选修六unit1 art

1、选修六 Unit1 Art 西方绘画艺术简史 Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. 艺术是受着一个民族的生活习俗和信仰一个民族的生活习俗和信仰的影响的。 Styles in Western art have changed many times. 西方 的艺术风格经历了多次多次变革。 As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short tex

2、t. 由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短短短 的一篇课文里的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。 Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD. 因此因此,本文只谈及从公元6世纪以来最主要的几种艺 术风格。 1. faith n.u 信任，相信，信心；诚意，善意； 宗教信仰；c（某一）宗教。 【Word transformation】词性转换 adj. faithful 忠实的，忠诚的；可信赖的 （syn: loyal） adv. fait

3、hfully 忠实地，忠诚地；准确地， 如实地 n. faithfulness 忠实，忠诚 have faith in sb./sth.：对有信心 faith in sb./sth.：对失去信心 faith in sb./sth.：对恢复信心 keep faith to sb./sth.：对守信用 faith to sb./sth.：对不守信用 lose restore break in good faith：诚心诚意；出于善意；真诚 in bad faith：存心不良；背信弃义 be faithful to ：对忠诚/忠实 Faithfully yours, * / Yours faithf

4、ully, * = Sincerely yours, * / Yours sincerely, * （正式信函署名前的套语）您忠实/忠诚的 * 【Instant practice】即时练习 Though I have failed many times, I still have great faith in myself. 虽然我失败了很多次，但我仍然对自己充满信心。 I have full faith in you; I believe you will do well! 我对你充满信心，我相信你会干得好！ We have lost faith in the managers promis

5、es. 我们不再相信经理的承诺 Her friends kindness has restored her faith in human nature. 朋友们的善意使她恢复了对人性的信心。 You cannot expect your friends to trust you if you dont keep faith with them. 假如你对朋友不守信义， 你就不要指望他们会信任你。 6. Lily lent some money to Tom in good/bad faith. Lily 出于善意/存心不良地借给些钱了Tom. 6. They handed over the w

6、eapons as a gesture of good faith. 他们交出了武器以示诚意。 6. We must learn to understand people of different (religious) faiths。 我们需要学会理解不同宗教信仰的人。 6. People from all (religious) faiths are welcome. 欢迎来自各种宗教信仰的人们。 6. Faith moves mountains. 精诚所至，金石为开。 2. consequently adv. 所以；因而 【Word transformation】 adj. conseq

7、uent n. consequence 【Usage tips】使用说明 consequently在句中单独使用，相当于 therefore，as a result，as a consequence，表示 由前面所述内容造成的结果。 用consequently连接具有因果关系的句子时， 其格式一般是： . Consequently, . ; consequently, . , and consequently . 【Brief summary】 consequent on/upon：跟随发生的；由引 起的 in consequence of / as a consequence of = as

8、 a result of：作为的结果；因为 face/ take/ suffer/ bear the consequence of ： 承担的后果 of no/little consequence (to sb.) = of no/little importance (to sb)：无关紧要；不重要 【Instant practice】 I missed the train and consequently was late for work. 我没有赶上火车，结果上班迟到了。 My car broke down and consequently I was late. 我的汽车坏了，结果我迟

9、到了 It was raining heavily; consequently, I was late. 天下着大雨，所以我迟到了 The bank refused to help the company; consequently, it went bankrupt. 银行拒绝资助这家公司，因此该公司破产了。 The company went bankrupt. Consequently, he lost his job. 公司破产，因此他失业了。 The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) 中世纪(公元5世纪到15世纪) During the

10、Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. 在中世纪,画家的主要任务是把宗教的主 题表现出来。 3. aim 3. aim n.c目的，目标；u瞄准； v. 目的是，旨在；瞄准 【Word transformation】 adj. aimless 无目的的，无目标的 adv. aimlessly n. aimlessness 【Brief summary】 with the aim of：目的是；为了 without aim = aimless：漫无目的 achieve ones aim：达到

11、目标 aim at (doing) sth.：目的是：目的是；旨在；旨在；致；致 力于力于；瞄准；瞄准/对准对准 be aimed at：目的是：目的是；旨在；旨在 aim to do sth.：旨在做某事；立志做某事：旨在做某事；立志做某事 take aim at sb./sth.：把目标对准；把批评 的矛头指向；针对；瞄准 aim sth. at sb.：针对；对象是 aim for sth.：致力于；瞄准/对准 【Instant practice】 1. Lucy went to London with the aim of finding a job. Lucy去伦敦是为了找工作 2.

12、 One of Janes aims in life is to earn a great deal of money. Jane的人生目标之一是赚一大笔钱 3. After years of hard working, he finally achieved his aim (in life).经过多年的努力工作，他终于实现了 自己的（人生）目标 4. The program is aimed at teenage audience.这个节 目的对象是十几岁的观众 5. The government is aiming at a 50% reduction in unemployment.政

13、府正在力图减少50%的事业人 数。 A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. 一个传统的艺术家无意于 如实地展现自然和人物。 4. conventional 4. conventional adj. 传统的，习惯的； 依照惯例/遵循习俗的，墨守成规的，普通 平凡的； （武器）常规的，非核的。 （opp. unconventional） 【Word transformation】 n. convention c/u习俗，惯例，常

14、规；（文学、艺术的） 传统手法，传统风格 c（国家或首脑见的）公约，协议，协定； （某职业、政党的）大会，集会 （syn同义词: conference） adv. conventionally n. conventionality 【Instant practice】 She is very conventional in her views. 她的观点很保守/守旧 Lucy is always conventionally dressed. Lucy的衣着总是很传统/保守. In the conventional sense, this is not art. 从传统意义上来说，这不是艺术。

15、 A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. 这个时期这个时期的典型典型的 绘画充满了宗教的宗教的(象象)特征特征,体现出了对上帝 的爱戴与敬重。 5. typical 5. typical adj. 典型的，有代表性的 （syn: representative; opp: atypical）； 一贯的，平常的 特有的，不出所料的。 【Word transformation】 adv. typically 通常

16、，一般 v. typify 作为的典型，是的典范，成为 的特征 type n. 类型，种类；典型 v. 分类，测定的类型；打字，打印 【Brief summary】 typical of sb./sth.：典型的，特有的 It is typical of sb./sth. to do sth 做是sb./sth.的特征 【Instant practice】 1. This is a typical example of Impressionist painting. 2. This wine is typical of the region. 3. It is typical of Tom t

17、o take hard jobs. 4. It is typical of Lucy to forget bringing her bag to school. 5. The weather at the moment is not typical for November. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.但是,很

18、显然很显然到了13世纪 时,观念发生变化,像乔托这样的画家开始以以 一种比较现实的方式一种比较现实的方式来画宗教场景。 6. evident 6. evident adj. 清楚的，明白的，显而易见的，显然的。 （syn: clear, obvious） 【Word transformation】 adv. evidently 明显地，显然地 （syn: clearly, obviously）；据说 evidence n. 根据，证明，证据 v. 证明，表明，作为的证据 【Brief summary】 It is evident (to sb.) that：（就某人看来）显 然 be evid

19、ent in/from ：显然表明 evidence of/for ; evidence that ：证据表 明 in evidence：显眼，显而易见 It is evident that smoking is harmful to health. It is evident to me that Lucy is well prepared for this class. The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) 文艺复兴时期( 15世纪到16世纪) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values graduall

20、y replaced those held in the Middle Ages. 在文艺复兴文艺复兴时期,新的思想和 价值观价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。 People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. 人们开始较少关关 注注宗教主题而采取一种更人性化的生活态生活态 度度。 7. adopt 收养，领养；采用 【Word transformation】 n. adoption 收养，领养；采用（想法、计划、 名字等）；选定，推举（候选人

21、） n. adopter adoptee interviewer-interviewee adj. adopted 收养的，领养的；移居的 adj. adoptive 收养的，有收养关系的有收养关系的 1. Many childless couples choose to adopt children. 2. The factories have adopted the latest modern technology. 3. After going to France, Lucy soon adopted the French way of life. At the same time pa

22、inters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. 同同 时时画家们回到了罗马、希腊的古典艺术理 念上。 They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. 他们力争如实地画出人物和自 然。 Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. 富人们想拥有拥有自己 的艺术品并用来装饰自己

23、的高级宫殿和豪高级宫殿和豪 宅宅 。 9. superb adj. 极佳的，卓越的，质量极高的 【Word transformation】 adv. Superbly 【Brief summary】 super adj. 超级的，顶好的，顶呱呱的 adv. 特别，格外 n. 警官，警长；（大楼）管理人 super- (prefix in adj. adv. and n.) 极极，超，超， 超级超级；上，上，上方上方 【Instant practice】 super-rich superman superglue supercomputer superstructure Superconduct

24、or A super meal A super football player They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.,他们 出价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画像,画自己 的房屋和财物财物,以及他们的活动和成就 8. possession n. u 所有；具有；拥有；占有 c （常用复数possessions）个人财产；私人物品 【Word transformation】 v.

25、 possess 拥有；具有； adj. possessive 占有欲强的，不愿分享的，有占有欲强的，不愿分享的，有 独占欲望的；独占欲望的； 表示所属关系的，所有格的（possessive pronouns物主代词物主代词） （adv. Possessively; n. possessiveness） possessed 着魔的着魔的 n. possessor 所有者，持有人（所有者，持有人（syn: owner） 【Brief summary】 come into possession of：获得 take possession of：拥有；占有 in possession of：拥有；占

26、有 in the possession of sb. = in sb. possession： 为所有 be possessed of sth. ：具有某种品质或特征 like one/a man/a woman possessed：着了魔 似的；拼命地；猛烈地 Be possessive of/about sb./sth.：对：对有独占有独占 欲望的欲望的 能组成类似词组的还有control和 charge take control of：控制；管理 in control of：控制；管理 in the control of：由控制/管理 take charge of：负责 in charg

27、e of：负责 in the charge of：由负责 Instant practice A true friend is the best possession. He gave up possession of the house. She came into possession of the house. He run out of the room like a man possessed. Tom is very possessive about his toys/car. One of the most important discoveries during this per

28、iod was how to draw things in perspective. 在此期间,最重要的发现之一最重要的发现之一就 是如何用透视法用透视法来画出事物。 This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. 这一手法是1428年由马赛其奥第一次 使用的。 10. technique 10. technique n.c技巧，技艺，工艺；u, sing技术，技能。 （also technic） 【Word transformation】 adj. technical 技术的，工艺的；专业的 adv. technically在专业上，在技

29、巧上，在技艺上； n. technicality 技术性细节，诉讼程序性细节 technician 技师，技术员；精于技巧者 When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. 当人 们第一次看到他的画时,还以为是透过透过墙上 的小洞来观看真实的场景,并对对此深信不疑深信不疑。 11. convince v.使确信；使相信；说服。 【Word transformation】 adj. convinced

30、深信的；确信的 convincing令人信服的；有说服力的 （opp: unconvincing） adv. convincingly令人信服地 【Brief summary】 convince sb. to do sth.：说服某人做某事；：说服某人做某事； 使某人信服其应当做某事使某人信服其应当做某事 convince sb. of sth. / convince sb. that ：使：使 某人信服某人信服 Compare：advise，persuade， convince，表示“劝说”。 advise表示“劝告”“规劝”或“建议”某人应该做某事 或如何做，只表示劝说的动作，而不强调结果

31、只表示劝说的动作，而不强调结果。 persuade表示通过劝说而使人愿意采纳某种意见或采取 某个行动，强调已经达到了强调已经达到了“说服说服”、“劝服劝服”的结果的结果 convince表示通过向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证通过向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证 明使某人明使某人“信服信服”、“深信深信”，其语气比persuade强， 强调通过努力，辩论等而最终使对方“心服口服心服口服”。 convince所要求的主语可以是人，也可以是事物主语可以是人，也可以是事物； 而advise和persuade所要求的主语必须是人主语必须是人，不能是事物不能是事物。 体会以下例句： He advised

32、 me to work hard. （他劝告我要努 力学习；劝说的结果未知） He persuaded me to work hard. （他劝服了 我要努力学习；我采取了相应的行动） He convinced me to work hard. （他使我认识 到要努力学习；我不仅采取了行动，并且 从内心信服他的劝告） 【Instant practice】 1. He has been trying to convince me of the importance of learning English 2. We could not convince him of his mistake. 3

33、. We could not convince him that he was wrong. 4. Your argument is too weak to convince me. 5. How can I convince you of my honesty? If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. 如没有发现透视 法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画如此逼真的画。 By coincidence, oil

34、paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. 巧合的是巧合的是这 一时期油画颜料也得到了发展,它使得绘画 的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。 12. coincidence 12. coincidence n. （令人吃惊的）巧合，巧事；并存，同时 存在； （想法、意见等）相同，符合，一致。 【Word transformation】 adj. coincident 同时发生的，同一地方发生 的 coincidental 巧合，碰巧，非

35、计划之中 adv. coincidentally v. coincide 同时发生；相同，相符，极为类 似；相接，相交，同位，重叠 【Brief summary】 by (sheer/pure) coincidence：纯属巧合 It is (not) a coincidence that; = It is (not) coincidental that：（不）是碰巧（不）是碰巧/偶然偶然 coincide with：与：与同时发生同时发生/相交相交/重叠重叠 【Instant practice】 By coincidence, we both decided to go to Guangzh

36、ou to watch the Asian Games during the holiday. My holiday coincides with Lucys. It is purely coincidental that we both chose to call our pets Emma. I think it is not a coincidence that you meet the boy today. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great m

37、asterpieces for which this period is famous. 没有新的颜料和新的(绘画)手法, 我们就不能看到很多使这一时代著名的杰杰 作作。 Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century) 印象派时期( 19世纪后期到20世纪初期) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. 19世纪后期,欧洲 发生了巨大的变化,从以农业为主的社

38、会以农业为主的社会变 成了以工业为主的社会。以工业为主的社会。 a great deal a great deal 许多地；大量地。可当作副词 使用，类似于a lot。 a great deal of许多的；大量的。可当作形 容词使用，一般修饰不可数名词；做主语 时，谓语动词用单数形式。 【Instant practice】 My family means a great deal to me. I am feeling a great deal better now. They spent a great deal of money on books. Our living conditio

39、ns have improved a great deal. English classes have been giving everybody a great deal of pleasure. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. 许多人从从农村迁入到迁入到新城市。 There were many new inventions and social changes. 有着许多新发明,还有许多社会变 革。 Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styl

40、es. 这些变革也自然而然地促成促成 了新的绘画风格。 Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris. 在那些突破突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工 作 在 法 国 巴 黎 的 印 象 派 画 家 。 The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. 印象派画家是第一批室外写第一批室外写 景的画家景的画家。 They w

41、ere eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. 他们急切地想把一天中不同时间投射到 物体上的光线和阴影呈现出来。 However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. 然而由于自然光的 变化很快,印象派画家们必须很快地作画 Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters

42、. 因此,他们的画就不像以前那些画家们的画 那样细致了。 At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. 起初,许多人都不喜欢这 种画法,甚至还怒不可遏。 They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.他们说这些画家作画时漫 不经心、粗枝大叶,而他们的作品更是荒谬可笑。 Modern Art (20th century to today) 现代艺术(20世纪至今)

43、 At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call modern art.在印象派作品的创建初期,它们是 存在着争议的,但是如今己被人们接受而成为 现在我们所说的“现代艺术”的始祖了。 This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new wa

44、ys. 这是因为印象派鼓励画家用一种崭新的视角用一种崭新的视角看 待他们的环境。 There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. 如今,现代艺术 风格有好几十种,然而如果没有印象派,那么 这许多不同的风格就不可能存在。 scores of scores of 许多的；大量的。用于修饰复数名 词。 score n.c 得分，比分；分数，成绩； （约）二十个； v. （游戏、比赛或考试中）得分；记 分；评分。 s

45、core意为“二十”， 用法同hundred、thousand。 即与数词连用时，表示确切的数目“二十 的倍”，其后不可加s； scores of； 注意：score后面一般要接介词of，而如果 名词是表示时间的词（如：year）时，常常 会省略of。 Italy won the soccer game by a score of 4 to 1. He has an IQ score of 140. The final score of the soccer match was 4 to 1 for Italy. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the o