R210LC-7挖掘机液压系统测试系统设计【说明书+CAD】
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外文资料原文液压系统液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，又进一步得到改善。第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用，特别是1920年以后，发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925 年维克斯(F.Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁尼斯克(GConstantimsco)对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献，使这两方面领域得到了发展。第二次世界大战(1941-1945)期间,在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出,日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速发展液压传动,1956 年成立了“液压工业会”。近2030 年间，日本液压传动发展之快，居世界领先地位。液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件和液压油。 动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能，指液压系统中的油泵，它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。 执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。 控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同，液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等；流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等；方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同，液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。 辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、油位油温计等。 液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。 液压系统的作用就是帮助人类做工。主要是由执行元件把压力变成转动或往复运动。 液压系统由信号控制和液压动力两部分组成，信号控制部分用于驱动液压动力部分中的控制阀动作。液压动力部分采用回路图方式表示，以表明不同功能元件之间的相互关系。液压源含有液压泵、电动机和液压辅助元件；液压控制部分含有各种控制阀，其用于控制工作油液的流量、压力和方向；执行部分含有液压缸或液压马达，其可按实际要求来选择。在分析和设计实际任务时，一般采用方框图显示设备中实际运行状况。 空心箭头表示信号流，而实心箭头则表示能量流。基本液压回路中的动作顺序控制元件（二位四通换向阀）的换向和弹簧复位、执行元件（双作用液压缸）的伸出和回缩以及溢流阀的开启和关闭。 对于执行元件和控制元件，演示文稿都是基于相应回路图符号，这也为介绍回路图符号作了准备。根据系统工作原理，您可对所有回路依次进行编号。如果第一个执行元件编号为0，则与其相关的控制元件标识符则为1。如果与执行元件伸出相对应的元件标识符为偶数，则与执行元件回缩相对应的元件标识符则为奇数。 不仅应对液压回路进行编号，也应对实际设备进行编号，以便发现系统故障。DIN ISO1219-2标准定义了元件的编号组成，其包括下面四个部分：设备编号、回路编号、元件标识符和元件编号。如果整个系统仅有一种设备，则可省略设备编号。实际中，另一种编号方式就是对液压系统中所有元件进行连续编号，此时，元件编号应该与元件列表中编号相一致。 这种方法特别适用于复杂液压控制系统，每个控制回路都与其系统编号相对应与机械传动、电气传动相比，液压传动具有以下优点：1、液压传动的各种元件，可以根据需要方便、灵活地来布置。2、重量轻、体积小、运动惯性小、反应速度快。3、操纵控制方便，可实现大范围的无级调速（调速范围达2000：1）。4、可自动实现过载保护。5、一般采用矿物油作为工作介质，相对运动面可自行润滑，使用寿命长；6、很容易实现直线运动7、很容易实现机器的自动化，当采用电液联合控制后，不仅可实现更高程度的自动控制过程，而且可以实现遥控。液压系统的缺点：1、由于流体流动的阻力和泄露较大，所以效率较低。如果处理不当，泄露不仅污染场地，而且还可能引起火灾和爆炸事故。2、由于工作性能易受到温度变化的影响，因此不宜在很高或很低的温度条件下工作。3、液压元件的制造精度要求较高，因而价格较贵。4、由于液体介质的泄露及可压缩性影响，不能得到严格的传动比。5、液压传动出故障时不易找出原因；使用和维修要求有较高的技术水平。在液压系统及其系统中，密封装置用来防止工作介质的泄漏及外界灰尘和异物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件，即密封件。外漏会造成工作介质的浪费，污染机器和环境，甚至引起机械操作失灵及设备人身事故。内漏会引起液压系统容积效率急剧下降，达不到所需要的工作压力，甚至不能进行工作。侵入系统中的微小灰尘颗粒，会引起或加剧液压元件摩擦副的磨损，进一步导致泄漏。因此，密封件和密封装置是液压设备的一个重要组成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用寿命，是衡量液压系统好坏的一个重要指标。除间隙密封外，都是利用密封件，使相邻两个偶合表面间的间隙控制在需要密封的液体能通过的最小间隙以下。在接触式密封中，分为自封式压紧型密封和自封式自紧型密封（即唇形密封）两种。液压系统的三大顽疾1、发热 由于传力介质（液压油）在流动过程中存在各部位流速的不同，导致液体内部存在一定的内摩擦，同时液体和管路内壁之间也存在摩擦，这些都是导致液压油温度升高的原因。温度升高将导致内外泄漏增大，降低其机械效率。同时由于较高的温度，液压油会发生膨胀，导致压缩性增大，使控制动作无法很好的传递。解决办法：发热是液压系统的固有特征，无法根除只能尽量减轻。使用质量好的液压油、液压管路的布置中应尽量避免弯头的出现、使用高质量的管路以及管接头、液压阀等。2、振动 液压系统的振动也是其痼疾之一。由于液压油在管路中的高速流动而产生的冲击以及控制阀打开关闭过程中产生的冲击都是系统发生振动的原因。强的振动会导致系统控制动作发生错误，也会使系统中一些较为精密的仪器发生错误，导致系统故障。解决办法：液压管路应尽量固定，避免出现急弯。避免频繁改变液流方向，无法避免时应做好减振措施。整个液压系统应有良好的减振措施，同时还要避免外来振源对系统的影响。3、泄漏 液压系统的泄漏分为内泄漏和外泄漏。内泄漏指泄漏过程发生在系统内部，例如液压缸活塞两边的泄漏、控制阀阀芯与阀体之间的泄漏等。内泄漏虽然不会产生液压油的损失，但是由于发生泄漏，既定的控制动作可能会受到影响，直至引起系统故障。外泄漏是指发生在系统和外部环境之间的泄漏。液压油直接泄漏到环境中，除了会影响系统的工作环境外，还会导致系统压力不够引发故障。泄漏到环境中的液压油还有发生火灾的危险。解决办法：采用质量较好的密封件，提高设备的加工精度。另：对于液压系统这三大顽疾，有人进行了总结：“发烧、拉稀带得瑟”（这位总结者是东北人）。液压系统用于升降机，挖掘机，泵站，强夯机，起重机，等等大型工业，建筑，工厂，企业，还有升降机，升降平台，登车桥等等行业。液压元件将向高性能、高质量、高可靠性、系统成套方向发展；向低能耗、低噪声、振动、无泄漏以及污染控制、应用水基介质等适应环保要求方向发展；开发高集成化高功率密度、智能化、机电一体化以及轻小型微型液压元件；积极采用新工艺、新材料和电子、传感等高新技术。- 液力偶合器向高速大功率和集成化的液力传动装置发展，开发水介质调速型液力偶合器和向汽车应用领域发展，开发液力减速器，提高产品可靠性和平均无故障工作时间；液力变矩器要开发大功率的产品，提高零部件的制造工艺技术，提高可靠性，推广计算机辅助技术，开发液力变矩器与动力换档变速箱配套使用技术；液粘调速离合器应提高产品质量，形成批量，向大功率和高转速方向发展。气动行业：-产品向体积小、重量轻、功耗低、组合集成化方向发展，执行元件向种类多、结构紧凑、定位精度高方向发展；气动元件与电子技术相结合，向智能化方向发展；元件性能向高速、高频、高响应、高寿命、耐高温、耐高压方向发展，普遍采用无油润滑，应用新工艺、新技术、新材料。（1）采用的液压元件高压化，连续工作压力达到40Mpa，瞬间最高压力达到48Mpa；（2）调节和控制方式多样化；（3）进一步改善调节性能，提高动力传动系统的效率；（4）发展与机械、液力、电力传动组合的复合式调节传动装置；（5）发展具有节能、储能功能的高效系统；（6）进一步降低噪声；（7）应用液压螺纹插装阀技术，紧凑结构、减少漏油。传统上水基液压系统已经应用在钢铁厂炼铁领域。 这些产业中水基液压系统的明显的优点是它们的耐火性。 而且水基液压系统在费用上也优于油基的液压系统。 首先，无毒的、可被生物分解的综合性添加剂每加仑花费5到6美元。一加仑集中可生成20加仑的5%溶液，因此实际上水基液压流体的费用可以比油基的每加仑少30分。在工厂的水平下，考虑到相关费用、防止和清理环境的污染，水基液压系统拥有节省巨大成本的潜力。液压油的泄漏已经成为一个非常重要的问题。它必须被收集、妥善控制。不过，含有合成添加剂的水，可以倾倒入工厂的污水系统。在工厂水平下，节省成本不停留在流体的较低成本及其处理上。因为水基液压液由十部分水和一部份合成添加剂， 5加仑添加剂与水的混合物构成100加仑水基流体。 50加仑的容器当然比两个55加仑的桶更容易处理，因此储藏更简单、更清洁、更不凌乱，运输成本也较低。其他工厂范围下潜在的节约是为工人改善安全，因为水基液是不含毒性，并且非易燃。这些特点可以减少工厂的保险费率。泄漏的成本比清理低，因为不再需要颗粒吸收剂或吸附棉条。水基流体再次变成“热门话题”在20世纪70年代石油禁运引发了较低成本的水基液压流体替代高昂的液压油的兴趣。当设计师们获悉，一加仑聚合物可以制造出二十加仑的流体时，即使是最昂贵的水添加剂都更有吸引力。由于石油价格逐渐的回落，因此人们对水基液压也没有那么大的兴趣了。回想起来，对水基流体的兴趣集中在其节省成本的潜力上。当设计师发现他们不能在他们的系统中改变流体从液压油到水的状况并且也没有其他重大的改变时，他们就失去了兴趣。然后，他们不情愿的接受其他的“缺点” 了解到很大的变化-又切换到水基液压。适用于水基液压系统的不同的规则被认为是缺点。设计师可能不愿意学习更多关于水基液压，因为他们被暗示，所有的工作需要依靠如何设计一个新的系统或改造旧系统的知识。因为他们结束了对这另外技术的思维，他们错过了除水基流体初始成本以外的许多其他的优点。现在，环境问题，增加了液压油处理成本的价格，水基液压便再次成为热门话题。抵抗凝固. 当然，水基液压系统确实在应用上有它的局限性。一个限制就是潜在的凝固。这个可能性可能是更广泛地应用水基系统，特别是在移动设备业最重要的阻碍。长壁开采法是迄今为止最大的能够充分利用水基系统的移动设备部门。地下的温度不接近水的凝点和耐火性是必不可少的条件。用于温带气候海上设备和移动设备获利于水基系统的优点，但不能保证这些设备将始终用在上述凝固温度。不过，给水基流体加入防冻液可以使其凝固温度远低于32华氏度。用在汽车上的防冻液-乙二醇-是有毒的，是不能生物降解的，因此它在水基液压中添加防冻液将击败水基液压流体在环境上的优势。有一个替代的方法。丙二醇是没有毒性，而且是可生物降解的。它比乙二醇花费更多，并且是不太有效的一种防冻液，因此它必须使用较高浓度的溶液。减少凝固潜力的另外两个技术是要保持流体的不断循环和在实际中使用胶管。系统的密封水基液压系统的两个个容易被察觉的问题是细菌的大批出没，并且很难保持适当的浓度。大气下的密封系统在控制中可容纳细菌成长。此外，如果从系统排除空气，一个抗菌剂的流体能对防止细菌的增长有一个持久的影响。一个被密封的水箱消除许多液压系统遭受的另一个问题：水的进入。这说明关于水基系统的另一个误解：没有从大气中密封的水基系统，必须密切监察，以确保该添加剂浓度保持在在允许的范围之内。这是因为水比添加剂更容易从水箱蒸发。因此，水分蒸发导致添加剂浓度增加。当新液体添加到系统时，现有的流体样本必须采取措施，以确定一定浓度的添加剂在溶液中。这些结果显示，添加剂在流体中的比例必须补充，使流体的浓度是合适的。与大气隔绝的密封的流体系统，实际上消除了蒸发问题。泄漏的液体是包含水和添加剂的。 所以，系统液体的量在发生变化，但浓度没有变化。 系统流体通过增加水和添加剂的一种预先混合重新补充到水箱。特殊的考虑如果水基液压系统没有正确的设计，他们可能更容易使水泵汽蚀。应提供通畅的通道，保持流体速度低于20英尺/秒，最好是在压力线低于15英尺/秒。在一般情况下，吸油管的速度，不应超过2-3英尺/秒。在回油管的速度应低于5到10英尺/秒。当流体再进入水箱时，较高的回油管速度可以促进发泡。零部件也应注意其规格，因为流体压力和速度急剧变化可能造成溶解气体和造成类似气蚀的损伤。对水基的系统的重要考虑是应该明确设计主要元件为水基流体所使用，而不是修改最初供油服务的系统。油管，胶管，及配件，通常对这些油基液压系统可以相同。但是，水泵，阀，执行器和供水装置，存在着一些重大不同。例如，齿轮泵，应作出超硬合金抗磨损。泵的齿轮比一个油泵应更广泛，因为水的低粘度需要一个更大的范围，以形成一个足够的润滑膜。使用在水基系统中的缸应该有青铜做的活塞，以减少活塞和缸壁之间的磨损。弹簧或O型圈的密封用来减少活塞的渗漏。水基液压阀水基的流体的阀通常是加了密封件，用于分离金属零件，以防止金属-金属接触。这是因为水-甚至与润滑油添加剂-没有提供完整的润滑油膜。水基装置用的阀的价格也有少许大于油基装置的。这可能是另一个原因，水基系统没有得到广泛的接受。本来，当设计系统时，面积较大的元件水基流体创建了一个障碍，并且更加昂贵的制造价格使水基液压阀的价格提高了3倍或更多。不过，现在阀大小和油基系统的相当。许多阀可达到美国国家防火协会标准。价格差异也较少。水基液压元件仍可能花费比油基系统高3 以上，但当考虑到水基系统节省成本的潜力，这样做可能会得到更多的实惠。流体的泄露- h4 t a1 W9 3 u1 q7 在许多液压系统中泄漏仍然是一个恼人的问题。新的密封材料及设计，及O型圈，是解决密封装置泄漏的功能强大的武器。由于误用，安装不当，或缺乏简单的了解，泄漏的问题仍未解决。虽然在大多数的系统中没有任何理由泄漏，但它仍然出现。假设不解决泄漏，在不久的将来，水基液可以大大降低泄漏的相关费用。! m6 P1 w9 S/ K* Q内部泄漏是很浪费的。这种泄漏能能使温度升高，从而使液压油碳化。内部泄漏通常是泄露回容器的，因此这一技术转化成机械能的热，这并不是有益的工作。在一个水基液压阀运动部件中采用不锈钢阀芯聚四氟乙烯密封。因为没有间隙，所以就不存在内部泄漏。2 N, L5 i( t# 但除了明显的和无形的液漏成本外，处理已泄漏液体已经成为一个被人关注的问题。考虑到除去或取消成本时，允许液压油进入污水厂系统成为一个昂贵的主张。实现这一清理和处置成本只会上升，并且石油价格的不稳定表明，水基液压可以成为一个利于解决环境问题比较经济的办外文资料译文Hydraulic SystemHydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, espec- ially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of develo- pment.The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industr- ial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu- stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo- od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measu- rement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devi- ces.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of co- mponents, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols. Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted. Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the systemWith mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life; 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion / 7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved. The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage. Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the sam- e time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil tempera- ture. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased com- pression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydra- ulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the enviro- nment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment. Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: fever, with a father拉稀 (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on. Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.- Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equ- ipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process tech -nology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque con- verter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction. Pneumatic Industry:- Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temp- erature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.(1) used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa; (2) diversification of regulation and control; (3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain; (4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear; (5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function; (6) to further reduce the noiseTraditionally water-based hydraulic system has been applied in a steel plant in the field of ironmaking. Water-based hydraulic systems in these industries obvious advantage is their fire resistance. And water-based hydraulic system on cost also is better than that of oil-base hydraulic system. First of all, non-toxic, can be biodegradable comprehensive additive cost 5 to 6 dollars per gallon. A gallon of focus can generate 20 gallons of 5% solution, so the cost of water-based hydraulic fluid can be, in effect, less than a gallon of oil-base 30 points.At the factory level, considering the related cost, prevent pollution and clean up the environment, water-based hydraulic systems have save huge cost of potential. The leakage of hydraulic oil has become a very important problem. It must be collected, properly control. However, water containing synthetic additives, can be dumped into the sewage system of the factory.In the level of the factory, save costs dont stay on fluid with low cost and its processing. Because a part consists of 10 parts water and water-based hydraulic fluid additive synthesis, 5 gallons of additives and the mixture of water, 100 gallons of water base fluid. 50 gallons of container, of course, more than two 55 gallon bucket of easy to handle, so storage is simpler, cleaner, more not messy, transportation cost is low.Other factories under the scope of the potential savings for workers to improve safety, because of water-base fluid is not toxic, and nonflammable. These features can reduce the premium rate of the factory. Leakage costs less than clear, because there is no need to particle absorbent cotton or adsorption. Water-base fluid once again become a hot topicOil embargo in the 1970 s led to a low cost high water-based hydraulic fluid replacement of hydraulic oil. When designers have learned that, a gallon of polymer can produce 20 gallons of fluid, even the most expensive water additives are more attractive.Because oil prices gradually falls, interest in water-based hydraulic isnt so big. In retrospect, interest in water-base fluid concentrated in its cost savings potential. When designers found they could not in their system change of fluid from the hydraulic oil to the water and no other major change, they will lose interest. Then, they are reluctant to accept other shortcomings - learn about the very big change - and switch to the water-based hydraulic.Apply to different rules of water-based hydraulic system is considered to be flaws. Designers may not be willing to learn more about water-based hydraulic, because they have been suggested that all the work need to rely on how to design a new knowledge system and reforming the old system. Because they ended the thinking of the other technology, they missed except water-base fluid initial cost many other advantages. Now, environmental issues, increased the hydraulic oil processing costs, the price of water-based hydraulic has once again become a hot topic.Resistance of solidification.Water-based hydraulic system does, of course, has its limitations in application. A restriction is the potential for solidification. This possibility is likely to be more widely used aqueous system, especially in the mobile equipment industry is one of the most important. Longwall mining method is by far the largest mobile device can make full use of water-based system department. The temperature of the underground is not close to the freezing point of water and fire resistance is essential. Profit from temperate maritime equipment and mobile equipment used in aqueous system advantages, but cannot guarantee that these devices will always be used in the solidification temperature.But for water-base fluid add antifreeze can make its solidification temperature far below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Use of antifreeze in the car - ethylene glycol - is toxic, is not biodegradable, so it is added in the water-based hydraulic antifreeze will beat the advantage of water-based hydraulic fluid on the environment.An alternative approach. Propylene glycol is no toxicity, and it is biodegradable. Cost more than the ethylene glycol, and is a kind of antifreeze is not effective, so it must use the relatively high concentration of solution. Reduce the potential of the other two solidification technology is to keep the fluid cycle and hose in actual use.System of the sealWater-based hydraulic systems of two easily detect problems is haunted by a large number of bacteria, and it is difficult to maintain the appropriate concentration. Under the atmosphere of the sealing system in the control can contain bacteria growth. In addition, if eliminate air from the system, an antibacterial agent fluid to prevent the growth of the bacteria have a lasting impact.A sealed tank to eliminate many of the hydraulic system of another problem: enter the water. This suggests another misconception about water-based system: no water-based sealing system, from the atmosphere must be closely monitored, to ensure that the additive concentration in the permitted range. This is because water more easily than additive from water tank evaporation. Therefore, moisture evaporates lead to additive concentration increased. When new liquid added to the system, the existing fluid sample measures must be taken to determine a certain concentration of additives in solution. These results show that the proportion of additives in the fluid must complement, make the concentration of the fluid is appropriate.Cut off from the atmosphere of fluid sealing system, actually to eliminate the problem of evaporation. Leakage of liquid that contains water and additives. There are changes in system, therefore, the amount of liquid, but concentration did not change. System fluid by adding water and additive of a premixed added to tank.Special considerationIf water-based hydraulic system does not have the right design, they may be more likely to make water pump cavitation. Should provide unobstructed channels, keeping fluid velocity is lower than 20 feet per second, preferably in a pressure line below 15 feet per second. In general, the speed of the suction tubing, should not be more than 2 to 3 feet per second. The speed of the return pipe should be lower than 5 to 10 feet per second. When the fluid to enter the tank, high return pipe speed can promote foaming. Parts also should pay attention to its specifications, because rapid changes in fluid pressure an
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