英语写作语言技巧精编版

1、 写作基本原则 5C 5C原则原则 Correct(正确) Clear(清晰) Concise(简洁) a route which connects/connecting. material which is capable of./material capapble of . Completion(完整) Consistency(一致性)-一段话讲一个意思一段话讲一个意思 lTitle(标题) lAbstract(摘要) l Keywords(关键词) lIntroduction(引言) lMethod(方法) lResults(结果) lDiscussion(讨论) lConclusion

2、(结论) lAcknowledgement(致谢) lReference(参考文献) lAppendix(附录) Title，Abstract和Introduction部分往往 是被评阅者读得最多的，评阅者会根据这些 内容产生对文章的第一印象。 一篇论文赢得评阅者的多 少好印象，在很 大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和 Introduction 写得好坏。 标题 Title 基本要求：精准(Accuracy)，简洁(Brevity)， 清晰(Clarity) 英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为8 12个单词左右。 Title往往由名词性短语构成名词性短语构成，如果出现动词， 多为动

3、名词或分词形式。 内容层次很多的情况下，可采用主副标题相结 合的形式；应将应将核心内容的主题词核心内容的主题词放放在提名前 面的位置。 Eg: An effective statistical approach to 名词特点 1. 名词有单复数之分，英汉互译时候应注 意/和冠词连用 A. The local government is trying to stop the flood of refugees(难民) out of Haiti into Florida。 B. A host of problems facing many people today are related to

4、the housing. 做主语和宾语，做一个词组的关键词做主语和宾语，做一个词组的关键词 需要许多与生产(manufacturing)无关的加 工过程和辅助(auxiliary)设备 .require many processing steps and auxiliary facilities not generally associated with/unrelated to manufacturing. 名词特点三名词特点三：其修饰词语一般都在名词之后，在中文里如 果一个关键名词修饰词单位有很多，翻译时应和英文相反 1. 过去十年所出现的世界资本市场的全球化。 The globaliza

5、tion of the worlds capital market which has arisen over the past decade 2. 现如今从事写作的青年男女 The young man or woman writing/the young man or woman writing today. 3. 物体的几何(geometry)形状，加上特定的 加工(manufacturing)过程所带来的限制，在 解决以上问题中其重要作用 The geometryThe geometry of the object, coupled coupled withwith the restri

6、ctionthe restriction brought by the particular manufacturing process, play play a vital role ina vital role in determining the answer to these questions above./solving these questions above. 摘要 Abstract 简洁而充分地表述文章的核心思想。针对什么问 题，采用什么方法，得到什么结果。 使用简短而简单的句子，逻辑严密，使用指示性 词语，如We suggest that,We found that. 尽

7、量要避免出现数学公式、引用文献和一些特殊 符号等。 注意从句的使用，和被动语态的使用。 摘要的基本结构 This article aims to./This article focuses on the .(目的) By .（方法） are finally established.（结果与 简短讨论） The results effectively solve the/The solutions are important to.（结论） This investigation/experiment was was performedperformed/conducted/administere

8、d/conducted/administered to to see 表示研究目 的 The experiment The experiment performed/conductedperformed/conducted confirms confirms that.that. It was hypothesized that It was hypothesized that 表示假设 The results showed that 表示实验结果 The data suggests that表示调查数据与结果 摘要撰写的主要问题 撰写的篇幅过长，伴随很多冗余的描述性 语句 Eg：We fin

9、d the pollutant sources, get the environmental qualitys evolution pattern and know some ways to reduce pollutant sources. And finally we hope that it could be used to keep the pollution trend within limits. Revised VersionRevised Version: With the pollutant sources being found, the evolution pattern

10、 of the environmental quality and the ways of the reduction of pollution are finally obtained, which might limit the pollution trend. 我们有决心，有信心，通过深化改革、扩大我们有决心，有信心，通过深化改革、扩大 开放，开放，变压力为动力，变压力为动力，迎接加入世贸组织迎接加入世贸组织带带 来来的挑战，促进国民经济不断取得新的发展。的挑战，促进国民经济不断取得新的发展。 We have the determination and We have the deter

11、mination and confidence that through the deepening confidence that through the deepening of reform and opening wider to the of reform and opening wider to the outside world, we can turn pressure outside world, we can turn pressure into motive force to take the into motive force to take the challenge

12、s challenges arisen from our accession to our accession to the WTO and enable the national economy the WTO and enable the national economy to achieve new progress to achieve new progress on a continuous on a continuous basis.basis. With With confidence and determination, and through further reform a

13、nd opening wider to the outside world, wewe will respond positively to the pressure upon us, meeting challenges arising from Chinas accession to the WTO, and pushing forwardpushing forward the development of our national economy. 引言Introduction Outline the strengths and limitations of the study; Dis

14、cuss the relevance to current literature; Outline your implications with a clear So what? and Where now? 语言技巧 (1)注意句子上下连贯，不能让句子独立。常见的连接词有，However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, para

15、llel results parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思 明确。 (2) 注意段落布局的整体逻辑：经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。 这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论 几个部份Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem to be addressed. The first question involvesThe

16、second problem relates toThe third aspect deals with 清晰地把观点逐层叙述。也可以直接用First, Second, Third, Finally当然，Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。 （3）引言部分最后的圆场：在前言的最后， 还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研 究有什么帮助”；或者说further studies onwill be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。总之，其目的就 是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上 来。尽量减少不必要的争论(ar

17、guments)。 （4）讨论文章的不足之处，既不要刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，也不 要过分谦虚。研究的问题有点片面，讨论时可以说， It should be notedIt should be noted(notice) that this study has examined only We concentrate (focus) on concentrate (focus) on only We have to point out that we do not.=It must be =It must be pointed out that.pointed out that. Some limi

18、tations of this study are 结论有所不足： Notwithstanding Notwithstanding its limitation(Despite/In spite of its limitation, ), this study does suggest NotwithstandingNotwithstanding用法用法 NotwithstandingNotwithstanding the heat of the sun we must go out. 虽然有些重大的经费问题，这所学校一年来还是很成功虽然有些重大的经费问题，这所学校一年来还是很成功 Notwi

19、thstandingNotwithstanding some major financial problems, the school has had a successful year. In spite of the fact that there are some major financial problems,. 句子长度 1. 句子长度尽量的短-技术性很强的句子长度应在25个 子之内 2. 科技论文表示时候，从属信息最好用介词，分词，不 定式引导，少用定语从句引导。 A. The problem under discussion (which is being discussed)

20、. B.radiant energy, similar in nature to light.(radiant energy which is similar.) C. The absorption and emission polarization properties of InAs quantum rods embedded in(which rods embedded in(which are embedded in) are embedded in) InP nanowires (NWs) are investigated by mean of . Music videos are

21、shown on MTV. They usually show images that represent the lyrics of a song. They also graphically illustrate the singers message Revised:Revised: music videos shown on MTV usually show images that represent the lyrics of a song, graphically illustrating the singers message 学术论文中的语言 人称代词问题：尽量避免人称代词的使

22、用， 人称代词过多显示了研究的主观性。 人称代词使用人称代词使用we, we, -I, my, you, ourI, my, you, our问问 题题 We believe, we can infer, we conclude, we recommend, 示例：示例： We believe that We believe that the results reflect the RevisedRevised: the results reflect the Our results Our results show. RevisedRevised: the results show In m

23、y opinion, the research results reflect Revised:Revised: the research results reflect 避免使用you It is important that examor you should examine Revised:Revised: examine 形容词等修饰词语问题 正式写作中要避免正式写作中要避免a lot,a lot, many,many, many many kinds of, all kinds ofkinds of, all kinds of 改为改为several, various, numero

24、usseveral, various, numerous There are many different reasons. Revised: there are numerous reasons. 国内外许多研究者们： Numerous researchers at home and abroad. 2. 2. Not much-littleNot much-little The students did not have much difficulty with the assignment. Revised:Revised: the students had little difficu

25、lty Not much research has focused on Revised: L Little researchittle research at home and abroad has focused on 3. not many-few 3. not many-few Few researchers at home and abroad have focused on_ 修饰程度的副词使用问题 副词在句子中，表示程度大小问题 A. stubbornly A. stubbornly high unemployment rate. B. .be distinctivelydist

26、inctively different from.截然不同 C. violently agitated(excited) 3. 3. Veryhighly, extremely, rather, Veryhighly, extremely, rather, quitequite, , significantlysignificantly A. A. 数据在实验过程中变化不大数据在实验过程中变化不大 The data did not The data did not alter significantlyalter significantly during the during the expr

27、iement.expriement. B. American English B. American English is significantly differentis significantly different from British Englishfrom British English C. Eating a good diet C. Eating a good diet significantly lessensignificantly lessens the s the risk of heart disease.risk of heart disease. D. D.

28、大多数人都能说，但能写的人就少多了大多数人都能说，但能写的人就少多了 Most people have speech, but Most people have speech, but significantly fewer significantly fewer have writinghave writing rapid/rapidly迅速的，飞快的，险峻的 steady/steadily稳固的，坚定不移的 gradual/gradually渐进的，逐渐的 slight/slightly轻微的、略微地 stable/stably稳定的 巨大地：dramatically(Dramatic c

29、hanges about_ have taken place over the past few decades.), substantially (make substantial progress) 描述科研成果的形容词 下面列举常用来描述的研究的正式形容词 Positive work: important, innovative, significant, careful, unusual, impressive, remarkable, fruitful, Neutral or average work： explorative(The explorative study 探 索性研究

30、), preliminary（初步的）, modest, accurate, simple Poor work: flawed, unsatisfactory, restricted, thin 正式文体中的动词 正式动词正式动词 Happen-occur,Happen-occur, /has happened-has /has happened-has occurred.occurred.-occur -occur 主语一般都是事情主语一般都是事情 1. A good idea occurs to me.1. A good idea occurs to me. 2. What occurre

31、d in the computer simulation is related to. 3. It never occurred to researchers at home and abroad that.-文献综述之后 用之 4. A defining event actually occurred three years before the century began. 5. Yet another defining/remarkable event of the century came/occurred in 2009. produce-ariseproduce-arise The

32、 problem arising from(which arises) the experiment is related to. 当系统不能充分发挥作用时，就会出现问题。 Problems arise when the system is not functioning adequately. Getreceive, obtainGetreceive, obtain 计算机模拟计算中所得到的数据足以表面。 The data obtained from the computer simulation are good evidences that.(所得 到的数据足以表面。) 越来越多证据表明

33、： The evidence is rapidly mounting thatThe evidence is rapidly mounting that the second style is more productive than the first one. serve as/serve for/serve to do:serve as/serve for/serve to do:作为，用作；作为，用作； 充当；充当； 起作用；起作用； 用作用作 A. Studies serve for delight, for ornament(decoration), and for ability

34、. B. .serves directly to assist.(直接有助 于) C. Such stories serve as serve as a spur to childrens imagination. act as act as 担当担当， 起起的作用；的作用； 充充 A. Financial institutions act as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. B. A newly-devised microcomputer can act as a guide to a blind person 表达作者观点的用词

35、： The researchers argue/contend/maintain/believe/claim/(bu t the author does not totally agree: the author is not convinced) The researchers implied(suggests something without saying it directly)that 作者总结性表述方式作者总结性表述方式： The researchers suggest/point out/note/stress/emphasize/add/begins b y / b e g i

36、 n s w i t h / c o n c l u d e s by/concludes that You can tell that he is extremely embarrassed, Mr Brigden added Mr Brigden added. . 正式使用正式使用thatthat 正式写作中进行比较时：that of/those of Informal: the tensile strength of aluminum is lower than zines. Formal: the tensile strength of aluminum is lower than t

37、hat of zine. Other conventionsOther conventions British PhrasesBritish Phrases American phrasesAmerican phrases Shall will Owing to due to As per your requestAs per your request / Based on your request, or As you request(根据) 等等；用法 避免使用etc. 和and so forth These special tax laws have been enacted in si

38、x states: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, etc. Revised: enacted in six states, including , and 科技论文中常用缩略词语科技论文中常用缩略词语 Cf-compare The evidence clearly indicates that (cfcf Jones 2006, who advances.). e.g. -for example Small animals (e.g., rabbits, gerbils) were used in this study. i.e.i.e.-that is to say Et al

39、.all other authors Smith et al. (use only when there are 3 or more authors) qtd in-as quoted in (qtd in.). Vs. or vversus/as compared toas opposed to The ratio of X vs. Y is Ibid.(ibidem), 同前，如上 Two weeks prior to a written set sail position, the program ibid. 开船前两周书面定仓，程序同上 Apply the basic conditio

40、ns Ibid 申请基本 条件同上。 标点符号使用 1. use of comma A. 一系列事物之间逗号（comma within a series of items） Research in this area has provided scientists with the opportunity to understand the impact of., made over time, and, and . 2. 转折词前后(transition words) The test was valid; however, the results were questionable. Th

41、e test was valid. However, the The test was valid. The results, however, were questionable. Numerous experiments were conducted. The results, however, were inconclusive.-工 科和自然科学常用之 C. 介绍性转折词前后（introductory transitions） The tests, regrettably, were flawed. Bacteria were found in 10%, 21%, and 5% of

42、the animals in Group 1, 2,and 3, respectively. D. 并列连词前后(coordinate conjunctions) Testing will be conducted, and the data will be compared to the previous results. E. 从属连词的逗号使用(subordinate conjunctions) Although numerous tests were conducted, the results were inconclusive. The results were inconclus

43、ive even though numerous tests were conducted. 逗号、句号与双引号（comma, period, quotation marks） In academic writing, 逗号和句号应该在双 引号之内；而在英国英语里，在双引号之外。 在双引号之前，如果作者说明引用的出处，需 要在双引号开始之前加逗号； 但是如果引用形成连贯的句子，在双引号之前 就不需要加逗号了 An article, “Effects of Trypsin on Neonates,” recently appeared in the Journal of Clinical Mic

44、robiology The authors conclude that there is “evidence that the limiting diameter lies between 18 and 20 angstroms in these cell.” 句中间断（interruptions in the text） 在句中插入副词短语时，插入语的前后都要加 逗号 Psychological biases have, by and large, led theorists to ignore the concrete interactions that constitute litera

45、cy practices. 非限定定语从句 Updated progress reports, which describe work in progress, will be submitted monthly. 日期，地址，学位，头衔和书信中的标点符号 Dates 需要加逗号的地方包括 在date 和year 之间 在week和date之间 在year 之后 On Friday, June 11, 2012 In July 2012 May 5 before the fall 2012 (Holt, 2010;Zhang, 2012; Wong and Fillmore, 2009). D

46、ocumentation of direct quotes, “Practical implications must remain tenuous at best.”(Larson, 2000, p.55) Addresses: Put comma after each element/phrase in an address His university is Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, P.R. China. Names and titles: Bin Xiong, Ph.D., received her degree in June 2011. Openi

47、ngs of letters or email Dear Sue, (friendly letter, informal) Dear Ms. Holt: (formal letter, use colon instead of comma) sincerely, Best wishes, Best regards, Sincerely yours, 分号的使用（use of semicolon） 分好用于分割地位平等的独立子句。在很多情 况下，分号的使用比句号更显子句之间紧密联 系 The demand for recycled products has dramatically increa

48、sed; the supply has not. The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea. The essay is poorly organized;/: thereorganized;/: there is no central idea. 冒号使用（use of colons） 1. 列举 If you encounter a problem, you can do one of the following: The major conclusions that emerge from this study incl

49、ude the following: Two primary models are being used. A comparison of those two models did not indicate. Data were not available for 2. 正式引用之前（before a quotation） The professor said: “.” 在数字和图片标题之间 Figure 3: Processing time for methods A and B. Its 与its Its在专业论文里不可以出现，应该it is It is necessary to poin

50、t out that. Its data suggest that 标点符号 英文中没有顿号英文中没有顿号(、)和书名号和书名号(); 标点符号用法举例: The complex consists of three conformable, well- layered units of gabbro, diorite and granodiorite and granophyre. 这个“units”是由“(1) gabbro, (2) diorite, (3) granodiorite and granophyre”组成的？还是由“(1) gabbro, (2) diorite and gr

51、anodiorite, (3) granophyre”组 成的？含义不清 标点符号 连字符或连接号连字符或连接号 (- hyphen)：约为半个英文字母的 宽度； 短破折号短破折号( en破折号)：相当于英文大写字母“N” 的宽度, 约为连字符长度的2倍; 长破折号长破折号( em破折号)：相当于英文大写字母“M” 的宽度, 约为en破折号长度的2倍； 连字符主要起连接作用连字符主要起连接作用, 破折号则主要起分隔作用破折号则主要起分隔作用 段落排列 1. 写好论文的标准 1.1.统一性-unity 一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由 主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达 1.2. 完整性co

52、mpleteness 主题句-若干个拓展句 A. Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression. B. It is not always true that a good a good picture is wo

53、rth a thousand words.picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it. Revised: It is not always true that a a good picture is worth a thousand wordsgood pi

54、cture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can not swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning , or start screaming “Help”? 2.段落中句子的排列 A. 按时间先后排列 We had a number of close calls that d

55、ay. When we rose,.-closing at nine oclock-close to noonby 9 pm. B. 按位置远近排列 From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from faraway. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that C. 按逻辑关系排列 1. 按重要性排列 If you work as a soda jerker, you w