工作的外包趋势与全球发展

工作的外包趋势与全球发展INTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORLABOURSTUDIESTHEINTERNATIONALLABOUROFFICEGENEVANEWOFFSHORINGOFJOBSANDGLOBALDEVELOPMENTBYGARYGEREFFIILOSOCIALPOLICYLECTURESJAMAICA,DECEMBER2005THENEWOFFSHORINGOFJOBSANDGLOBALDEVELOPMENTTHENEWOFFSHORINGOFJOBSANDGLOBALDEVELOPMENTBYGARYGEREFFIILOSOCIALPOLICYLECTURESJAMAICA,DECEMBER2005PUBLISHEDBYTHEINTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORLABOURSTUDIESTHEINTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORLABOURSTUDIESIILSWASESTABLISHEDIN1960ASANAUTONOMOUSFACILITYWITHINTHEINTERNATIONALLABOURORGANIZATIONILO,TOFURTHERPOLICYRESEARCH,PUBLICDEBATEANDTHESHARINGOFKNOWLEDGEONEMERGINGLABOURANDSOCIALISSUESOFCONCERNTOTHEILOANDITSCONSTITUENTSLABOUR,BUSINESSANDGOVERNMENTCOPYRIGHTINTERNATIONALLABOURORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORLABOURSTUDIES2006SHORTEXCERPTSFROMTHISPUBLICATIONMAYBEREPRODUCEDWITHOUTAUTHORIZATION,ONCONDITIONTHATTHESOURCEISINDICATEDFORRIGHTSOFREPRODUCTIONORTRANSLATION,APPLICATIONSHOULDBEMADETOTHEEDITOR,INTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORLABOURSTUDIES,POBOX6,CH1211GENEVA22SWITZERLANDISBN9290148055AND9789290148050PRINTISBN9290148063AND9789290148067WEBPDFFIRSTPUBLISHED2006THERESPONSIBILITYFOROPINIONSEXPRESSEDINTHISVOLUMERESTSSOLELYWITHITSAUTHOR,ANDITSPUBLICATIONDOESNOTCONSTITUEANENDORSEMENTBYTHEINTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORLABOURSTUDIESOFTHEOPINIONSEXPRESSEDCOPIESCANORDEREDFROMILOPUBLICATIONS,INTERNATIONALLABOUROFFICE,CH1211GENEVA22SWITZERLANDFORONLINEORDERS,SEEILOORG/PUBLNSPHOTOCOMPOSEDINSWITZERLANDBRIPRINTEDBYTHEINTERNATIONALLABOUROFFICE,GENEVA,SWITZERLANDCONTENTSPREFACEVIILECTURE1ANOVERVIEWOFTHECONTEMPORARYGLOBALLABOURMARKET1THEGREATGLOBALJOBSHIFT1OFFSHOREOUTSOURCINGANDDEVELOPMENTOLDANDNEWTRENDS4JOBSINTHEGLOBALECONOMYAGLOBALVALUECHAINSPERSPECTIVE5THECONTEMPORARYGLOBALLABOURMARKETACHANGINGLANDSCAPE8ASSEMBLYJOBSINTHEGLOBALECONOMY10FULLPACKAGEPRODUCTIONJOBSANDBUYERORIENTEDUPGRADING11ADVANCEDPRODUCTIONJOBSSUPPLIERORIENTEDUPGRADINGANDINDUSTRYCOEVOLUTION13KNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEJOBSINOFFSHORESERVICES15LECTURE2GLOBALCONSOLIDATIONANDINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGTHEPROMISEANDPERILSOFDEVELOPMENT17INTRODUCTION17VTHENEWOFFSHORINGOFJOBSANDGLOBALDEVELOPMENTGLOBALCONSOLIDATIONCHINA,INDIAANDTHEAPPARELINDUSTRY18CHINATHE“WORKSHOPOFTHEWORLD”18INDIATHEOFFSHORINGOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYSERVICES21TRADERULESANDGLOBALCONSOLIDATIONINAPPAREL22INDUSTRIALUPGRADINGINMEXICOANDCHINAANINTERNATIONALTRADEPERSPECTIVE26ANOTEONCHINASSUPPLYCHAINCITIESANDINDUSTRIALUPGRADING33SHIFTINGDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESANDREGIONALLINKAGES37LECTURE3GLOBALIZATIONANDTHEDEMANDFORGOVERNANCE39COAUTHOREDBYGARYGEREFFIANDFREDERICKMAYERTHECHALLENGETOGLOBALIZATION39THENATUREOFMARKETGOVERNANCE41BEFOREGLOBALIZATION43GLOBALIZATIONANDGOVERNANCEDEFICITS45THEGOVERNANCERESPONSE49SOCIALPRESSURESANDTHEDEMANDFORGOVERNANCE50THICKENINGINTERNATIONALINSTITUTIONS52STRENGTHENINGPRIVATEGOVERNANCECORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITY,CODESOFCONDUCTANDCERTIFICATION53BUILDINGGOVERNANCECAPACITYINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES56CONCLUSIONAREWEATATURNINGPOINT57REFERENCES59VIPREFACEHESOCIALPOLICYLECTURESAREENDOWEDBYTHEILOSNOBELPEACETPRIZEOF1969ANDDEDICATEDTOTHEMEMORYOFDAVIDAMORSE,DIRECTORGENERALOFTHEILOFROM1948TO1970THEYAREHELDINMAJORUNIVERSITIESOFTHEWORLDWITHTHETHREEFOLDAIMOFSTIMULATINGTHEINTERESTOFGRADUATEANDPOSTGRADUATESTUDENTSININTERNATIONALSOCIALPOLICYOFPROMOTINGACADEMICWORKINAREASOFCONCERNTOTHEILOANDOFENCOURAGINGGREATERDIALOGUEBETWEENTHEACADEMICCOMMUNITYONTHEONEHANDANDPOLICYMAKERS,ANDBUSINESSANDLABOURONTHEOTHERTHEINTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORLABOURSTUDIESHASBEENENTRUSTEDWITHTHERESPONSIBILITYFORORGANIZINGTHELECTURESTHE7THNOBELPEACEPRIZESOCIALPOLICYLECTURESWEREHOSTEDBYTHEUNIVERSITYOFTHEWESTINDIES,ANDWEREHELDINTHEMONACAMPUSOFTHEUNIVERSITYINJAMAICADURING57DECEMBER2005THELECTURESWEREGIVENBYPROFESSORGARYGEREFFIOFDUKEUNIVERSITY,NORTHCAROLINA,USATHECENTRALTHEMEOFTHELECTURESWAS“THENEWOFFSHORINGOFJOBSANDGLOBALDEVELOPMENT”PROFESSORGEREFFIUSEDTHEGLOBALVALUECHAINSPERSPECTIVETOLOOKATHOWOFFSHOREOUTSOURCINGHASAFFECTEDTHEQUANTITYANDQUALITYOFJOBSINTHEGLOBALECONOMYINALLTHEREWERETHREELECTURES,DEALINGWITHTHEFOLLOWINGTOPICSIANOVERVIEWOFTHECONTEMPORARYGLOBALLABOURMARKETIIGLOBALCONSOLIDATIONANDINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGTHEPROMISEANDPERILSOFDEVELOPMENTANDIIIGLOBALIZATIONANDTHEDEMANDFORGOVERNANCEFOURMAINTHEMESRUNTHROUGHTHELECTURESTHEFIRSTISANANALYTICALFRAMEWORKFORLINKINGJOBSINTHEINDUSTRIALSTRUCTURESOFBOTHADVANCEDANDDEVELOPINGECONOMIESTHROUGHTHEDYNAMICSOFGLOBALVALUECHAINSTHESTRATEGIESOFLEADFIRMSGLOBALRETAILERS,BRANDEDMARKETERS,ANDBRANDNAMEMANUFACTURERSAREREVIEWEDWITHINTHISFRAMEWORKASECONDTHEMEISTOCONCEPTUALIZEJOBSINTHEGLOBALECONOMYNOTBYTHEIRLOCATIONINPARTICULARINDUSTRIESORCOUNTRIES,BUTBYTHEIRROLEINGLOBALVALUECHAINSFOURTYPESOFJOBSWEREVIITHENEWOFFSHORINGOFJOBSANDGLOBALDEVELOPMENTDISCUSSEDINTHISREGARDIASSEMBLYJOBSTHATINVOLVETHEPROCESSINGOFIMPORTEDINPUTSFOREXPORTSII“FULLPACKAGE”JOBSPRODUCINGFINISHEDCONSUMERGOODSIIIORIGINALDESIGNMANUFACTURINGANDOWNBRANDMANUFACTURINGANDIVKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEJOBSRELATEDTORESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDBUSINESSPROCESSSERVICESTHETHIRDTHEMEISTHATALONGWITHTHEGEOGRAPHICALDISPERSIONANDFRAGMENTATIONOFPRODUCTIONUNDERCONTEMPORARYGLOBALIZATION,THE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