高中英语 专题01 Great scientists试题（含解析）新人教版必修5

1、专题01 Great scientistsFive Faiths of Newton The Greatest Scientist In History人类历史上最伟大的科学家牛顿的五则信条Patiently ThinkIf I have done the public any service, it is due to my patient thought. We dont spend enough time patiently thinking! Albert Einstein said, Its not that Im so smart, its just that I stay wit

2、h problems longer. If you would just block out some time daily to think, you could solve many of your problems. You could even solve some of the worlds problems. 耐心思考我之所以能够为社会作出什么贡献，这都要归功于耐心的思考。我们总是不愿拿出足够的时间耐心思考问题！艾尔伯特爱因斯坦曾说过：我并不是天才，只是我比普通人思考问题的时间更长。如果你能够每天抽出一部分时间思考，你的很多问题都将得到解决，你甚至可以解决一些全球性的问题。Labo

3、r to be TactfulTact is the art of making a point without making an enemy. Solomon said, A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. We can all polish up on our tact, our diplomacy, our discretion, our delicacy, and our gracefulness. Solomon went on to say, Like apples of gold

4、in settings of silver is a word spoken in right circumstances, labor to be tactful in all you do. 机智处世 机智是一门艺术，它不仅能使你表达自己的看法，还不会使你树敌。所罗门说过：回答柔和，使怒消退。言语暴戾，触动怒气。通过机智圆滑的处世之道，不论是我们的交际手腕、判断力、韧性，还是行为举止都将更加出色。所罗门还说过：一句话说得合宜，就如金苹果在银网子里，时时处处机智处世。Build BridgesWe build too many walls and not enough bridges.Ton

5、y Robbins said, The quality of your life is the quality of your relationships. This is why you must spend your time building bridges instead of walls. When we build bridges we are literally building a better life. When we build walls, we are stagnating our own growth. Joseph F. Newton said, People a

6、re lonely because they build walls instead of bridges. 构建桥梁我们心中修葺了太多围墙，却鲜有沟通彼此的桥梁。 托尼罗宾斯说过：人际关系决定一个人的生活质量。这就是为什么你要花费时间来构建通往他人心墙内的桥梁，而不是围墙。当我们构建了桥梁，我们也就创造了更加美好的生活。而当我们只顾着搭建围墙时，我们自身的发展也就停滞不前了。约瑟夫F.牛顿说：人们感到孤独，是因为他们在人与人之间筑了墙，而不是搭了桥。 Chase after KnowledgeIf I have seen further than others, it is by stand

7、ing upon the shoulders of giants.Theres no need to recreate the wheel. To make progress, all you must do is to build on what others have already done. Commence by learning what others know. When you chase after knowledge, you strategically position yourself on the shoulders of giants; you are then a

8、ble to see what others cant see. 追逐知识 如果说我比别人看得更远，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。没必要自垒阵营，你只用在前人已有的基础上不断进步就行。你可以从前人已知的开始入手，当你汲取知识的时候，你是有战略性地站在巨人的肩膀上，这样你能掌握他人不了解的知识。Pursue TruthA man may imagine things that are false, but he can only understand things that are true, for if the things be false, the apprehension of them

9、 is not understanding.We must pursue truth! Theres an anonymous quote that goes, The truth is heavy, therefore few care to carry it. Be one of those few who pursue truth both day and night. Blaise Pascal said, Once your soul has been enlarged by truth, it can never return to its original size. 追求真理人

10、类可能会猜测一些事情是错误的，但他只能够明白这些事是真实存在的，却不明白它错在哪儿，这便是人们对真理的不理解。 我们必须追求真理！有这样一句谚语：真理沉重，因此少有人承载它。做一个每天都在追逐真理的人，布莱士帕斯卡（注：法国数学家）说：一旦你的灵魂被真理延伸，它绝不会再回到最初的形态。高考试题一体裁题材词数难度建议时间说明文孩子玩耍与科学研究4478(2016浙江卷阅读理解C篇)A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little

11、 in common. After all, the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world, and the baby is, well, just playingright? Perhaps, but some developmental psychologists(心理学家) have argued that this play is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.

12、Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls to the ground and, in the process, it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact (相互作用): bowls of rice do not float in mid-air, but require support to remain

13、 stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though

14、 their ranges and tools differ, the babys investigation and the scientists experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).Some psychologists suggest that young ch

15、ildren learn about more than just the physical world in this waythat they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the id

16、ea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesnt like Dove chocolate. Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science

17、 and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effortthe desire to explore, explain, and understand our world is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution (进化) provided human babies with curiosity

18、 and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive (认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it,

19、 It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.50. According to some developmental psychologists, .A. a babys play is nothing more than a gameB. scientific research into babies games is possibleC. the nature of babies play has been thoroughly investigatedD. a bab

20、ys play is somehow similar to a scientists experiment51. We learn from Paragraph 2 that .A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differentlyB. scientists and babies often interact with each otherC. babies are born with the knowledge of object supportD. babies seem to collect evidence just

21、 as scientists do52. Children may learn the rules of language by .A. exploring the physical worldB. investigating human psychologyC. repeating their own experimentsD. observing their parents behaviors53. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A. The world may be more clearly explained through c

22、hildrens play.B. Studying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.D. Ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.54. What is the authors tone when he discusses the connection between sc

23、ientists research and babies play? A. Convincing. B. Confused. C. Confident. D. Cautious.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory 可知，孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。53. B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws li

24、ght on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好地了解科学，故选B。 54. D 推理判断题。根据作者在文中的用词appear to、用may来弱化绝对性的表达及通过引用其他人的观点Some psychologist suggest that可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。【名师点睛】阅读理解有时理解文章中的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子就很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的长句。For example, it may o

25、nly be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesnt like Dove chocolate. 例如，可能只是通过反复实验，

26、收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论，一个婴儿就会接受其他人可以和他/她持有不同的意见和愿望这一观点。例如，和孩子不同，妈妈实际上并不喜欢德芙巧克力。这句话使用了强调句，强调的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory，这部分比较长，考生可能没有注意到这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是that引导的同位语从句，that在从句中不作成分；from后面的what he or she has是宾语从句，what在从句中作has的宾语。高考试题二体裁题材词数难度建议时间应用文四名杰出的女

27、性以及她们对社会所做出的贡献2755（2016新课标全国卷）You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?Jane Addams(1860-1935)Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has J

28、ane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.Rachel Carson(1907-1964)If it werent fo

29、r Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans.Sandra Day OConnor(1930-present)When Sandra Day OConnor finished third

30、 in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top c

31、ourt.Rosa Parks(1913-2005)On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement.

32、 The only tired I was, was tired of giving in, said Parks.1. What is Jane Addams noted for in history?A. Her social work.B. Her teaching skills.C. Her efforts to win a prize.D. Her community background.2. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm?A. Her lack of proper training

33、in law.B. Her little work experience in court.C. The discrimination against women.D. The poor financial conditions.3. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.?A. Jane Addams.B. Rachel Carson.C. Sandra Day OConnor.D. Rosa Parks.4. What can we infer about the women mentio

34、ned in the text?A. They are highly educated.B. They are truly creative.C. They are pioneers.D. They are peace-lovers.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了在过去的一百年里四名杰出的女性以及她们对社会所做出的贡献与影响。高考试题三体裁题材词数难度建议时间议论文不为人知的科学家3587 (2011江苏卷阅读理解A篇)We know the famous ones the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells but what about t

35、he less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper (雨刮器)? Shouldnt we know who they are?Joan McLean thinks so. In fact, McLean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that shes developed a cours

36、e on the topic. In addition to learning who invented what, however, McLean also likes her students to learn the answers to the why and how questions. According to McLean, When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more mo

37、tivated to give inventing a try.Her students agree. One young man with a patent for an unbreakable umbrella is walking proof of McLeans statement. If I had not heard the story of the windshield wipers invention, said Tommy Lee, a senior physics major, I never would have dreamed of turning my bad exp

38、erience during a rainstorm into something so constructive. Lee is currently negotiating to sell his patent to an umbrella producer.So, just what is the story behind the windshield wiper? Well, Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to New York City. The day was cold and stormy, bu

39、t Anderson still wanted to see the sights, so she jumped aboard a streetcar. Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield, she found herself wondering why there couldnt be a built-in device for cleaning the window. Still wondering about this when she return

40、ed home to Birmingham, Alabama, Anderson started drafting out solutions. One of her ideas, a lever (操作杆) on the inside of a vehicle that would control an arm on the outside, became the first windshield wiper.Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations. Its hard to imagine driving with

41、out Garrett A. Morgans traffic light. Its equally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J. Blodgetts innovation that makes glass invisible. Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses?56. By mentioning traffic light and windshield wiper, the author indicates that countless in

42、ventions are _.A. beneficial, because their inventors are famousB. beneficial, though their inventors are less famousC. not useful, because their inventors are less famousD. not useful, though their inventors are famous57. Professor Joan McLeans course aims to _.A. add colour and variety to students

43、 campus lifeB. inform students of the windshield wipers inventionC. carry out the requirements by Mountain UniversityD. prepare students to try their own inventions58. Tommy Lees invention of the unbreakable umbrella was _.A. not eventually accepted by the umbrella producerB. inspired by the story b

44、ehind the windshield wiperC. due to his dream of being caught in a rainstormD. not related to Professor Joan McLeans lectures59. Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A. How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers?B. How to Design a Built-in Device for Cle

45、aning the Window?C. Shouldnt We Know Who Invented the Windshield Wiper?D. Shouldnt We Develop Invention Courses in Universities?【文章大意】本文主要讲述了我们不仅要记住像交通灯和雨刮器这样的发明，也要记住发明这些东西的科学家或个人。【试题分析】本文讲述的是与发明有关的文章，我们不仅要记住像交通灯和雨刮器这样的发明，也要记住发明这些东西的科学家或个人，不管他们是不是著名。从题目设置来说，标题归纳题、细节理解题、推理判断题在本试题中都有出现，词义猜测题、观点态度题、写作目

46、的题并未在此试题中有所体现。高考试题四体裁题材词数难度建议时间人物传记居里夫人的女儿艾琳居里2696 (2011陕西卷阅读理解B篇)Most people know that Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, and the first person to win it twice. However, few people know that she was also the mother of a Nobel Prize winner.Born in September, 1897, Irene Curie was

47、 the first of the Curies two daughters. Along with nice other children whose parents were also famous scholars, Irene studied in their own school, and her mother was one of the teachers. She finished her high school education at the College of Svign in Paris.Irene entered the University of Paris in

48、1914 to prepare for a degree in mathematics and physics. When World War I began, Irene went to help her mother, who was using X-ray facilities (设备) to help save the lives of wounded soldiers. Irene continued the work by developing X-ray facilities in military hospitals in France and Belgium. Her ser

49、vices were recognised in the form of a Military Medal by the French government.In 1918, Irene became her mothers assistant at the Curie Institute. In December 1924, Frederic Joliot joined the Institute, and Irene taught him the techniques required for his work. They soon fell in love and were marrie

50、d in 1926. Their daughter Helene was born in 1927 and their son Pierre five years later. Like her mother, Irene combined family and career. Like her mother, Irene was awarded a Nobel Prize, along with her husband, in 1935. Unfortunately, also like her mother, she developed leukemia because of her wo

51、rk with radioactivity (辐射能). Irene Joliot-Curie died from leukemia on March 17, 1956.49. Why was Irene Curie awarded a Military Medal?A. Because she received a degree in mathematics.B. Because she contributed to saving the wounded.C. Because she won the Nobel Prize with Frederic.D. Because she worke

52、d as a helper to her mother.50. Where did Irene Curie meet her husband Frederic Joliot?A. At the Curie Institute.B. At the University of Paris.C. At a military hospital.D. At the College of Svign.51. When was the second child of Irene Curie and Frederic Joliot born?A. In 1932.B. In 1927.C. In 1897.D

53、. In 1926.52. In which of the following aspects was Irene Curie different from her mother?A. Irene worked with radioactivity.B. Irene combined family and career.C. Irene won the Nobel Prize once.D. Irene died from leukemia.【文章大意】本文主要介绍了居里夫人的女儿艾琳居里的故事。52. C 细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，艾琳居里与自己的母亲有很多相似之处，唯一不同的就是，

54、她只获得一次诺贝尔奖，而母亲获得过两次。 【试题分析】2011年陕西卷英语试题阅读部分难度比较适中。本篇材料属于人物传记，对于这类材料大家并不陌生。做题时，要注意把握人物的主要成就、主要事迹。 I. 阅读理解A（湖南省衡阳市第八中学2016-2017学年高三模拟）In 1905, as part of his Special Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein published the point that a large amount of energy could be released from a small amount of matter.

55、 This was expressed by equation E = me 2(energy = mass times the speed of light squared). But bombs were not what Einstein had in mind when he published this equation.In 1929, he publicly declared that if a war broke out he would “refused to do war service, direct or indirect” His position would cha

56、nge in 1933, as the result of Adolf Hitlers coming into power in Germany.Einsteins greatest role in the invention of the atomic bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built because some physicists feared that Germany might be working on an atomic bomb. Amon

57、g those concerned were physicists Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner. But Szilard and Wigner had no influence with those in power. So in July 1939 they explained the problem to someone who did: Albert Einstein. After talking with Einstein, in August 1939 Szilard wrote a letter to President Roosevelt with Einsteins signature on it, which was delivered to Roosevelt in October 1939.Germany has invaded Poland the previous month; the time wa