（完整版）胡壮麟《语言学教程》分章试题

1、本word文档可编辑可修改 胡壮麟语言 学教程分章测试题一胡壮麟语言 学教程分章测试题Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. tree B. typ

2、ewriter C. crash D. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative_. ” is4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely tosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the

3、 forces which they believes feel might affecttheir lives. Which functions does it perform?A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language usersto overcome the barrierscaused by time and place, due to this feature of language,

4、speakers of a language are free to talkabout anything in any situation?A. Transferability B. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?A. Emotive A nice day, isnt it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.C. P

5、erformative D. InterpersonalB. Phatic7. _ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user knowledge of the rulesof his language in utterances.A. Performance B. Competence C. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and

6、now. It couldn_.t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature ofA. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement9. _ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguisticsC. Sociolinguistic

7、s D. Applied linguistics10. _ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.D. dualityA. Linguistic theoryC. Applied linguisticsB. Practical linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Language is a means of ver

8、bal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language.5.Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.Language is written because writing is the primary medium for al

9、l languages.We were all born with the ability to acquire language,which meansthe details of anylanguage system can be genetically transmitted.16.17.Only human beings are able to communicate.F. de Saussure,who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20thcentury, was a French lingu

10、ist.18.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespearetimse is an example of the1关注我 实时更新 最新资料 胡壮麟语言 学教程分章测试题一diachronic study of language.19.20.III.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written

11、forms.Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined intoinnumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _.23.Language has many functions. We

12、can use language to talk about itself. This function is_.24.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy workhas been called the _ theory.25.26.Linguistics is the _ study of language.Modern linguistics is _ in the sensethat the linguist tries to discover whatlanguag

13、e is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.28.29.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _ over writing.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study.Saussure put forward two important concepts. _ refers to the abstract linguisticsyst

14、em shared by all members of a speech community.30.IV.4.V.Linguistic potential is similar to SaussureExplain the following terms, using examples. (20%)Design features langue and Chomskys _DisplacementCompetenceSynchronic linguisticsAnswer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take

15、duality as one of the important design features of human language?Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?（南开大 学， 2004）36.VI.37.Why is it difficult to define language?（北京第二外国语大 学， 2004）Analyze the following situation. (20%)How can a linguist make his analysis scientifi

16、c?（青岛海洋大 学， 1999）Key: Chapter 1In the referencekeys, I wont give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me.Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need moreexamples. So you should read the textbook carefully. icywarmteaI. 15 BACCC2

17、1. verbal 22. productivity / creativity 23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive 27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic 29. langue 30. competenceIV. 31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human languagethat tell thedifference between human language and a

18、ny system of animal communication.Displacement: It means that human languagesenable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker s knowle610 BACACII

19、.1115 FFTFF1620 FFFFFIII.32.33.her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in away, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally2 胡壮麟语言 学教程分章测试题一unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a

20、 model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The timestudied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also bemade of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with

21、 diachroniclinguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can beformed out of a small number of elements for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a smallset of sounds, around 48 in the case of the Engli

22、sh language. And out of the huge number of words,there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine toform unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this designfeature of human language.If language has no such design feature,

23、then it will be like animal communicational system whichwill be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36.It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things.Thus, definitions for

24、it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency,VI.37.economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis collect data checkagainst the observable facts come

25、to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonation B. tone2. Conventionally a _ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased

26、p are _ of the p phoneme.A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _.A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvulaC. pronunciationD. voiceD. morpheme5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the

27、center are known as_ diphthongs.A. wide6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _.A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophonesB. closing C. narrowD. centering7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Aud

28、itory phonetics D. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. n9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. i: B. u C. e D. i 10 What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V

29、oiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. ConsonantB. mC. b D. pII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Suprasegmentalphonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger3 胡壮麟语言 学教程分章测试题一than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.Th

30、e air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound.13.Two soundsare in free variation when they occur in the sameenvironment and do notcontrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely

31、a different pronunciation.7.18.p is a voiced bilabial stop.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.Ac

32、cording to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tensevs. lax or long vs. short.19.20.Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.The maximal onset principle statesthat when there is a choice as to where to place aconsonant, it is put into t

33、he coda rather than the onset.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.22.Consonant sounds can be either _ or _, while all vowel sounds are _Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are broughtclose together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _.23.24.The quali

34、ties of vowels depend upon the position of the _ and the lips.One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highestpoint in the mouth. A second element is the _ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25.26.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are

35、produced without _.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the twophonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating _.In English there are a number of _, which are produced by moving from onevowel position to another through intervening positions.27

36、.28.29.30._ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors._ is the smallest linguistic unit.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. Thesemovements have an effect on the _ coming from the lungs.IV.31.33.V.Explain the follo

37、wing terms, using examples. (20%)Sound assimilation32.34.Suprasegmental featureDistinctive featuresComplementary distributionAnswer the following questions. (20%)35.36.What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大 学， 2003）What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms ofarticulatio

38、n?（南开大 学， 2004）VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)Write the symbol that correspondsto each of the following phonetic descriptions; then37.give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop d dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(3) lateral liquid (4) velar nasal

39、(2) low front vowel(5) voiced interdental fricative答案 Chapter 2 I. 15 ACDAA610 DBABBII.1115 TTTFF 1620 TTTFF4 胡壮麟语言 学教程分章测试题一III. 21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction 23. tongue 24. height 25. obstruction 26.minimal pairs 27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation 29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV .31. So

40、und assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, underthe influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring soundsinfluence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds.This process is cal

41、led sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments arecalled suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable,the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonat

42、ion, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in thesamephonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the samelinguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It r

43、efers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. Ifwe can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, thisfeature is called a distinctive feature.V. 35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech soundsthrough the air. When as

44、peech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments areused to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded.Sounds produced in this way are described as voicele

45、ss; consonants p, s, t are produced in thisway. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes themapart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described asvoiced. b, z, d are voiced consonants.VI. 37.Omit.Chapter 3 L

46、exicoI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _.A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _ morpheme.A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational3. There are _ morphemes in

47、 the word denationalization.A. three B. four C. five D. six4. In Englishise andtion are called _.A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _.A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formationD. form wordsD. stems6. _ is a way in wh

48、ich new words may be formed from already existing words bysubtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixation B. back-formation7. The word TB is formed in the way of _.A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialismC. insertionD. additionD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitco

49、m are formed by _.A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is _.5 胡壮麟语言 学教程分章测试题一A. agreement B. agree10. All of them are meaningful except for _.A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morphemeC. disagree D. disagreementD. allomorphII.Decide whether the following statements

50、 are true or false. (10%)11.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.12.13.14.Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes ar

51、e removed.In most cases,prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change theword-class of the base.8.19.20.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.The words whimper, whisp

52、er and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)4.25.An _ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _ is pronounced as a wordLexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _.Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: _, _ and _All words may be said to contain a root _.A small set of conjunc