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ElevatorAn elevator or lift is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically. Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator (e.g. Japanese) or lift (e.g. many European languages, Cantonese). Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new buildings with multiple floors. DesignElevators began as simple rope or chain hoists. An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day elevator consists of a cab (also called a cage or car) mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft, or in Commonwealth countries called a hoistway. In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a traction elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight.Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped Hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls. Which technology is used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic elevators are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction elevators must be employed instead. Hydraulic elevators are usually slower than traction elevators. History The first reference about the elevator is located in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first lift or elevator, probably, in 236 B.C. In some literary sources of later historical period lifts were mentioned as cabs, on the hemp rope and powered by hand or by animals force. It is supposed that lifts of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France. In 1793 Ivan Kulibin created the elevator with the screw lifting mechanism for the Winter Palace of Saint Petersburg. In 1816 the elevator was established in the main building of sub Moscow village called Arkhangelskoye. In 1823, an ascending room made its debut in London. Henry Waterman, of New York, invented the lift (elevator) in 1850. He intended it to transport barrels of flour. In 1853, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. On March 23, 1857 the first Otis elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City. The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Coopers Cooper Union building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design for Cooper Union, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was circular because Cooper felt it was the most efficient design. Later Otis designed a special elevator for the school. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the worlds largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems. The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely. U.S. Patent 147,853 In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift. Elevator safetyElevators are characterized as being extremely safe. Their safety record of moving millions of passengers every day, with extremely low rate of incident, is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system, although fatalities due to malfunction have been known to occur on occasion. A certain number of passengers do die every year in elevator related incidents. In 1998, in the United States, it was reported that of the estimated 120 billion rides per year in the approximately 600,000 elevators in the U.S., 10,000 people wound up in the emergency room. because of elevator-related accidents. Statistically, its a safe ride, says Ray Lapierre, executive director of the Elevator Escalator Safety Foundation. Past problems with hydraulic elevators meant such elevators built prior to a code change in 1972 were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code had previously required only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders; in the event of a breach of the cylinder, an uncontrolled fall of the elevator might result. Because it is impossible to verify the system completely without a pressurized casing (as described below), it is necessary to remove the piston to inspect it. The cost of removing the piston is such that it makes no economic sense to re-install the old cylinder, and therefore it is necessary to replace the cylinder and install a new piston. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a life jacket. This is a device which, in the event of an excessive downward speed, clamps onto the cylinder and stops the car. In addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil into the aquifer and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVC liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity. In the past decade, recent innovations in inverted hydraulic jacks have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety. Passenger serviceA passenger lift is designed to move people between a buildings floors. This apparent simplicity belies a complex and sophisticated mechanical, electrical and microelectronic system. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 lb (455 to 2,727 kg) in 500 lb (230 kg) increments. Generally passenger elevators in buildings eight floors or less are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min(1.0 m/s) hydraulic and up to 500 ft/min electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric & gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above ten floors speeds begin at 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) up to 2000ft/min (10 m/s). Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. Types of passenger elevatorsPassenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: Hospital emergency (Code blue), front and rear entrances, double decker, and other uses. Cars may be ornate in their interior appearance, may have audio visual advertising, and may be provided with specialized recorded voice instructions. An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors, skipping floors in between. EntrapmentAll elevators are required to have communication connection to an outside 24 hour emergency service, automatic recall capability in a fire emergency, and special access for fire fighters use in a fire. Elevators should not be used by the public if there is a fire in or around the building. Numerous building codes require signs near the elevator to state USE STAIRS IN CASE OF FIRE. However emergency evacuations in some countries do allow the use of the fire elevators.CapacityResidential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a wheelchair 6 ft (2 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a maximum load of 1000 lb (455 kg).Freight elevatorsA freight elevator (or goods lift) is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are often exempt from some code requirements. Freight elevators or service elevators (goods or service lifts) may be exempt from some of the requirements for fire service. However, new installations would likely be required to comply with these requirements. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited, though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight Elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting. Stage and Orchestra lifts are specialized lifts for use in the performing arts, and are often exempt from some requirements. Local jurisdictions may govern their use, installation and testing, however they are often left out of local code enforcement provisions due to their infrequent installation. Vehicle elevatorsA car lift is installed where ramps are considered space-inconservative for smaller buildings (usually in apartment buildings where frequent access is not an issue). The car platforms are raised and lowered by chained steel gears (resembling bicycle chains in appearance). In addition to the vertical motion, the platforms can rotate about its vertical axis (up to 180 degrees) to ease driver access and/or accommodate building plans. Most parking lots of this type are however unable to accommodate taller vehicles. In spite of the sheer size of the car platform and its perceived passenger capacity, there are huge passenger and freight lifts that can accommodate more than the rated capacity of the car lift.Boat elevatorsMain article: Boat liftIn some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different levels of a canal with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock. PaternosterMain article: PaternosterA special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar concept moves only a small platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once seen in multi-story industrial plants.Material handling belts and belt elevatorsA different kind of elevator is used to transport material. It generally consists of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to prevent the material from sliding backwards. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. There have occasionally been lift belts for humans; these typically have steps about every seven feet along the length of the belt, which moves vertically, so that the passenger can stand on one step and hold on to the one above. These belts are sometimes used, for example, to carry the employees of parking garages, but are considered too dangerous for public use. 电梯电梯或升降机是一种垂直移动的货物或人的运输设备。英语以外的语言可能有外来的基础上无论是电梯（如日本）或升降机（如许多欧洲语言，广东话） 。因为法律的轮椅通道，电梯往往是一种在有多层楼的新建筑物的必需设备。设计电梯由简单的绳索或连锁式吊笼开始。电梯基本上就是一个平台，用机械手段或拉高或推高。一个现代化的电梯就是一个装在一个平台上的的驾驶室（也称为“笼”或“车” ），放在一个被称为井道的封闭空间，或在英联邦国家被称为垂直通道的设备。在过去，电梯驱动机制，动力由蒸汽和液压活塞提供。在“牵引”电梯，车是被滚动槽皮带轮通过钢丝绳带动的，在该行业称为带轮。车的重量是由对重来平衡与制衡。液压电梯工作的原理，压力迫使活塞向上或向下，以使车上升或下降。液压电梯由液压动力通过绳索，来提高和降低电梯。最近的改革，包括永久地磁铁马达，无齿轮曳引机带动的无机房式，微处理器控制。其中用在新装置的技术取决于多种因素。液压电梯造价便宜，但安装气缸的长度过大，需要非常高的电梯垂直通不切实际。超过7层的建筑物，必须使用电梯牵引。液压电梯通常是低速电梯。历史第一个与电梯有关的参考物，是在罗马建筑师vitruvius的作品中 ，据报道说，阿基米德建立了他的第一台升降机或电梯，大概在公元前236年这个文学发源历史后期，升降机被称为驾驶室，系在大麻绳索上由人力或动物的力量提供动力。这种类型的升降机被安装在西奈半岛的埃及修道院。在十七世纪，这种原始的电梯设在英格兰和法国的总统府的建筑物里。在1793年伊万库历滨为圣彼得堡的冬宫设计了带有起重螺杆的电梯机构，。在1816年莫斯科村的阿尔汗金斯科主体建筑内安装了电梯。在1823年， “升房”首次在伦敦安装了。 在1850年纽约人唐英年沃特曼发明了电梯。他打算用它运输桶装面粉。 在1853年，以利沙介绍了安全电梯，防止由于绳索发生断裂而发生的电梯降落。奥的斯安全电梯的这个设计与今天仍然使用的一种有点类似。调速器设备利用刻了痕迹的滚筒，锁定电梯的速度避免下降速度过高。在1857年3月23日第一台奥的斯被安装在纽约市的488百老汇。第一电梯井道出现在第一电梯之前四年。建在纽约的彼得库珀的库珀联盟的建筑，开始于1853年。一个电梯井道被包括在库珀联盟的设计中，因为库珀有信心，一个安全的乘客电梯，不久将被发明。井道是圆形，因为库珀认为这是最有效的设计。后来，奥的斯为学校设计了一个特殊的电梯。今天，奥的斯电梯公司，现在的附属公司联合技术公司，是世界上最大的垂直运输系统制造商。 第一台电动电梯，由维尔纳冯西门子于1880年建立。电动升降机的安全和速度均由弗兰克斯普拉格显著改进。电梯的发展由原材料包括煤炭和来自山坡的木材所限制。这些行业的发展和钢梁建设技术的引进一起从而使得客运和货运电梯在今天能够使用。 在1874年， j.w. meaker获得了一项允许电梯门安全打开和关闭的专利，美国专利147853 在1929年，克拉伦斯林康拉德crispen与美国的inclinator公司，建设了第一台住宅电梯。 crispen还发明了第一倾斜座椅电梯。电梯安全电梯的优点是非常安全的。他们的安全纪录是以输送以百万乘客计算的，每天的事故率极低，是任何其他车辆系统无法比拟的，虽然已经知道由于故障发生死亡的场合。每年都有一定数量的乘客这样死在电梯的相关的事件。在1998年的美国，据报道，估计每年有120000000000人次乘坐电梯，当时大约600000电梯在美国。由于电梯事故1.0万人死在了急诊室。 “按统计上说，这是一个安全的旅程” ，雷.拉皮埃尔说，电梯扶手电梯安全基金会执行董事。液压电梯过去的问题意味着这种电梯之前确立的原则在1972年可能遇到原则性的失败而变化。该规则以前只需要单底部的液压缸;在汽缸断裂的事故中，电梯因不受控制而下降。因为它是不可能去核实该系统完全没有加压套管（如下所述） ，移开活塞检查是必要的。移开活塞的代价正如重新安装旧缸一样毫无经济意义，因此取代缸和安装一个新的活塞是必要的。另一种解决办法，安装“救生衣”以防止气缸破裂。这是一种装置，一旦发生过度下降的速度时，会夹紧缸并车停。 此外，从安全的角度考虑，老化的液压电梯，有液压油泄漏进入含水层的风险，造成环境的潜在污染。这将导致涂在液压缸周围的聚氯乙烯衬板（外壳）的引进，它可监测其完整性。 在过去十年中，最近的倒置液压千斤顶的创新，已消除了为安装钻孔千斤顶的昂贵的钻井地面加工费用。这也消除了对系统腐蚀威胁，并提高安全性。客运服务一台乘客电梯的设计是为了在一座大厦的各楼层运输乘客。这种明显而简单却包含一个复杂和精密的机械，电气和微电子系统。 客运电梯
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