13 Reasons for Migration to Germany (2003)移民到德国的13个原因（2003）

1、Literature Review on Integration Problems (in Germany)Sibylle Enz 1 1 INFORMATION ON REFUGEES / MIGRATION IN GERMANY2 1.1Migration Refugees2 1.2Migration2 1.3Reasons for Migration to Germany (2003)2 1.4Structural details on foreign population in Germany, 20032 1.5EU Context: Trends involves the cros

2、sing of international borders UN: at least for 1 year Background migration theory: explaining new migration flows into western affluent societies (during last 2-3 decades) immigration crises“, controlling migration Refugee: asylum seekers, Geneva Convention Persecution due to race, religion, nationa

3、lity, affiliation to social/political group Violation of human rights (torture) Can or does not want to be protected by home country 1.2 Migration Nationalities moving to Germany, 2003 (Statistisches Bundesamt: http:/www.destatis.de): 768.975 Polish11% Turkish6% Russian4% Romanian3% Serb3% Italian3%

4、 Ukrainian2% Chinese2% US2% 13.6% younger than 18 1.3 Reasons for Migration to Germany (2003) Migration within the EU: 98.709 (Italy, France, and Greece, etc.) Subsequent immigration of family members: 76.077 (Turkey, etc.) “re-settlers”: 72.885 (former Soviet Union, etc.) Asylum seekers and refugee

5、s according to Geneva Convention: 50.564 (Turkey, Serbia, etc.) Migration of Jewish people from former Soviet Union (15.442) Refugees from war and civil war areas: 416.000 (Kosovo, etc.) Foreign-/guest-workers IT-experts Students from abroad Germans moving back to the country 1.4 Structural details

6、on foreign population in Germany, 2003 Includes people with foreign nationalities aim should be to focus on a dynamic bicultural identity interpreted as a resource rather than to think one cultural background should be replaced by another -other models focus on learning through social networks (Boch

7、ner et al., 1977; Mok et al. in press); or identity (Schnpflug, 2002; Phinney, 1992, 2001) -Bennet, M. (1993): Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity ointercultural learning: orientation irritation differentiation/reflection transfer conflict resolution acquisition of new competencies oden

8、ial of differences: inability to think of cultural differences in the own society, live and let live-attitudes oblocking of differences: differences are recognised and negatively evaluated, negative stereotypes ominimisation of differences: acceptance of superficial differences (eating habit), all h

9、umans are common in basic values and norms oacceptance of differences: recognising and appreciation of another culture and acceptance of cultural differences as adaptive strategies for human existence, culture as relative oassimilation to differences: empathic understanding of other cultures, commun

10、ication skills, cultural frames of reference Literature Review on Integration Problems (in Germany)Sibylle Enz 6 ointegration of differences: internalisation of bi- or multicultural frames of reference, identities, self-reflection on identity and its formation in a life-long process with cultural in

11、fluences Levels: oRecognize cultural differences (cognitive level) oAppreciate these differences (emotional level) oGenerate concrete behaviours (behavioural level) -youth: school can be a motor for acculturation fosters contact among the cultural groups Project “Migration acceptance of relativeness

12、 of cultural norms 5) (communicative skills) Aim: -Society level: equality, no stigmatising, no prejudices, natural coexistence of people of different origin and appearance without denying differences -On the side of migrants: development of a “differentiated self-concept of multiple belongings” (Ha

13、mburger, 1999) 3.2 Definition and Factors that influence intercultural empathy -Ability to understand thoughts and feelings of members of other cultures oEmotionally: empathic concern oCognitively: knowledge of other cultures, similarities and differences, language, understanding oBehavioural: empat

14、hic (nonverbal) communication and actions -Research interest ORIENT 1Analysing components of (intercultural) empathy: emotional, cognitive, behavioural (communicative) component 2Fostering (intercultural) empathy: avoidance of stress, supporting empathic concern 3Research into cultural differences i

15、n the variability and stability of (intercultural) empathy with regard to different situational and personal variables Situation: gender, social state 13 SGB VIII -Tasks: initiating novel intercultural education processes and international meetings -Recent developments: more emphasis on evaluation,

16、integration of program into experiential settings -Attitude: intercultural orientation as a resource Literature Review on Integration Problems (in Germany)Sibylle Enz 10 3.5 Culture as a system of symbolic meaning - Members of a culture constitute and share a system of meanings in order to communica

17、te (Auernheimer, 1988) - Intercultural competence understanding the system of meaning of other cultures - Components: see above Corresponding educational goals (Leiprecht, 2001; Ensinger commonality: refugee number decreases constantly refugees are no suitable target group! 2Intercultural competence

18、 comprises a series of competencies (Schuch, 2003) cognitive (self-reflection, mental flexibility and openness), affective (empathy, stress and ambiguity tolerance, emotion recognition and management) empathy as one aspect of intercultural competence intercultural empathy 3Basic message for ORIENT:

19、bicultural socialisation as a resource for the individual; perception of similarities while appreciating differences promote intercultural friendship through empathy Literature Review on Integration Problems (in Germany)Sibylle Enz 12 SOURCES OF INFORMATION Migration Report of German Government: htt

20、p:/egrationsbeauftragte.de/download/Migrationsbericht_2003.pdf) Report of German Government on Integration Policy: egrationsbeauftragte.de/download/Memorandum_2005.pdf Report on immigration of German Government: egrationsbeauftragte.de/download/Modul_6_Europaeischer_

21、Vergleich.pdf Statistisches Bundesamt: http:/www.destatis.de Work presented from various researches in the field of migration and integration at the Workshop “Migration 37, 155-172. Leenen, W.R. & Grosch, H.: Interkulturelles Training in der Lehrerfortbildung. In: Bundeszentrale fr die politische Bi

22、ldung (Hg.): Interkulturelles Lernen. Arbeitshilfen fr die politische Bildung. Bonn 1988, S. 317 - 340. Leenen, W.R. (2001). Interkulturelle Kompetenz in der sozialen Arbeit. In: Auernheimer, G., Interkulturelle Kompetenz in der pdagogischen Praxis. Opladen. Leiprecht, R. (2001). Frderung interkultu

23、reller und antirassistischer Kompetenz. In: Leibrecht et al. International Lernen - Lokal handeln. Frankfurt/M. Ensinger / Graf (1984). Interkulturelle Kompetenz in der pdagogischen Praxis. Opladen. Literature Review on Integration Problems (in Germany)Sibylle Enz 13 Hamburger, F. (1999). Modernisie

24、rung, Migration und Ethnisierung. In: Gemende, M./Schrer, W./Sting, S. (Hg.): Zwischen den Kulturen. Pdagogische und sozialpdagogische Zugnge zur Interkulturalitt, 37-55. Weinheim-Mnchen. Leenen, W.R. (2001): Interkulturelles Training. Entstehung, Typologie, Methodik. In: Landeszentrum fr Zuwanderun

25、g (Hrsg.): Interkulturelle und antirassistische Trainings - aber wie? Konzepte, Qualittskriterien und Evaluationsmglichkeiten. Solingen. S. 9-24. Ministerium fr Bildung, Jugend und Sport des Landes Brandenburg, (2001) Jugendhilfe in der Wissensgesellschaft. In: Forum Jugendhilfe, 3. Mller, B. (1998)

26、 Siedler oder Trapper? Professionelles Handeln im pdagogischen Alltag der offenen Jugendarbeit. In: Deinet, U /Sturzenhecker, B. Handbuch offene Jugendarbeit. Mller, Angelika I./ Ingo Scheller: Das Eigene und das Fremde. Flchtlinge, Asylbewerber, Menschen aus anderen Kulturen und wir. Szenisches Spi

27、el als Lernform. Oldenburg: Zentrum fr wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung der Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg 1993. Rademacher, H. /Wilhelm, M. (1991). Spiele und bungen zum interkulturellen Lernen, Berlin. Schulz von Thun, F. v. (1981. 1989, 1998). Miteinander reden. Psychologie der menschlich

28、en Kommunikation, Reinbek. Shell-Studie (2002). Jugend 2002-zwischen pragmatischem Idealismus und robustem Materialismus. Frankfurt/M. Thole, W./ Kster-Schapfl, E.-U. (1997). Sozialpdagogische Profis. Beruflicher Habitus, Wissen und Knnen von PdagogInnen in der auerschulischen Kinder- und Jugendarbe

29、it. Opladen. Thole, W./ Kster, E.-U. (2001). Jugendarbeit studieren. Studie zu den Qualifizierungsmglichkeiten an Hochschulen fr die Handlungsfelder der auerschulischen Kinder und Jugendarbeit. Titzmann, P. F., Schmitt-Rodermund, E. & Silbereisen, R.K. (2005). Zwischen den Kulturen: Zur Akkulturatio

30、n jugendlicher Immigranten. In U. Fuhrer & H.H. Uslucan (Hrsg.). Familie, Akkulturation und Erziehung (S. 86 110). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. von Spiegel, H. (2000). Jugendarbeit mit Erfolg. Arbeitshilfen und Erfahrungsberichte zur Qualittsentwicklung und Selbstevaluation. Votum. Wahne, H. (2000). Grenz

31、en ziehen. In: Betrifft - Mehrheiten - Minderheiten, 1. Literature Review on Integration Problems (in Germany)Sibylle Enz 14 APPENDIX I) Background Information on Migration in Germany Migration from within the EU, 2003: 98.709 Italian23% French12% Greek12% Austrian9% Dutch9% British9% Spanish8% Port

32、uguese7% Subsequent immigration of family members, 2003: 76.077 Turkish29% Serb9% Russian7% Thai5% Polish4% Moroccan3% “re-settlers”, 2003: 72.885 (1/3 younger than 18) Poland444 Former Soviet Union72.789 Asylum seekers and refugees according to Geneva Convention, 2003: 50.564 Turkish 12% Serb10% Ir

33、aqi8% Russian7% Chinese5% Vietnamese4% Iranian4% Indian3% Migration of Jewish people from former Soviet Union, 2003 ( Geneva Convention): 15.442 Refugees from war and civil war areas, 2003: 416.000 Preliminary protection from war mainly from Kosovo 133.967 Asylum seekers under unclear circumstances

34、II) Institutions An-Institut” European Forum for Migration Studies, UniBA Tasks: research, counselling, evaluation, education, information, documentation Cooperation and liaison with comparable institutions in Germany, Europe, US, Canada, and Australia Literature Review on Integration Problems (in Germany)Sibylle Enz 15 Member