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1、1 远期和期货价格的决定远期和期货价格的决定 2 衍生金融工具的定义 nThe Nature of Derivatives: 衍生金融工具衍生金融工具 /衍生证券是一种金融工具,其价值依附于衍生证券是一种金融工具,其价值依附于 其它更基本的标的(其它更基本的标的(underlying)变量。)变量。 nDerivatives performance depends on how other financial instruments perform. 3 衍生金融工具的定义 标的变量(The underlying variables) nThe derivative derives its v

2、alue from the performance of something else. nThat “something else” is often referred to as the underlying asset (underlying variable)标的资产或标的变量标的资产或标的变量 n可交易证券可交易证券: 股票指数,国债,外汇 n其它不可交易的变量其它不可交易的变量: 天气, 日晒强度、降雪量. It is estimated that nearly 20 percent of the U.S. economy is directly affected by the w

3、eather. As a result, the earnings of businesses can be adversely impacted by summers that are hotter than normal or winters that are much colder than anticipated. CME created a weather derivative market which enables those businesses that could be adversely affected by unanticipated temperature swin

4、gs, to transfer this risk. 4 Futures Forward contracts Options Calls Puts Swaps Derivatives Basic instruments Options on futures hybrids Financial engineering 5 nFinancial engineering is the notion that you can use a combination of assets and financial derivatives to construct cash flow streams that

5、 would otherwise be difficult or impossible to obtain. 6 期货合约 vs. 远期合约 n“远期”与“期货”除了交易方式略有不 同,两者非常相似: 远期/期货合约的买方(卖方) v有法定义务在将来某一特定的日期(到期日或终止日); v以今天确定的某一特定价格(交割价格); v买(卖)某一确定数量(合约规模)的; v一项资产(标的资产)。 7 期货合约 vs. 远期合约 交易双方直接协议成交(合约不在市场上销售)交易双方直接协议成交(合约不在市场上销售) 在交易所内交易在交易所内交易 交易者之间不互通大宗交易信息交易者之间不互通大宗交易信息

6、标准化合约标准化合约 通常一个指定的交割日通常一个指定的交割日交割期限有个范围交割期限有个范围 在合约到期时结算在合约到期时结算每日结算每日结算 通常进行交割或最后现金结算通常进行交割或最后现金结算 合约通常在到期日之前平仓合约通常在到期日之前平仓 远期合约远期合约期货合约期货合约 非标准化合约非标准化合约 交易信息立即被市场其他参与者获得交易信息立即被市场其他参与者获得 8 未平仓合约数未平仓合约数This is the total number of the contracts outstanding. 9 远期和期货价格的决定 n 所依附的 标的变量 投资性资产 消费性资产 无风险套利机

7、制; 风险中性定价法 扩展的风险 中性定价法 测度变换测度变换 Forward and futures prices Spot price of the underlying asset relationship? 10 远期和期货价格的决定 n一、相关说明 n1、当无风险利率恒定,且对所有到期日 都不变时,交割日相同的远期价格和期 货价格应相等。 11 2、 连续复利计息 n若利率按每年复利计息一次(T年): n若复利计息的频率增加: T RPVFV)1 ( ) ) 4 1 ( 4 gcompoundinquarterly R PVFV T ( ) ) 12 1 ( 12 gcompound

8、inmonthly R PVFV T ( m=1 m=4 m=12 12 2、 连续复利计息 Compounding frequency(m) m=1m1m Future value after n years (FV) mT ) m R PV(1 RT PVe T R)1PV( 当计息频率趋于无穷大时,称为连续复利计息 continuous compounding 13 2、 连续复利计息 n在连续复利计息下,现值与终值的关系: nPVFV:PV* eRT FV nFVPV:FV* e-RT PV n举例:如果贴现率为8%(连续复利计息), 你两年后将会获得¥200,这笔“将来”收入 的现值

9、为: .08(2) 200170.43PVe 14 利率换算 cd rm d d e m r )1 ( 1 d ln1 or r1 d d m d c d r m d r r m em 15 3、卖空机制: n卖空机制:卖空机制:投资者卖出自己并不拥有的投资者卖出自己并不拥有的 证券。证券。 n卖空的机理:卖空的机理: n 你的经纪人从另一客户处借来证券,然你的经纪人从另一客户处借来证券,然 后像通常一样在公开市场上将其卖掉后像通常一样在公开市场上将其卖掉 n 在某个阶段,你指示经纪人购买相应在某个阶段,你指示经纪人购买相应 证券将该头寸进行平仓,并将证券归还证券将该头寸进行平仓,并将证券归还

10、 原主原主 16 3、卖空机制: nShort selling:投资者卖出自己并不拥有的证券。 investor short brokeranother investor borrow selldeposit proceeds close out use fundsbuy replace 17 一、相关说明 n4、假设: n1、无交易费用 n2、所有的交易净利润使用同一税率 n3、市场参与者能以相同的无风险利率借入和贷出资金 n4、当套利机会出现时,市场参与者将参与套利活动 nNo Arbitrage Opportunity 无套利机会 套利发生在等价资产或 资产组合有两个不同的 价格。 无套

11、利均衡(一价定 律):有效市场不应当 出现套利机会。 衍生品的定价就是要消 除套利机会。 18 一、相关说明 n5、符号 nT:远期合约到期的时刻(年) nt:现在的时刻(年) nS:远期合约标的资产在时刻t的价格 nST:远期合约标的资产在时刻T时的价格(在t时刻是未知的) nK:远期合约中的交割价格 nf:时刻t时,远期合约多头的价值 nF:时刻t时的远期价格 nr:无风险利率 19 一、相关说明 n6、三类投资性资产 n、不支付收益不支付收益的投资性资产 n、支付已知现金收益支付已知现金收益的投资性资产 n、支付已知红利率支付已知红利率的投资性资产 20 二、远期(期货)价格和远期 (期

12、货)合约的价值 n远期合约:在确定的将来时刻按确定的价格购买或 出售某项资产的协议。 n远期合约中的特定价格称为交割价格(delivery price)。 n远期合约签署的时刻,所选择的交割价格应该使得远期合约 的价值对双方都为零。 n远期价格(forward price) F定义为使得该合约价值 为零的交割价格(delivery price)。 n在签署远期合约协议的时刻,远期价格和交割价格是相同的; 随着时间推移,远期价格有可能改变,而交割价格当然保持 不变。 21 22 二、二、远期(期货)远期(期货)价格价格和远期(期货)合和远期(期货)合 约的约的价值价值 n远期/期货合约的价值f是

13、该合约能给你带来的 利润。 n签署远期/期货合约时,该合约的价值为零: n之后其价值的波动取决于标的资产价格的变动。 n合约到期时的价值为(多头方): n合约到期前的价值? 0 0 f 0 FSKSf TTT 23 24 March 3 Time 0 March 15 Time t December Time T F0 = K=265.5 Value of initial/old futures contract New futures contract K*=Ft=259.25 Both futures contracts expire Buy the old futures contrac

14、t Sell the new one At expiration two futures contracts bring you a profit of FtK f new=0 f oldt=(Ft - K) e-r(T-t) 25 三、无套利均衡分析 不支付收益的投资性资产的远期价格 n直觉:直觉: n从期货或远期合约的空头方来看:空头方在一开始购入 标的资产( S0 ),并持有到合约到期,并以K的价格售 出标的资产。 0 S K T 0T n问题:K/F0应该为多少才能“诱使”该投资者以空头 方进入该期货/远期合约? 整个收益率为无风险收整个收益率为无风险收 益率益率 26 三、无套利均衡

15、分析 不支付收益的投资性资产的远期价格 n正式的证明:正式的证明: n考虑如下两个证券组合: n组合A:一个远期合约多头加上一笔金额为的现金 n组合B:一单位的证券 rT Ke 0 rTrT eKe K T rT Ke T A unit of asset buy 27 n组合A 和组合B在T 时刻的价值都等于一 个单位的标的资产,在无套利均衡时, 组合A和组合B在其他仍何时刻(包括0时 刻)的价值也相等。 00 SKef rT AB 28 三、无套利均衡分析 不支付收益的投资性资产的远期价格 n远期/期货价格定义为使得该合约价值为 零的交割价格。 rT SeF rT KeSf 00 0 0 f

16、 KF 0 rT eSF 00 29 三、无套利均衡分析 不支付收益的投资性资产的远期价格 n案例:一个基于不支付红利的股票的远期合约,3个月后到期。 假设股价为$ 40,3个月期无风险利率为年利率5。此时,T t0.25,r5,S40。 n n若,套利机会:当前建立现货多头和远期空头 5 .4040 25. 0*05. 0 eF rT SeF 0 T S F(K) rT Se 30 三、无套利均衡分析 支付已知现金收益的投资性资产的远期价格 n假设:投资性资产在持有期会产生收入, 该收入的现值为I。 n直觉:直觉:从空头方角度看 0 S 0 FK 0T I rT eISF)( 00 rT e

17、IS)( 0 31 三、无套利均衡分析 支付已知现金收益的投资性资产的远期价格 n考虑如下两个证券组合: n组合A:一个远期合约多头加上一笔金额为 的现金 rT Ke ISKef rT rT eISF n正式的证明:正式的证明: n组合组合A 和组合和组合B 在在T 时刻都得到一单位的标的资产,在无套时刻都得到一单位的标的资产,在无套 利均衡时,利均衡时,A和和B 在其他任何时刻的价值也必相等(包括在在其他任何时刻的价值也必相等(包括在0 时刻)时刻) n组合B:一单位的证券加上以无风险利率借I数额的资金 32 Reexamine The Formula nRecall, however, t

18、hat during the period of the forward contract, if the short party physically holds the underlying asset providing a known cash income, then they will garner any benefits that accrue to the asset during that period. nFor example, if the forward contract were written on a stock, and the stock paid a d

19、ividend, then if the short party physically held the stock on the ex- dividend date, they would receive the dividend. 33 Reexamine The Formula nThe short party still has no risk (ignoring credit risk) in the forward contract, as a result they should still only earn the risk-free rate for being the s

20、hort party. The benefits that accrue to holding the underlying asset would reduce the amount that the long would have to pay the short to induce them to enter into the contract. KF 0 0 S incomecash 0T r : ratefreeriskreturnofratetotal F0=K=(S-I)erT 34 三、无套利均衡分析 支付已知现金收益的投资性资产的远期价格 n案例:考虑一个股价为$100的股票

21、的3个月期远期合约。 假设无风险利率(连续复利)为年利率4,股票在一个月 后将产生$2的红利。 I = 2.00-.04(1/12) = 1.9933 nT-t = 3/12 = .25 years: F = (100-1.9933)e.04*.25 = $98.99 35 案例 n若市场 远期报价为F=101, 有怎样的套利机会? n在当前时刻0: n卖空远期合约 (i.e. agree to deliver the stock in three months for $101). n以无风险利率借入$100,并购入股票. n在一个月后: n收到股票红利并将其以无风险利率进行再投资. n在三

22、个月后(远期合约到期时): n交割远期合约中的股票,收入 $101. n因再投资股票红利而收到 $2.103 (2e.04(2/12). n归还最初借入资金的本利和 $101.005 (100e.04(3/12) . n三笔现金流的净值: +101 + 2.013 101.005 = $2.008 36 nWe can show this on a timeline: 013 Actions Cash Positions 37 nWe can show this on a timeline: 013 Actions Cash Positions Short futures contract B

23、orrow $100 at 4% Buy stock for $100 0 +$100 -$100 $0 38 nWe can show this on a timeline: 013 Actions Cash Positions Short futures contract Borrow $100 at 4% Buy stock for $100 0 +$100 -$100 $0 Receive $2 dividend Reinvest at 4% +$2 -$2 $0 39 nWe can show this on a timeline: 013 Actions Cash Position

24、s Short futures contract Borrow $100 at 4% Buy stock for $100 0 +$100 -$100 $0 Receive $2 dividend Reinvest at 4% Receive $101 from futures delivery Repay loan $101.005 (100e) Receive reinvested dividends 2.013 +$101.000 -$101.005 +$ 2.013 + 2.008 40 三、无套利均衡分析 支付已知红利率投资资产的远期价格 n假设假设:该投资性资产按照q的百分比率,持

25、续不 断地产生股利支付,而该股利支付被立即用于连 续复利的再投资即该资产会按照即该资产会按照q的连续复利的连续复利 率不断增值。率不断增值。 n例如:资产期初价值是单位,按照q的收益 率经过T年的连续复利后,资产期末价值就会增加 到 单位 1 qTqT ee qT e assetofunite qT qTqT ee assetofunit 1 41 三、无套利均衡分析 支付已知红利率投资资产的远期价格 n考虑如下两个证券组合: n组合A:一个远期合约多头加上一笔金额为的 现金 n组合B:个单位的证券并且将所有的收入都再投资于 该证券 rT Ke qT e qTrT eSKef 0 Tqr eS

26、FK 00 42 三、无套利均衡分析 支付已知红利率投资资产的远期价格 n若,套利机会:借资金买入 个单位的标的证券,建立远期空头 Tqr SeF 0 T F (K) Tqr Se qT Se qT e 43 三、无套利均衡分析 支付已知红利率投资资产的远期价格 A stock index can be thought of as an investment asset that pays dividends. The asset is the portfolio of stocks underlying the index,and the dividends are the dividend

27、s that would be received by the holder of this portfolio. Often there are many stocks underlying the index providing dividends at different times. To a reasonable approximation,the index can be considered as an asset providing a continuous dividend yield. 44 Stock Index Contract nFor example, if the

28、 S&P 500 had a dividend yield of 4% and the six-month risk free rate were 3%, and the value of the S&P were 1009.37, then the 6 month forward price for an S&P forward contract would be: F = 1009.37e(.03-.04)(.5)= $1004.34 nAnother kind of underlying asset providing a known dividend yield is foreign

29、currency. 45 Foreign exchange contract nThe underlying asset in such contract is a certain number of units of the foreign currency. nWe will define the S0 as the current spot price,measured in RMB, of one unit of the foreign currency and F0 as the forward price, measured in RMB, of one unit of the f

30、oreign currency . nA foreign currency has the property that the holder of the currency can earn interest at the risk-free interest rate prevailing in the foreign country. nWe define rf as the value of this foreign risk-free interest rate for a maturity T with continuous compounding. As before, r is

31、the domestic risk-free rate for this maturity. 46 Foreign exchange contract nAgain consider two portfolios at time zero: nPortfolio A: One long forward contract and cash equal to Ke-rT. nPortfolio B: e-rfT units of the foreign currency with all income being reinvested in this foreign currency. 1.Thu

32、s at time T you will once again have one unit of the foreign currency, which is worth ST. assetofunite Trf TrTr ff ee assetofunit 1 0T 47 Foreign exchange contract K = F0 = S0e(r-rf)T This equation is identical to the previous equation with q replaced by rf. A foreign currency can be regarded as an

33、investment asset paying a known dividend yield. The dividend yield is the risk-free rate of interest in the foreign currency. This is the well-known interest rate parity relationship from international finance(expressed with continuous compounding ). If rfr,the equation shows that F0rf, the equation shows that F0S0 and F0 increases as the maturity of t

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