英语语言教学

1、English Language Teaching Assessment 30% classroom participation (presentation) 70% final exam (take-home exam?) The Early Years A brief history of Britain before the end of the 16th century - The early settlers and the Celts -The Roman invasion used for chemistry The Early Settlers and the Celts- T

2、he Prehistoric Period The Celts came to Britain in about 700 B.C. in three waves. -The Gaels (600 B.C.) -The Brythons (400 B.C.), whose name is believed to be the origin of Britain -The Belgae (150 B.C.) The Celtic tribes are the ancestors of the inhabitants in Scottish Highlands, Ireland and Wales.

3、 Their languages are the basis of both Gaelic (盖尔语, still used in parts of Scottish Highlands ) and Welsh (still used in Wales).-no written language The Roman Invasion and Conquest- The Roman Period (55B.C.- 410A.D.) Between 55B.C. and 54 B.C., Britain was invaded by the Roman general Julius Caesar.

4、 In 43 A.D. , Roman troops of 40,000 men led by the Emperor Claudius conquered and occupied England and Wales for about 400 years. The Roman troops met strong resistance in Scotland. A stone fortification was built by the Romans along the England-Scotland boundary to prevent military raids from Scot

5、land. It is the Hadrians Wall (哈德良长城). In 410, an appeal to Rome for military aid was refused, and Roman officials subsequently were withdrawn. The Anglo-Saxon Invasion - The Anglo-Saxon Period (449A.D.- 1066A.D.) A new wave of invaders (three Germanic tribes, the Jutes,the Saxons and the Angles) ca

6、me to Britain. In the mid-5th century , the Jutes (believed to have come from Jutland in modern Denmark) invaded Britain. Ironically, the first Jutes were invited by a British king to defend his kingdom against Scots. It is believed that the Jutes settled particularly in Kent and the Isle of Wight (

7、A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449 A.D.) . The Anglo-Saxon Invasion - The Anglo-Saxon Period (449A.D.-1066A.D.) The Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th ce

8、ntury. In the 2nd half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany, settled in East Anglia, Mercia (which covered the Midlands and the Welsh borders) and Northumbria, which stretched to the Scottish border. The land where the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles settled became the count

9、ry of England. The three tribes spoke a language which we call Old English. The Anglo-Saxon Invasion - The Anglo-Saxon Period (449A.D.-1066A.D.) Of the three Germanic tribes, the Angles is the largest. Later, Britain was named England after the Angles. - The word England comes from the word Engla-la

10、nd in Old English (which means land of the Angles, 即盎 格鲁人的国土). - The word English is spelled as Englisc in Old English, which means the language of the Angles. The Norman Conquest and the Middle Ages - (1066 -1485 ) The Battle of Hastings The battel took place on October 14th, 1066. The English army

11、 was led by King Harold II, and the the French army was led by William II, the Duke of Normandy Harold and William both claimed to be the King of England. When William hear the news of Harolds coronation(加冕), he took it as a declaration of war, because the former king of England Edward had promised

12、verbally the crown to him but decided on his deathbed to give it to Harold. - The Norman Conquest and the Middle Ages - (1066 -1485 ) On October 14th, 1066, the two armies met 9 mile from Hastings. Harolds army were made up of gentemen of the countryside, half-armed and had no previous experience of

13、 fighting against cavalry. Williams forces were finest fighting horsemen. Harold was killed by an arrow shot through his right eye and William entered London. On the Christmas Day of 1066, he was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey. The Norman Conquest and the Middle Ages - (1066 -1485 ) Th

14、e influence of the Norman Conquest - The Norman aristocrasy ruled a largely Saxon and English-speaking population and set up feudalism in England. - Relations with the Continent were opened and rivalry betwen England and France started - Architeture: castles, churches and famous landmarks - French b

15、ecame the official language until the 14th century * 28% of English words come from French (All the blue are from French!) The Norman Conquest and the Middle Ages - (1066 -1485 ) Linguistic influence of the Norman Conquest - Since the French-speaking Normans were the ruling class, French was used fo

16、r all state affairs, and for most social and cultural matters. - The masses continued to speak English. The emergence of double-manuals: the end of the 15th century Humble Beginnings: The Double-manuals in England The emergence of double-manuals: the end of the 15th century The emergence of double-m

17、anuals in England - There are signs of an interest in learning English among members of the mercantile community on the other side of the channel. - Double-manuals aiming to teach English to French-speakers as well as the other way round started to appear at the end of the 15 century. -The customers

18、 include merchants using French as a lingua franca as well as native French speakers. (Perhaps they found the French of their English counterparts difficult to understand at times and decided to learn English themselves. They recognized the old truth that even a smattering of your clients mother ton

19、gue works wonders in business.) The First Double-manual in England Printed in Westminster in about 1483 Prepared by William Caxton A short book of dialogues and other texts The title page of the book has been lost,but it is known by its sub- heading: - Tres bonne doctrine pour aprendre briefment fra

20、nsoys et engloys - Right good lernyng for to lerne shortly frenssh and englyssh Bilingual (French & English) Severely practical in its aims and contains no linguistic information about either French or English The First Double-manual in England Opens with a set of customary greetings Syre, god you k

21、epe!. I haue not seen you in long tyme. . Syre, gramercy(多谢！) of your courtoys (courteous) wordes and of your good wyll. Moves on to very simple texts designed to introduce useful vocabulary for household equipment (ketellis, pannes, basyns), servants, family relationships, etc. A shopping dialogue

22、with lists of words for meat, birds, fish, fruit, herbs, etc. and a very detailed dialogue on the buying and selling of textiles of various kinds, mainly wool but also hides, skins and other materials An alphabetically arranged series of vignette portraits, mainly of tradespeople, such as Agnes our

23、maid, Colard the goldsmyth, David the bridelmaker, George the booke sellar, etc. The First Double-manual in England After a dialogue about finding and paying lodgings, the book ends with a short prayer that it will enlighen the hearts of its readers. The dialogues and texts are laid out in columns o

24、f French and English. Another Double-manual in England Printed also in Westminster in about 1498 Produced by Wynken de Worde, Caxtons assistant A Lytell treatyse for to lerne Englisshe and Frensshe Bilingual (English & French) The text is laid out in alternating lines of English and French rather th

25、an in columns Polyglot Dictionaries and Phrasebooks There were other signs of a growing interest in learnign English in the early 16th century The polyglot dictionaries and phrasebooks, which were a popular device for acquiring a survival knowledge of foreign languages in Renaissance times, began to

26、 include Englishalongside the more widely-known languages like French, Italian and Latin. The earliest: a seven-language dictionary published in 1540 in Antwerp (in Belgium), a busy multilingual meeting-place of north European cloth merchants in the 16th century: Latin, French, Dutch, Italian, Spani

27、sh, High-Dutch(modern German) and English -Low Dutch= modern Dutch or Flemish(佛兰德语) Humble Beginnings: Double-manuals on the Continent Double-manuals originating on the continent are perhaps a rather better guide to the demand for English as a foreign language than those produced in England. Gabriel

28、 Meurier, who made a living as a language teacher and was the first teacher of English as a foreign language we know by name A Treatise for to Learn to Speak French and English, published in Antwerp in 1553 The title-page includes the further information that the book contains:a from for making letters, indentures (契约；合同), obligations, quittances (免除；赦免), letters of exchange, very necessary for all Merchants that do occupy trade of merchandise. Characteristics of the Double-manuals The language teaching materials relied mainly on