEMOFARBITRARYVOCALSYMBOLSUSEDFORHUMAN_ACONTACTBCOMMUNICATIONCRELATIONDCOMMUNITY2WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGWORDSISENTIRELYARBITRARYATREEBTYPEWRITERCCRASHDBANG3THEFUNCTIONOFTHESENTENCE“WATERBOILSAT100DEGREESCENTIGRADE”IS_ERROGATIVEBDIRECTIVECINFORMATIVEDPERFORMATIVE4INCHINESEWHENSOMEONEBREAKSABOWLORAPLATETHEHOSTORTHEPEOPLEPRESENTARELIKELYTOSAY“碎碎(岁岁)平安”ASAMEANSOFCONTROLLINGTHEFORCESWHICHTHEYBELIEVESFEELMIGHTAFFECTTHEIRLIVESWHICHFUNCTIONSDOESITPERFORMAINTERPERSONALBEMOTIVECPERFORMATIVEDRECREATIONAL5WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGPROPERTYOFLANGUAGEENABLESLANGUAGEUSERSTOOVERCOMETHEBARRIERSCAUSEDBYTIMEANDPLACE,DUETOTHISFEATUREOFLANGUAGE,SPEAKERSOFALANGUAGEAREFREETOTALKABOUTANYTHINGINANYSITUATIONATRANSFERABILITYBDUALITYCDISPLACEMENTDARBITRARINESS6STUDYTHEFOLLOWINGDIALOGUEWHATFUNCTIONDOESITPLAYACCORDINGTOTHEFUNCTIONSOFLANGUAGEANICEDAY,ISNTITRIGHTIREALLYENJOYTHESUNLIGHTAEMOTIVEBPHATICCPERFORMATIVEDINTERPERSONAL7_REFERSTOTHEACTUALREALIZATIONOFTHEIDEALLANGUAGEUSERSKNOWLEDGEOFTHERULESOFHISLANGUAGEINUTTERANCESAPERFORMANCEBCOMPETENCECLANGUEDPAROLE8WHENADOGISBARKING,YOUASSUMEITISBARKINGFORSOMETHINGORATSOMEONETHATEXISTSHEARANDNOWITCOULDNTBESORROWFULFORSOMELOSTLOVEORLOSTBONETHISINDICATESTHEDESIGNFEATUREOF_ACULTURALTRANSMISSIONBPRODUCTIVITYCDISPLACEMENTDDUALITY9_ANSWERSSUCHQUESTIONSASHOWWEASINFANTSACQUIREOURFIRSTLANGUAGEAPSYCHOLINGUISTICSBANTHROPOLOGICALLINGUISTICSCSOCIOLINGUISTICSDAPPLIEDLINGUISTICS10_DEALSWITHLANGUAGEAPPLICATIONTOOTHERFIELDS,PARTICULARLYEDUCATIONALINGUISTICTHEORYBPRACTICALLINGUISTICSCAPPLIEDLINGUISTICSDCOMPARATIVELINGUISTICSIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011LANGUAGEISAMEANSOFVERBALCOMMUNICATIONTHEREFORE,THECOMMUNICATIONWAYUSEDBYTHEDEAFMUTEISNOTLANGUAGE12LANGUAGECHANGEISUNIVERSAL,ONGOINGANDARBITRARY13SPEAKINGISTHEQUICKESTANDMOSTEFFICIENTWAYOFTHEHUMANCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS14LANGUAGEISWRITTENBECAUSEWRITINGISTHEPRIMARYMEDIUMFORALLLANGUAGES15WEWEREALLBORNWITHTHEABILITYTOACQUIRELANGUAGE,WHICHMEANSTHEDETAILSOFANYLANGUAGESYSTEMCANBEGENETICALLYTRANSMITTED16ONLYHUMANBEINGSAREABLETOCOMMUNICATE17FDESAUSSURE,WHOMADETHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENLANGUEANDPAROLEINTHEEARLY20THCENTURY,WASAFRENCHLINGUIST18ASTUDYOFTHEFEATURESOFTHEENGLISHUSEDINSHAKESPEARESTIMEISANEXAMPLEOFTHEDIACHRONICSTUDYOFLANGUAGE19SPEECHANDWRITINGCAMEINTOBEINGATMUCHTHESAMETIMEINHUMANHISTORY20ALLTHELANGUAGESINTHEWORLDTODAYHAVEBOTHSPOKENANDWRITTENFORMSIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS1021LANGUAGE,BROADLYSPEAKING,ISAMEANSOF_COMMUNICATION22INANYLANGUAGEWORDSCANBEUSEDINNEWWAYSTOMEANNEWTHINGSANDCANBECOMBINEDINTOINNUMERABLESENTENCESBASEDONLIMITEDRULESTHISFEATUREISUSUALLYTERMED_23LANGUAGEHASMANYFUNCTIONSWECANUSELANGUAGETOTALKABOUTITSELFTHISFUNCTIONIS_24THEORYTHATPRIMITIVEMANMADEINVOLUNTARYVOCALNOISESWHILEPERFORMINGHEAVYWORKHASBEENCALLEDTHE_THEORY25LINGUISTICSISTHE_STUDYOFLANGUAGE26MODERNLINGUISTICSIS_INTHESENSETHATTHELINGUISTTRIESTODISCOVERWHATLANGUAGEISRATHERTHANLAYDOWNSOMERULESFORPEOPLETOOBSERVE27ONEGENERALPRINCIPLEOFLINGUISTICANALYSISISTHEPRIMACYOF_OVERWRITING28THEDESCRIPTIONOFALANGUAGEASITCHANGESTHROUGHTIMEISA_STUDY29SAUSSUREPUTFORWARDTWOIMPORTANTCONCEPTS_REFERSTOTHEABSTRACTLINGUISTICSYSTEMSHAREDBYALLMEMBERSOFASPEECHCOMMUNITY30LINGUISTICPOTENTIALISSIMILARTOSAUSSURESLANGUEANDCHOMSKYS_CHAPTER2SPEECHSOUNDSICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201PITCHVARIATIONISKNOWNAS_WHENITSPATTERNSAREIMPOSEDONSENTENCESAINTONATIONBTONECPRONUNCIATIONDVOICE2CONVENTIONALLYA_ISPUTINSLASHES/AALLOPHONEBPHONECPHONEMEDMORPHEME3ANASPIRATEDP,ANUNASPIRATEDPANDANUNRELEASEDPARE_OFTHEPPHONEMEAANALOGUESBTAGMEMESCMORPHEMESDALLOPHONES4THEOPENINGBETWEENTHEVOCALCORDSISSOMETIMESREFERREDTOAS_AGLOTTISBVOCALCAVITYCPHARYNXDUVULA5THEDIPHTHONGSTHATAREMADEWITHAMOVEMENTOFTHETONGUETOWARDSTHECENTERAREKNOWNAS_DIPHTHONGSAWIDEBCLOSINGCNARROWDCENTERING6APHONEMEISAGROUPOFSIMILARSOUNDSCALLED_AMINIMALPAIRSBALLOMORPHSCPHONESDALLOPHONES7WHICHBRANCHOFPHONETICSCONCERNSTHEPRODUCTIONOFSPEECHSOUNDSAACOUSTICPHONETICSBARTICULATORYPHONETICSCAUDITORYPHONETICSDNONEOFTHEABOVE8WHICHONEISDIFFERENTFROMTHEOTHERSACCORDINGTOPLACESOFARTICULATIONANBMCBDP9WHICHVOWELISDIFFERENTFROMTHEOTHERSACCORDINGTOTHECHARACTERISTICSOFVOWELSAIBUCEDI10WHATKINDOFSOUNDSCANWEMAKEWHENTHEVOCALCORDSAREVIBRATINGAVOICELESSBVOICEDCGLOTTALSTOPDCONSONANTIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011SUPRASEGMENTALPHONOLOGYREFERSTOTHESTUDYOFPHONOLOGICALPROPERTIESOFUNITSLARGERTHANTHESEGMENTPHONEME,SUCHASSYLLABLE,WORDANDSENTENCE12THEAIRSTREAMPROVIDEDBYTHELUNGSHASTOUNDERGOANUMBEROFMODIFICATIONTOACQUIRETHEQUALITYOFASPEECHSOUND13TWOSOUNDSAREINFREEVARIATIONWHENTHEYOCCURINTHESAMEENVIRONMENTANDDONOTCONTRAST,NAMELY,THESUBSTITUTIONOFONEFORTHEOTHERDOESNOTPRODUCEADIFFERENTWORD,BUTMERELYADIFFERENTPRONUNCIATION14PISAVOICEDBILABIALSTOP15ACOUSTICPHONETICSISCONCERNEDWITHTHEPERCEPTIONOFSPEECHSOUNDS16ALLSYLLABLESMUSTHAVEANUCLEUSBUTNOTALLSYLLABLESCONTAINANONSETANDACODA17WHENPUREVOWELSORMONOPHTHONGSAREPRONOUNCED,NOVOWELGLIDESTAKEPLACE18ACCORDINGTOTHELENGTHORTENSENESSOFTHEPRONUNCIATION,VOWELSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTENSEVSLAXORLONGVSSHORT19RECEIVEDPRONUNCIATIONISTHEPRONUNCIATIONACCEPTEDBYMOSTPEOPLE20HEMAXIMALONSETPRINCIPLESTATESTHATWHENTHEREISACHOICEASTOWHERETOPLACEACONSONANT,ITISPUTINTOTHECODARATHERTHANTHEONSETIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS2021CONSONANTSOUNDSCANBEEITHER_OR_,WHILEALLVOWELSOUNDSARE_22CONSONANTSOUNDSCANALSOBEMADEWHENTWOORGANSOFSPEECHINTHEMOUTHAREBROUGHTCLOSETOGETHERSOTHATTHEAIRISPUSHEDOUTBETWEENTHEM,CAUSING_23THEQUALITIESOFVOWELSDEPENDUPONTHEPOSITIONOFTHE_ANDTHELIPS24ONEELEMENTINTHEDESCRIPTIONOFVOWELSISTHEPARTOFTHETONGUEWHICHISATTHEHIGHESTPOINTINTHEMOUTHASECONDELEMENTISTHE_TOWHICHTHATPARTOFTHETONGUEISRAISED25CONSONANTSDIFFERFROMVOWELSINTHATTHELATTERAREPRODUCEDWITHOUT_26INPHONOLOGICALANALYSISTHEWORDSFAIL/VEILAREDISTINGUISHABLESIMPLYBECAUSEOFTHETWOPHONEMES/F/V/THISISANEXAMPLEFORILLUSTRATING_27INENGLISHTHEREAREANUMBEROF_,WHICHAREPRODUCEDBYMOVINGFROMONEVOWELPOSITIONTOANOTHERTHROUGHINTERVENINGPOSITIONS28_REFERSTOTHEPHENOMENONOFSOUNDSCONTINUALLYSHOWTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEIRNEIGHBORS29_ISTHESMALLESTLINGUISTICUNIT30SPEECHTAKESPLACEWHENTHEORGANSOFSPEECHMOVETOPRODUCEPATTERNSOFSOUNDTHESEMOVEMENTSHAVEANEFFECTONTHE_COMINGFROMTHELUNGSCHAPTER3LEXICONICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201NOUNS,VERBSANDADJECTIVESCANBECLASSIFIEDAS_ALEXICALWORDSBGRAMMATICALWORDSCFUNCTIONWORDSDFORMWORDS2MORPHEMESTHATREPRESENTTENSE,NUMBER,GENDERANDCASEARECALLED_MORPHEMEAINFLECTIONALBFREECBOUNDDDERIVATIONAL3THEREARE_MORPHEMESINTHEWORDDENATIONALIZATIONATHREEBFOURCFIVEDSIX4INENGLISHISEANDTIONARECALLED_APREFIXESBSUFFIXESCINFIXESDSTEMS5THETHREESUBTYPESOFAFFIXESAREPREFIX,SUFFIXAND_ADERIVATIONALAFFIXBINFLECTIONALAFFIXCINFIXDBACKFORMATION6_ISAWAYINWHICHNEWWORDSMAYBEFORMEDFROMALREADYEXISTINGWORDSBYSUBTRACTINGANAFFIXWHICHISTHOUGHTTOBEPARTOFTHEOLDWORDAAFFIXATIONBBACKFORMATIONCINSERTIONDADDITION7THEWORDTBISFORMEDINTHEWAYOF_AACRONYMYBCLIPPINGCINITIALISMDBLENDING8THEWORDSLIKECOMSATANDSITCOMAREFORMEDBY_ABLENDINGBCLIPPINGCBACKFORMATIONDACRONYMY9THESTEMOFDISAGREEMENTSIS_AAGREEMENTBAGREECDISAGREEDDISAGREEMENT10ALLOFTHEMAREMEANINGFULEXCEPTFOR_ALEXEMEBPHONEMECMORPHEMEDALLOMORPHIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011PHONETICALLY,THESTRESSOFACOMPOUNDALWAYSFALLSONTHEFIRSTELEMENT,WHILETHESECONDELEMENTRECEIVESSECONDARYSTRESS12FOREASINFORETELLISBOTHAPREFIXANDABOUNDMORPHEME13BASEREFERSTOTHEPARTOFTHEWORDTHATREMAINSWHENALLINFLECTIONALAFFIXESAREREMOVED14INMOSTCASES,PREFIXESCHANGETHEMEANINGOFTHEBASEWHEREASSUFFIXESCHANGETHEWORDCLASSOFTHEBASE15CONVERSIONFROMNOUNTOVERBISTHEMOSTPRODUCTIVEPROCESSOFAWORD16REDUPLICATIVECOMPOUNDISFORMEDBYREPEATINGTHESAMEMORPHEMEOFAWORD17THEWORDSWHIMPER,WHISPERANDWHISTLEAREFORMEDINTHEWAYOFONOMATOPOEIA18INMOSTCASES,THENUMBEROFSYLLABLESOFAWORDCORRESPONDSTOTHENUMBEROFMORPHEMES19BACKFORMATIONISAPRODUCTIVEWAYOFWORDFORMATIONS20INFLECTIONISAPARTICULARWAYOFWORDFORMATIONSIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS2021AN_ISPRONOUNCEDLETTERBYLETTER,WHILEAN_ISPRONOUNCEDASAWORD22LEXICON,INMOSTCASES,ISSYNONYMOUSWITH_23ORTHOGRAPHICALLY,COMPOUNDSAREWRITTENINTHREEWAYS_,_AND_24ALLWORDSMAYBESAIDTOCONTAINAROOT_25ASMALLSETOFCONJUNCTIONS,PREPOSITIONSANDPRONOUNSBELONGTO_CLASS,WHILETHELARGESTPARTOFNOUNS,VERBS,ADJECTIVESANDADVERBSBELONGSTO_CLASS26_ISAREVERSEPROCESSOFDERIVATION,ANDTHEREFOREISAPROCESSOFSHORTENING27_ISEXTREMELYPRODUCTIVE,BECAUSEENGLISHHADLOSTMOSTOFITSINFLECTIONALENDINGSBYTHEENDOFMIDDLEENGLISHPERIOD,WHICHFACILITATEDTHEUSEOFWORDSINTERCHANGEABLYASVERBSORNOUNS,VERBSORADJECTIVES,ANDVICEVERSA28WORDSAREDIVIDEDINTOSIMPLE,COMPOUNDANDDERIVEDWORDSONTHE_LEVEL29AWORDFORMEDBYDERIVATIONISCALLEDA_,ANDAWORDFORMEDBYCOMPOUNDINGISCALLEDA_30BOUNDMORPHEMESARECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOTYPES_AND_CHAPTER4SYNTAXICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201THESENTENCESTRUCTUREIS_AONLYLINEARBONLYHIERARCHICALCCOMPLEXDBOTHLINEARANDHIERARCHICAL2THESYNTACTICRULESOFANYLANGUAGEARE_INNUMBERALARGEBSMALLCFINITEDINFINITE3THE_RULESARETHERULESTHATGROUPWORDSANDPHRASESTOFORMGRAMMATICALSENTENCESALEXICALBMORPHOLOGICALCLINGUISTICDCOMBINATIONAL4ASENTENCEISCONSIDERED_WHENITDOESNOTCONFORMTOTHEGRAMMATICALKNOWLEDGEINTHEMINDOFNATIVESPEAKERSARIGHTBWRONGCGRAMMATICALDUNGRAMMATICAL5A_INTHEEMBEDDEDCLAUSEREFERSTOTHEINTRODUCTORYWORDTHATINTRODUCESTHEEMBEDDEDCLAUSEACOORDINATORBPARTICLECPREPOSITIONDSUBORDINATOR6PHRASESTRUCTURERULESHAVE_PROPERTIESARECURSIVEBGRAMMATICALCSOCIALDFUNCTIONAL7PHRASESTRUCTURERULESALLOWUSTOBETTERUNDERSTAND_AHOWWORDSANDPHRASESFORMSENTENCESBWHATCONSTITUTESTHEGRAMMATICALITYOFSTRINGSOFWORDSCHOWPEOPLEPRODUCEANDRECOGNIZEPOSSIBLESENTENCESDALLOFTHEABOVE8THEHEADOFTHEPHRASE“THECITYROME”IS_ATHECITYBROMECCITYDTHECITYROME9THEPHRASE“ONTHESHELF”BELONGSTO_CONSTRUCTIONAENDOCENTRICBEXOCENTRICCSUBORDINATEDCOORDINATE10THESENTENCE“THEYWEREWANTEDTOREMAINQUIETANDNOTTOEXPOSETHEMSELVES”ISA_SENTENCEASIMPLEBCOORDINATECCOMPOUNDDCOMPLEXIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011UNIVERSALLYFOUNDINTHEGRAMMARSOFALLHUMANLANGUAGES,SYNTACTICRULESTHATCOMPRISETHESYSTEMOFINTERNALIZEDLINGUISTICKNOWLEDGEOFALANGUAGESPEAKERAREKNOWNASLINGUISTICCOMPETENCE12THESYNTACTICRULESOFANYLANGUAGEAREFINITEINNUMBER,BUTTHEREISNOLIMITTOTHENUMBEROFSENTENCESNATIVESPEAKERSOFTHATLANGUAGEAREABLETOPRODUCEANDCOMPREHEND13INACOMPLEXSENTENCE,THETWOCLAUSESHOLDUNEQUALSTATUS,ONESUBORDINATINGTHEOTHER14CONSTITUENTSTHATCANBESUBSTITUTEDFORONEANOTHERWITHOUTLOSSOFGRAMMATICALITYBELONGTOTHESAMESYNTACTICCATEGORY15MINORLEXICALCATEGORIESAREOPENBECAUSETHESECATEGORIESARENOTFIXEDANDNEWMEMBERSAREALLOWEDFOR16INENGLISHSYNTACTICANALYSIS,FOURPHRASALCATEGORIESARECOMMONLYRECOGNIZEDANDDISCUSSED,NAMELY,NOUNPHRASE,VERBPHRASE,INFINITIVEPHRASE,ANDAUXILIARYPHRASE17INENGLISHTHESUBJECTUSUALLYPRECEDESTHEVERBANDTHEDIRECTOBJECTUSUALLYFOLLOWSTHEVERB18WHATISACTUALLYINTERNALIZEDINTHEMINDOFANATIVESPEAKERISACOMPLETELISTOFWORDSANDPHRASESRATHERTHANGRAMMATICALKNOWLEDGE19ANOUNPHRASEMUSTCONTAINANOUN,BUTOTHERELEMENTSAREOPTIONAL20ITISBELIEVEDTHATPHRASESTRUCTURERULES,WITHTHEINSERTIONOFTHELEXICON,GENERATESENTENCESATTHELEVELOFDSTRUCTUREIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS2021A_SENTENCECONSISTSOFASINGLECLAUSEWHICHCONTAINSASUBJECTANDAPREDICATEANDSTANDSALONEASITSOWNSENTENCE22A_ISASTRUCTURALLYINDEPENDENTUNITTHATUSUALLYCOMPRISESANUMBEROFWORDSTOFORMACOMPLETESTATEMENT,QUESTIONORCOMMAND23A_MAYBEANOUNORANOUNPHRASEINASENTENCETHATUSUALLYPRECEDESTHEPREDICATE24THEPARTOFASENTENCEWHICHCOMPRISESAFINITEVERBORAVERBPHRASEANDWHICHSAYSSOMETHINGABOUTTHESUBJECTISGRAMMATICALLYCALLED_25A_SENTENCECONTAINSTWO,ORMORE,CLAUSES,ONEOFWHICHISINCORPORATEDINTOTHEOTHER26INTHECOMPLEXSENTENCE,THEINCORPORATEDORSUBORDINATECLAUSEISNORMALLYCALLEDAN_CLAUSE27MAJORLEXICALCATEGORIESARE_CATEGORIESINTHESENSETHATNEWWORDSARECONSTANTLYADDED28_CONDITIONONCASEASSIGNMENTSTATESTHATACASEASSIGNORANDACASERECIPIENTSHOULDSTAYADJACENTTOEACHOTHER29_ARESYNTACTICOPTIONSOFUGTHATALLOWGENERALPRINCIPLESTOOPERATEINONEWAYORANOTHERANDCONTRIBUTETOSIGNIFICANTLINGUISTICVARIATIONSBETWEENANDAMONGNATURALLANGUAGES30THETHEORYOF_CONDITIONEXPLAINSTHEFACTTHATNOUNPHRASESAPPEARONLYINSUBJECTANDOBJECTPOSITIONSCHAPTER5MEANINGMAINLYTAKENFROMLXM1000WSEXERCISESICYWARMTEAICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201THENAMINGTHEORYISADVANCEDBY_APLATOBBLOOMFIELDCGEOFFREYLEECHDFIRTH2“WESHALLKNOWAWORDBYTHECOMPANYITKEEPS”THISSTATEMENTREPRESENTS_ATHECONCEPTUALISTVIEWBCONTEXUTALISMCTHENAMINGTHEORYDBEHAVIORISM3WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISNOTTRUEASENSEISCONCERNEDWITHTHEINHERENTMEANINGOFTHELINGUISTICFORMBSENSEISTHECOLLECTIONOFALLTHEFEATURESOFTHELINGUISTICFORMCSENSEISABSTRACTANDDECONTEXTUALIZEDDSENSEISTHEASPECTOFMEANINGDICTIONARYCOMPILERSARENOTINTERESTEDIN4“CANIBORROWYOURBIKE”_“YOUHAVEABIKE”AISSYNONYMOUSWITHBISINCONSISTENTWITHCENTAILSDPRESUPPOSES5_ISAWAYINWHICHTHEMEANINGOFAWORDCANBEDISSECTEDINTOMEANINGCOMPONENTS,CALLEDSEMANTICFEATURESAPREDICATIONANALYSISBCOMPONENTIALANALYSISCPHONEMICANALYSISDGRAMMATICALANALYSIS6“ALIVE”AND“DEAD”ARE_AGRADABLEANTONYMSBRELATIONALANTONYMSCCOMPLEMENTARYANTONYMSDNONEOFTHEABOVE7_DEALSWITHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELINGUISTICELEMENTANDTHENONLINGUISTICWORLDOFEXPERIENCEAREFERENCEBCONCEPTCSEMANTICSDSENSE8_REFERSTOTHEPHENOMENONTHATWORDSHAVINGDIFFERENTMEANINGSHAVETHESAMEFORMAPOLYSEMYBSYNONYMYCHOMONYMYDHYPONYMY9WORDSTHATARECLOSEINMEANINGARECALLED_AHOMONYMSBPOLYSEMIESCHYPONYMSDSYNONYMS10THEGRAMMATICALITYOFASENTENCEISGOVERNEDBY_AGRAMMATICALRULESBSELECTIONALRESTRICTIONSCSEMANTICRULESDSEMANTICFEATURESIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011DIALECTALSYNONYMSCANOFTENBEFOUNDINDIFFERENTREGIONALDIALECTSSUCHASBRITISHENGLISHANDAMERICANENGLISHBUTCANNOTBEFOUNDWITHINTHEVARIETYITSELF,FOREXAMPLE,WITHINBRITISHENGLISHORAMERICANENGLISH12SENSEISCONCERNEDWITHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELINGUISTICELEMENTANDTHENONLINGUISTICWORLDOFEXPERIENCE,WHILETHEREFERENCEDEALSWITHTHEINHERENTMEANINGOFTHELINGUISTICFORM13LINGUISTICFORMSHAVINGTHESAMESENSEMAYHAVEDIFFERENTREFERENCESINDIFFERENTSITUATIONS14INSEMANTICS,MEANINGOFLANGUAGEISCONSIDEREDASTHEINTRINSICANDINHERENTRELATIONTOTHEPHYSICALWORLDOFEXPERIENCE15CONTEXTUALISMISBASEDONTHEPRESUMPTIONTHATONECANDERIVEMEANINGFROMORREDUCEMEANINGTOOBSERVABLECONTEXTS16BEHAVIORISTSATTEMPTEDTODEFINETHEMEANINGOFALANGUAGEFORMASTHESITUATIONINWHICHTHESPEAKERUTTERSITANDTHERESPONSEITCALLSFORTHINTHEHEARER17THEMEANINGOFASENTENCEISTHESUMTOTALOFTHEMEANINGSOFALLITSCOMPONENTS18MOSTLANGUAGESHAVESETSOFLEXICALITEMSSIMILARINMEANINGBUTRANKEDDIFFERENTLYACCORDINGTOTHEIRDEGREEOFFORMALITY19“ITISHOT”ISANOPLACEPREDICATIONBECAUSEITCONTAINSNOARGUMENT20INGRAMMATICALANALYSIS,THESENTENCEISTAKENTOBETHEBASICUNIT,BUTINSEMANTICANALYSISOFASENTENCE,THEBASICUNITISPREDICATION,WHICHISTHEABSTRACTIONOFTHEMEANINGOFASENTENCEIIIFILLINTHEBLANKS2021_CANBEDEFINEDASTHESTUDYOFMEANING22THECONCEPTUALISTVIEWHOLDSTHATTHEREISNO_LINKBETWEENALINGUISTICFORMANDWHATITREFERSTO23_MEANSWHATALINGUISTICFORMREFERSTOINTHEREAL,PHYSICALWORLDITDEALSWITHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELINGUISTICELEMENTANDTHENONLINGUISTICWORLDOFEXPERIENCE24WORDSTHATARECLOSEINMEANINGARECALLED_25WHENTWOWORDSAREIDENTICALINSOUND,BUTDIFFERENTINSPELLINGANDMEANING,THEYARECALLED_26_OPPOSITESAREPAIRSOFWORDSTHATEXHIBITTHEREVERSALOFARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETWOITEMS27_ANALYSISISBASEDUPONTHEBELIEFTHATTHEMEANINGOFAWORDCANBEDIVIDEDINTOMEANINGCOMPONENTS28WHETHERASENTENCEISSEMANTICALLYMEANINGFULISGOVERNEDBYRULESCALLED_RESTRICTIONS,WHICHARECONSTRAINTSONWHATLEXICALITEMSCANGOWITHWHATOTHERS29AN_ISALOGICALPARTICIPANTINAPREDICATION,LARGELYIDENTICALWITHTHENOMINALELEMENTSINASENTENCE30ACCORDINGTOTHE_THEORYOFMEANING,THEWORDSINALANGUAGEARETAKENTOBELABELSOFTHEOBJECTSTHEYSTANDFORCHAPTER7LANGUAGE,CULTUREANDSOCIETYICHOOSETHEBESTANSWER201_ISCONCERNEDWITHTHESOCIALSIGNIFICANCEOFLANGUAGEVARIATIONANDLANGUAGEUSEINDIFFERENTSPEECHCOMMUNITIESAPSYCHOLINGUISTICSBSOCIOLINGUISTICSCAPPLIEDLINGUISTICSDGENERALLINGUISTICS2THEMOSTDISTINGUISHABLELINGUISTICFEATUREOFAREGIONALDIALECTISITS_AUSEOFWORDSBUSEOFSTRUCTURESCACCENTDMORPHEMES3_ISSPEECHVARIATIONACCORDINGTOTHEPARTICULARAREAWHEREASPEAKERCOMESFROMAREGIONALVARIATIONBLANGUAGEVARIATIONCSOCIALVARIATIONDREGISTERVARIATION4_ARETHEMAJORSOURCEOFREGIONALVARIATIONOFLANGUAGEAGEOGRAPHICALBARRIERSBLOYALTYTOANDCONFIDENCEINONESNATIVESPEECHCPHYSICALDISCOMFORTANDPSYCHOLOGICALRESISTANCETOCHANGEDSOCIALBARRIERS5_MEANSTHATCERTAINAUTHORITIES,SUCHASTHEGOVERNMENTCHOOSE,APARTICULARSPEECHVARIETY,STANDARDIZEITANDSPREADTHEUSEOFITACROSSREGIONALBOUNDARIESALANGUAGEINTERFERENCEBLANGUAGECHANGESCLANGUAGEPLANNINGDLANGUAGETRANSFER6_INAPERSONSSPEECHORWRITINGUSUALLYRANGESONACONTINUUMFROMCASUALORCOLLOQUIALTOFORMALORPOLITEACCORDINGTOTHETYPEOFCOMMUNICATIVESITUATIONAREGIONALVARIATIONBCHANGESINEMOTIONSCVARIATIONINCONNOTATIONSDSTYLISTICVARIATION7A_ISAVARIETYOFLANGUAGETHATSERVESASAMEDIUMOFCOMMUNICATIONAMONGGROUPSOFPEOPLEFORDIVERSELINGUISTICBACKGROUNDSALINGUAFRANCABREGISTERCCREOLEDNATIONALLANGUAGE8ALTHOUGH_ARESIMPLIFIEDLANGUAGESWITHREDUCEDGRAMMATICALFEATURES,THEYARERULEGOVERNED,LIKEANYHUMANLANGUAGEAVERNACULARLANGUAGESBCREOLESCPIDGINSDSOCIOLECTS9INNORMALSITUATIONS,_SPEAKERSTENDTOUSEMOREPRESTIGIOUSFORMSTHANTHEIR_COUNTERPARTSWITHTHESAMESOCIALBACKGROUNDAFEMALEMALEBMALEFEMALECOLDYOUNGDYOUNGOLD10ALINGUISTIC_REFERSTOAWORDOREXPRESSIONTHATISPROHIBITEDBYTHE“POLITE”SOCIETYFROMGENERALUSEASLANGBEUPHEMISMCJARGONDTABOOIIDECIDEWHETHERTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSARETRUEORFALSE1011LANGUAGEASAMEANSOFSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONISAHOMOGENEOUSSYSTEMWITHAHOMOGENEOUSGROUPOFSPEAKERS12THEGOALOFSOCIOLINGUISTICSISTOEXPLORETHENATUREOFLANGUAGEVARIATIONANDLANGUAGEUSEAMONGAVARIETYOFSPEECHCOMMUNITIESANDINDIFFERENTSOCIALSITUATIONS13FROMTHESOCIOLINGUISTICPERSPECTIVE,THETERM“SPEECHVARIETY”CANNO
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2025至2030中国口腔癌快速检测试剂盒行业发展趋势分析与未来投资战略咨询研究报告
- 观后感爱情公寓1550字10篇范文
- 六年级想象作文多功能未来屋700字(7篇)
- 那件小事给我的启示议论文11篇
- 一次家庭大扫除记事作文(6篇)
- 元旦即将来临之际作文征文(11篇)
- 2025年医保知识考试题库及答案(医保目录解读与医疗保险成本控制试题)
- 关于学习语文的重要性的讨论议论文(13篇)
- 有余数的除法(2位数除以1位数)单元检测题
- 赞美老师的作文六百字10篇
- 2025-2030中国伊利石行业运营效益及竞争策略展望分析报告
- 江西省上饶市2022-2023学年高一下册数学期末试卷(含答案)
- 2025江苏扬州宝应县“乡村振兴青年人才”招聘67人笔试备考试题及答案详解一套
- 2025年泸州市中考语文试卷真题
- 湖南省2025年高考公安院校公安专业考生档案审核表
- 地理:(网络参考版)黑吉辽蒙2025年高考真题地理试卷含答案
- 2025新修订《全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会代表法》宣讲
- 部编人教版八年级语文下册期末各单元重点知识
- 2025年动漫IP产业链构建与动漫产业产业链协同效应研究报告
- 2025年安全员之A证企业负责人模拟题库及答案(附答案)
- 食管癌全程管理专家共识(2025)解读
评论
0/150
提交评论