chapter 2 词汇学

1、Chapter 2Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary In this chapter,It covers: The Indo-European Language Family( 印欧语系) A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary(英语词汇的历史回顾) Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary(当代英语词汇发展的状况) Modes of Vocabulary Development(词 汇的发展方式) 印欧语系(The Indo-Eu

2、ropean Language Family) It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. English belongs to the Indo-European Language Family. (find details in

3、 your book ) 总体上分为:八大语族(Principal groups) Eight principal groups can be grouped into an Eastern set (东部语族)and a Western set (西部语 族) Eastern set: Balto-Slavic(波罗的海-斯拉夫语族); Indo-Iranian(印度-伊朗语族);Armenian and Albanian(亚美尼亚语和阿尔巴尼亚语) Western Set: Celtic(凯尔特语); Italic(意大利语 族); Hellenic(希腊语), Germanic(日耳曼语

4、) In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. The five Romance languages罗曼斯语-由拉丁 语演变而来(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian)belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages:

5、 Norwegian(挪 威语), Icelandic(冰岛语), Danish and Swedish( 丹麦和瑞典语), which are generally known as Scandinavian(斯堪的纳维亚语),Then there is German(德语), Dutch(荷兰语), Flemish(佛兰 语) and English 分 布 图 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary(英语词汇发展的历史回顾) 英语虽是英国的语言,但它作为英国人的语 言的历史并不悠久.大不列颠岛上最早的居 民是操凯尔特语的凯尔特人(Ce

6、lts), 他们于 公元43年被罗马人征服.罗马人统治英国直 到410年,被来自欧洲大陆的几个日耳曼部落 取而代之.来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼 部落盎格鲁人（Angles）、撒克逊人 （Saxons）和朱特人朱特人（Jutes）。英语（the English language）就是盎格鲁;撒克逊人的 话语。 1) Old English古英语古英语 vocabulary(4501150 AD公元公元) After Romans collapse , 3 Germanic tribes called Angles盎格鲁族 , Saxons撒克逊人 and Jutes朱 特人controlled

7、 England. Their language Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊 also dominated支配 the land. Now people generally refer to Anglo- Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words and It was a highly inflected language(高度屈折 的语言, e.g. 名,代,形.,动,副词都有复杂的词尾或或元音变化). In the 9th century, some Nor

8、wegians挪威挪威 人人 and Danish丹麦人丹麦人 invaded England, which brought some Scandinavian斯堪的纳斯堪的纳 维亚语维亚语 words such as: skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg”, etc. Scandinavian invaders were Germanic people like the Anglo-Saxons. Many words were exactly alike. 2) Middle English中世纪英

9、语中世纪英语 （11501500） The Normans. 诺曼人诺曼人 invaded入 侵入 侵 England from France in 1066 and many French words flowed into流入流入 English.( e.g. state, judge,power, prince ,duke, judge, court, crime, angel, mercy, peace, battle, pork,bacon,fry, roast, dress, coat etc.)Between 1250 and 1500 about 9,000 words of

10、French origin poured into English. During that time, Norman French became the polite speech. The native tongue was a despised language speaking by poor people. And the situation of three languages (French, Latin, English) existing simultaneously continued for over a century. 3) Modern English 现代英语现代

11、英语(1500-now) It began with the establishment of printing in England. It is subdivided into(细分为细分为): a. Early Modern English早期现代英语早期现代英语 (1500-1700) Because of the Renaissance文艺复兴文艺复兴 , many Latin and Greek words entered English and English began to have a Latinate flavor拉拉 丁味丁味.From 1500 to 1700, ov

12、er 10, 000 new words entered the English language. b. Late Modern English后期后期近代英语近代英语 (1700up to the present) After experiencing the Industrial Revolution工 业 革 命工 业 革 命 and Bourgeois revolution资产阶级革命资产阶级革命 , England became a great economic power经济强国经济强国 and began to absorb吸 收吸 收 words from all major

13、 languages语种语种 in the world. After World War II, more words are created by means of word-formation构构 词词. Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary(当代英语词汇的发展) The rapid development of science and technology科技的快速发展科技的快速发展(green revolution, astrobiology(天天 体生物学体生物学, astrochemistry天体化学天体化学, space shuttle

14、(航天航天 飞机飞机, manned space flight载人航天载人航天, open heart surgery心心 内直视内直视 手术手术) Social, economic and political changes社会经济政社会经济政 治的变化治的变化(fast food快餐快餐, TV dinner冷冻午餐冷冻午餐, soy milk(豆奶豆奶) granny glasses老花镜老花镜, punk rock朋克朋克(摇滚乐摇滚乐, soul music 爵士灵歌爵士灵歌, talk shows访谈节目访谈节目, family movies家庭影院家庭影院.) The influence of other cultures and languages (kungfu中国功夫中国功夫 , dojo(柔道柔道) Three main sources of new words Modes of Vocabulary Development Creation 创新词创新词most important首要的首要的 fruice水果汁, sportscast比赛实况转播 2. Semantic cha