《变化中的英语》单元教学信息

1、英语专业（教育/经贸方向）变化中的英语课程重点-导学-单元信息41. Summaries of Unit Objectives5Trade within and across language barriers Define what is meant y pidgin, creole, and lingua franca , and give examples Understand what is meant by creativity or inventiveness in language Recognise the importance of faxed English to inte

2、rnational trade proceedings Use this information in discussions of the present position of English as the major language of international business P2146Changing English since the Second World War Explain what is meant by saying that English is currently the language of science even though much scien

3、ce is done using other languages Recognise and describe a range of styles of English that are used for the purposes outlined above p2562. Summaries by Unit and Activity UNIT FIVETRADE WITHIN AND ACROSS TRADE BARRIERSA-1 Markets, trade and language, pages 214-212i)Trading is a fundamental human activ

4、ity, necessary to all but the most undeveloped societies ii)Trade deals , large or small, have similar components iii) Communication is essential to all trade deals .The most satisfactory form of communication is a language equally well known to buyer and selleriv)it is possible to arrange to do som

5、e deals with minimal language but hardly possible to do without it altogether v) English is currently the most commonly used language of international deals between Asian and other customers .This situation may change in the future A- 2 pages 222-228Communicating somehow across language barriers i)

6、Pidgins are languages for a very narrow range of purposes those that have to do with coastal trade.ii)Pidgins develop -wherever traders want to do business with people with whom they do not share a common language and -where there is no lingua franca for use.iii) Most pidgins are mixtures of Asian o

7、r African languages and those of major European trading nations Spain and Portugal, Holland , France and Germany and Britain iv) In general the sound and grammatical systems of a pidgin are those of the language used locally The vocabulary is supplied by the voyagers v) Pidgins were not as a rule wr

8、itten down , they changed rapidly .They were quickly learned by those who needed them and when trading stopped they were discarded and soon forgotten .There must have been many pidgins of which we have no record. vi) They are makeshift languages and evidence of human inventiveness vii) They have ver

9、y low prestige . Users of the language that provides the vocabulary hear them as fumbling attempts to speak as they do ! People of every race tend to think of foreigners as childish , and the use of pidgins tends to strengthen or reinforce that idea . Activity 3 pages 228-234New languages in the mak

10、ing i) A pidgin, but not a creole , has only some of the functions of a language ii) Pidgins and creoles are both mixed languages usually mixtures of languages belonging to different families iii) Some varieties of English include some, but not all, the features of a creoleiv) The difficulties that

11、speakers of some creolised forms of English experience in an English educational system arise from the differences between their mother tongue and the Standard English used in schools. ( Some teachers see creolised features as simply careless mistakes ) v) Tok Pisin is a Creole , with English and Ge

12、rman vocabulary , currently in use as a national language. Activity 4 pages 237-244English in contemporary international trade i) The essentials of trade are buyers, sellers, commodities , markets , currency , and communication ii) The additional essentials of contemporary international trade are-in

13、ternational banking-national and international legislationbilingual mechandisers with access to fax machines Activity 5 pages 244-252Faxed English for international business i) Faxed English is a major means of communication in international business ii) At present it is learned on the job rather th

14、an deliberately taught iii) It works well for several reason- Users are highly motivated to make it work. Their livelihoods depend on it-Users have what is needed detailed knowledge of the context, which increases as they gain experience -Users for whom English is an additional language find it easy

15、 to use because mistakes are expected and ignored, not criticised .It is informal .Nobody expects or wants polite indirectness! Headings show changes of subject and abbreviations make it brief.U-6.CHANGING ENGLISH SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WARU-6 A-1 pages 256-265 English as the language of internation

16、al science i) Why science needs an international language Science has developed very fast in the last half centuryBy the mid century English was already established as an international languageIts position no longer depended on Britains imperial power and was able to survive its decline ii) What sci

17、entific English is like It is difficult for the ordinary user of English Writers assume large areas of shared knowledgeThe style is remote and impersonal The topics of the sentences are often abstractThe passive voice is used very frequently. The style makes readers felt they are looked down on by t

18、he writer The writer feels he is treating his readers as colleagues and equals . U-6-A-2 pages 266-277 Uses of English in international transport i) The English of Air Traffic Control is the major topic of this Activity ii) In everyday English mistakes and misunderstandings occur all the time . They

19、 dont usually matteriii) Misunderstandings are very dangerous in the air.iv) The language of Air Traffic Control is designed to avoid any misunderstandings and ambiguity v) It is brief, direct, and can be learned quicklyvi) Jargon, argot, and slang are also designed by and for very special groups of

20、 users. U-6-A-3 pages 278-287Applications of technology to entertainment i) Television became generally Available after the Second World War ii) Many people thought television would make the quality of peoples lives poorer but watching it soon became a hugely popular activity iii) It is available no

21、w in the developed and developing world and in some very remote places iv) it tends to break down the barriers between races and cultures v) Everything that makes television varied, absorbing , and fun makes it a good means or people to learn. U-6-A-4 pages 288-297 Developments in information techno

22、logy reinforce the international role of English i) The end of the C20 is often called The Age of Rapid Communication or The Age of Information Technology ii) IT has already many applications to everyday life and their number increases all the time .Very few people foresaw present developments 20 ye

23、ars ago.iii) The development of IT has reinforced and extended the position of English as an international language iv) IT lets you store , retrieve, and transfer information .Such collections are called data-bases .v) IT makes possible very much larger collections and much quicker retrieval of item

24、s of information when these are needed. At present English dominates data-bases The position of English could change as technology develops . Activity 5 pages 298-307 Meeting the world-wide demand for ELT i) In the last 50 years the increased importance of English has led to an increased demand for

25、English Language Teaching ii) Very large numbers of teachers are needed .Most students must be taught by teachers who are not native speakers iii) Native speakers and bilingual teachers have each strengths and weaknesses iv) Technology provides useful assistance for teachers and replaces teachers in

26、 some circumstancesv) In the last 50 years ELT has developed as an academic profession .There are a number of different approaches and methodologies to match increasingly varied needs. 3. UNIT ONE ACTIVITY ONE (1.1)UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY ONEUnit &Activity Question numberQuestionAnswer 5.11Can you give t

27、he word for the simplest exchange of goods- without using money ?barter5.12In addition to buyers and sellers, goods , a market , and currency, what must you have for trade to take place ?Communication 5.13Buyers and sellers are not always individuals .They are parts that can be played companies or a

28、ssociations or governments . Can you think of one word for parts people play ?by ( for example Roles5.14Can you think of a word for anything at all that can be bought or sold ?Commodities 5.15Are buyers and sellers always equal partners in negotiation ?No5.16In trade negotiations there are usually p

29、lenty of clues to what the people taking part mean .Where ?In the context 5.17In modern supermarkets , how do buyers usually find out detailed information about products ?Reading information on packaging 5.18How is bargaining carried out in supermarkets ? By Sales and discounted prices 5.19Is Englis

30、h the only language in use in international trade?No ( but it is the major language ) 5.110One group of people expect to be at a disadvantage when they go shopping. Who are they ?Tourists UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY TWOUnit &Activity Question numberQuestionAnswer 5.21Can you give a name that is used for a sh

31、ared and widely used trading language?Lingua franca 5.22What name is given to making your gestures and your expression communicate your meaning ?Body language5.23There is another name for a makeshift trading language, thought to represent a pronunciation of the English word business by Chinese speak

32、ers .What is it ?Pidgin 5.24People sometimes use the term “pidgin English “ in an entirely non-technical way. What do they mean then? Ungrammatical English 5.25Pidgins are mixed languages Where do the elements in the mix come from ?European languages and ( usually) African or Asian languages 5.26Wha

33、t was the great advantage of using a pidgin for purposes of coastal trade?Quickly learned .5.27Were pidgins written down?No not as a rule 5.28What happened to pidgins when trading stopped ?They were forgotten5.29Do pidgins have high prestige? no5.210How do speakers of the language that supplies the

34、vocabulary of a pidgin think of them ?As childish UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY THREEUnit &Activity Question numberQuestionAnswer 5.31One word is used to describe languages that are short-lived and change very quickly .What is it ?Unstable 5.32Does it ever happen that a pidgin is used for other purposes than c

35、oastal trade?Yes in some times 5.33What is the name of the process by which a pidgin develops into a language ? Creolisation5.34What name is given to the language that results form the process?Creole 5.35What European language contributed to the Creole that developed for use in Macau ?Portuguese 5.3

36、6What name was given to the language that resulted ?Macanese 5.37Was it a written language?Yes 5.38Is it in use at the present time?No 5.39At the time when slavery was in general use what sort of language did slaves learn from English speaking owners?Partial and incomplete English 5.310What language

37、 did the slave women teach their children ?English based Creole ( or Creolised English ) UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY FOURUnit &Activity5 Question NumberQuestion Answer 5.41There are two new factors in international trade at the present day. One is the necessity of international banking .What is the other ?Re

38、gulation by international law.5.42What is the most important difference between trade between different countries in the past and international trade in the present?Scale5.43What language is commonly used by merchandisers handling trade between Macau and Hong Kong ?English 5.44What name is used for

39、the bilingual employees who handle the paperwork in company offices?Merchandisers 5.45What technology is, according to Mrs. Clarke essential to working life in Hong Kong company offices?Fax machines 5.45What technology is, according to Mrs. Clarke essential to working life in Hong Kong company offic

40、es?Fax machines 5.46What sort of international trade are both Olaf Svensen and Martine Lebrun familiar with in their working lives?Textiles 5.47Do merchandisers use English in all their business transactions ?No 5.48Is merchandising a well paid graduate profession ?No 5.49Do most merchandisers have

41、an equally good knowledge of Chinese and English ?No 5.410Is the work which they do and which is described here, familiar to Steven, who teaches Business English ?No UNIT FIVE ACTIVITY FIVE Unit &Activity Question Number QuestionAnswer .5.51What is the most obvious advantage of fax machines for peop

42、le engaged in international trade?Speed5 5.2Are business faxes written in a formal styleNo5.53What do writers of business faxes do to save time? Use abbreviations of words 5.54If you had a fax that said v must hv 6,000 pcs what would you think it meant ?We must have 6000 pieces 5.55What reason does

43、Steven, like most teachers , give for insisting that his students are careful to avoid errors in business letters That errors send the reader the wrong message.5.56And if the writer ended the fax B rgds what would you think it meant ?Best regards 5.57When mistakes are made in writing the English if

44、faxes , are they corrected ?No- ignored5.58In what way does faxed English remind you of what you know of pidgins?Function words are often left out 5.59How do writers of faxes signal a change of topic ?By a new heading 5.510Is the English of faxes similar to or different from the English Steven has i

45、n the past encourages his students of Business English to write ?No- very different. UNIT SIX ACTIVITY ONE Unit &ActivityQuestion Number Question Answer 6.11A word is used here which means almost the same as international or world wide What is it ?global6.12What is the name for the sort of informed

46、guesses by which science advances ?Hypotheses 6.13Name a symbolic system which is not what we usually understand by a language Mathematics 6.14What sort of messages were included on he space probe Pioneer 10 besides a drawing and a diagram ?Messages in many languages 6.15English allows you to write

47、in an impersonal way. Name one other way in which it is a language well suited to the purposes of science It has a large vocabulary 6.16Science is about enquiries and results not about people. How is that expressed in English Grammar ?By using the Passive 6.17Can you name the period of history when

48、scientific developments have been more rapid than at any other time ?The second half of the 20th century 6.18At that time of rapid development one language was already established as the most important international language Which one ?English 6.19Do most users of English , whether native speakers o

49、r not , find the English of Science easy to understand ? No difficult!6.110 Can you find two English words to describe the style in which Science is written ?Two of remote , impersonal, abstract UNIT SIX ACTIVITY TWOUnit &Activity Question Number Question Answer 6.21Two hundred years ago what was th

50、e fastest way of travelling on land?On horse back , or in a horse drawn carriage 6.22What is the most important way in which an international language serves air transport ? Reducing risk 6.23Can you give one English word for the sort of uncertainty that arises when something can have more than one

51、meaning ? Ambiguity 6.24Do native speakers of a language sometimes fail to understand each other?Yes- quite often ! 6.25Is there just one explanation of misunderstandings or more than one ?More than one .Several 6.26On an international flight , would you expect the ground crew and the flight crew to

52、 be speakers of the same native language ?Probably not .6.27What is the recognised international language of air traffic control? English 6.28One word is used here to describe the style of English that is used in messages between the air and the ground crews What is it?Staccato 6.29Can you name one

53、factor that makes clear and quick understanding between people more difficult? One of noise, distractions,lack of shared knowledge,mistakes by the speaker .6.210What is the primary purpose of the special style of speaking English that is used between ground and flight crews?Reducing ambiguity UNIT SIX ACTIVITY FIVEUnit &ActivityQuestion Number Question Answer 6.51There is evidence of English being learned as a foreign language from an early date. How early ?From the 15th century 6.52Eng