专题16 形容词和副词（解析版）

1、 巅峰冲刺江苏省2020年高考英语一轮考点扫描专题16 形容词和副词1、 【知识精讲】（一）形容词1. 作定语形容词作定语时一般放在它所修饰词的前面。There was a long queue for coffee at the interval. 休息时人们排长队喝咖啡。【归纳拓展】在下列情况下,形容词要放在被修饰词的后面。（1）形容词作定语修饰somebody, something, anything,everything, nothing, anyone, anything, nobody等复合代词时,需后置。Is there anything wrong with your car?

2、 你的汽车出什么毛病了吗？（2）以able或ible结尾的形容词可置于由形容词的最高级或all, every, only等词修饰的名词后面。This is the best computer available. 这是现在可用的最好的一台电脑。（3）表语形容词(如：alive活着的,awake醒着的,alike相似的)作定语,一般要后置。He is the most famous scientist alive in the world.他是当今世界上活着的最著名的科学家。（4）形容词与介词短语、动词不定式或其他附加词连用作定语时,需放在所修饰词之后,作后置定语。He is one of th

3、e leading members responsible for the work. 他是负责这项工作的领导之一。English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门易学而难精通的语言。（5）表示计量(长、宽、高、深)及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。这类词有：deep(深的),long(长的),wide(宽的),tall(高的)。Please fetch me a rope ten metres long. 请给我拿来一条10米长的绳子。（6）两个表示相对或相反意义的形容词连用作定语时,需放在所修饰词之后,

4、作后置定语。All countries, big and small, should be equal. 不论大小国家都应一律平等。（7）作前置定语和后置定语意义不同的形容词,如present, concerned, involved等。The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as the present one. (现在的)The number of people present at the concert was much smaller than expected.

5、(出席)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live. (关心的)All parties concerned should attend the discussion. (有关的)There are a small number of people involved. (参与的)It is an involved (complicated) sentence. (复杂的)2. 作表语（1）某些以a开头的形容词(afraid害怕的,alive活着的,ashamed羞愧的,awake醒着的,awar

6、e意识到的)通常作表语,有些不能用very修饰。People are now aware that helping others is helping themselves. 人们现在意识到帮助别人就是帮助自己。（2）某些表示健康的形容词(fine 健康的,ill有病的,poorly健康欠佳的,well身体健康的) 通常作表语。He was ill and couldnt come. 他病了,不能来。注意：ill作定语,表示“不好的”,如 ill luck厄运；have an ill effect on对有不好的影响。（3） ed形容词与ing形容词。ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态,意为“感到

7、的”。ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征,意为“令人的”。amazed感到惊奇的amazing令人惊奇的；embarrassed感到窘迫的embarrassing令人窘迫的；interested感兴趣的interesting令人感兴趣的；pleased感到高兴的 pleasing令人高兴的；tired感到疲倦的tiring令人疲倦的；satisfied感到满意的satisfying令人满意的 （4） be动词和连系动词(appear, seem, look, taste, sound, feel, smell, become, come, fall, get, go, grow, turn,

8、run, turn out, keep, remain, stay, stand, prove)后常接形容词,作表语。She stepped a little back, appearing surprised. 她往后退了一点,好像很吃惊。（5）常见的形容词作表语的句型 It is/was形容词of/for名词/代词不定式Its foolish of me to make such a mistake. 犯这样的错误,我真是太傻了。 形容词不定式,不定式表示原因或结果。常用于这种句型的形容词有：able, sure, lucky, ready, happy, likely等。Studies

9、show that people are more likely to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours. 研究表明,如果人们总是坐在电脑屏幕面前很长时间会有背部的问题。3. 作宾语补足语形容词作宾语补足语,常用于“动词it形容词不定式”结构,常见的动词有：make, keep, leave(表示“使,使处于状态”), consider, think, find, cut, set。The guard brought out his knife and cut

10、one boot open. 士兵把刀拿出来,把一只长筒靴切开。4. 作状语形容词作状语表示伴随、结果、时间、条件,并不表示动作的方式。After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired. (伴随状语)长途旅行后,他们三人回家了,又累又饿。Ripe, these apples are sweet. (表示时间/条件) 熟了的时候这种苹果很甜。5. 易混形容词的用法辨析（1）pleased, pleasing与pleasant pleased一般用作表语,表示“(感到)满意、高兴”,后常跟介词wit

11、h。Shes pleased with our programme. 她对我们的节目很满意。 pleasing表示“令人高兴/满意的”,用作表语或定语,修饰物。My sisters progress in dancing is pleasing. 我姐姐在舞蹈方面的进步令人高兴。 pleasant可用作定语或表语,表示“令人愉快的”时,不能修饰人；表示“友好的”时,可修饰人或物。The girl has a pleasant childhood. 这个女孩有一个快乐的童年。（2）living, alive与live living意为“活着的”,可作定语或表语,指人或动植物的生命没有消失,依然存

12、在的状态。He is the greatest living writer in America. 他是当今美国最伟大的作家。 alive意为“活着的,活跃的”,可作表语或后置定语,指生命从奄奄一息到精力旺盛的各种状态。Is that sheep dead or alive? 那只羊是死了还是活着？ live表示“活的；现场直播的”,通常作定语,位于名词之前。The club has live music most nights. 该俱乐部大多数晚上有现场演出的音乐。（2） 副词1. 副词分类副词在句子中主要用作状语,许多副词由“形容词ly”组成,如：carefulcarefully。副词主要

13、分为以下几种：（1）时间副词,如：often, early, usually, tomorrow 等。（2）地点副词,如：here, outside, below, there, abroad, indoors, overseas等。（3）方式副词,如：hard, badly, well, bravely, cleverly, cruelly, foolishly等。（4）程度副词,如：very, fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly等。（5）连接副词,如：therefore, besides, otherwise, h

14、owever, instead, moreover, still, thus, meanwhile等。【归纳拓展】（1）下列单词以ly结尾,但却是形容词而非副词：friendly友好的；lovely可爱的；lively活泼的；lonely孤单的；deadly致命的；orderly有秩序的；manly有男子气概的；daily每日的；weekly每星期的。（2）表示方向和地点的副词(out, in, up, down, here, there等)置于句首,句子要完全倒装。There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。2. 易混同根副词（1）有些与形容词

15、同形的副词表示具体概念,而加ly的副词则往往表示抽象的概念。high高地highly高度地；wide宽地,大大地；widely广泛地；deep深地deeply深深地；close近地closely仔细地,严密地They had to dig very deep in order to find water. 他们必须挖得很深,才能发现水。I am deeply grateful to you. 我非常感谢你。The plane flies high. 飞机飞得很高。They spoke very highly of him. 他们高度称赞他。（2）含义迥然不同的副词late迟；晚lately(同

16、recently)；hard努力地hardly几乎不；just正好；刚才 justly刚正地；near近；临近；在附近nearly几乎；差不多；将近The bus arrived 5 minutes late. 大众汽车晚了五分钟。What have you been doing lately? 最近你在做什么？（3） 形容词/副词的原级、比较级和最高级1. 形容词、副词的原级（1）asadj./adv.原级as. 和一样 not as/soadj./adv.原级as. 不如The old man walks as fast as a young man. 这位老人走路与年轻人一样快。（2）a

17、sadj.原级a/ann.as. 和一样Our neighbour has as big a house as ours. 我们邻居的房子和我们的一样大。（3）asadj.原级as数量词数量词adj.The building is as tall as 100 metres.The building is 100 metres tall. 这栋楼有100米高。【归纳拓展】（1）as. as结构有时并不用来表示两个人或两个物之间的比较,如：as soon as一就；as far as就而言；as long as只要；as well as也（2）cant(can never). tooadj./a

18、dv.原级； cant. enough无论也不为过分You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 你开车时无论怎么小心也不为过。I cannot thank you enough for you great kindness. 我对你的盛情美意感激不尽。2. 形容词、副词的比较级（1）比较级than. 比更This year they have produced less grain than they did last year. 今年他们生产的谷物比去年少。（2）the比较级,the比较级越,越The more learned a man

19、is, the more modest he usually becomes. 一个人越有学问,他就会越谦虚。（3）the比较级of the名词/代词,表示“两者中较的”。Who is the younger of the two boys? 两个男孩中谁较小？（4）比较级and比较级,表示“越来越”。As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of alternative energy. 由于石油和煤都越来越少,科学家正在探索新的方法利用可替代能源。（5）比较级

20、than any other单数名词,表示“比其他任何都”。Li Lei is taller than any other boy in his class. 李雷比他班上其他任何一个男孩都高。(暗指李雷最高)（6）no比较级than和一样不He is no taller than I. 他和我一样矮。比较：He is not taller than I. 他没有我高。(暗指我比他高) 【归纳拓展】（1）no more thanonly只有,仅仅,只不过What he is saying is no more than a joke. 他所讲的只不过是个玩笑而已。（2）not more tha

21、nat the most不超过,至多There are not more than a hundred people in the hall. 大厅里至多100人。（3）no less than不少于,多达He found no less than three books were stolen. 他发现不少于三本书被盗。（4）less than不到；少于The game took her less than an hour to finish. 她用了不到一个小时就结束了这场比赛。（5） more than多于,超过(over,后接数词)；不只是(not only,后接名词、动词或副词)；非

22、常,十分(very,后接形容词、副词、动词或分词)；难以,完全不能(用于more than. can. )Hes more than a coach; hes a friend. 他不只是教练,更是朋友。The job is more than I could do myself. 这工作超出了我力所能及的范围。Lizzie was more than a little sad to see her friend off at the airport.莉齐在机场给朋友送别时有些悲伤。（6）more or less(almost, nearly, about) 基本上,差不多,大约Ive mor

23、e or less finished reading the book. 我差不多已经把这本书全看完了。（7）sooner or later迟早,早晚,总有一天(in time)Sooner or later we will succeed. 我们迟早会成功的。3. 形容词、副词的最高级（1）三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较,用“the最高级名词范围”结构。Racing is the most interesting sport Ive ever known. 赛跑是我知道的最有趣的运动。注意：amostadj.原级,表示“非常”。We heard a most interesting talk

24、 about Japan. 我们听了一个关于日本的非常有趣的谈话。(2) 表示“最之一”,用“one of the形容词最高级名词复数”。Nowadays, cycling is regarded as one of the best allround forms of exercise. 现在骑自行车被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。【归纳拓展】1. 比较级表示最高级含义（1）否定词(no/not/nothing/never)和比较级连用可以表示最高级的含义。Nothing is more valuable than health. 健康最重要。I cant agree more. 我完全同意。

25、（2）比较级thanany other/all the other/anyone(anything) else/any of the other.John is cleverer than all the other children in his class. 约翰比他班上的其他孩子都聪明。Steve really values your friendship more than anything else. 史蒂夫真的把你的友谊看得比其他任何东西都重要。2. 比较级和最高级的修饰词或短语（1）比较级的修饰词或短语。表示“稍稍,一点”的有：a bit, a little, rather, s

26、ome, any 等；表示“得多”的有：much, far, a great/good deal, a lot等；表示“更加”的有：still, even, yet 等。Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more sensitive to emotional and relationship problems. 和姐姐相比,杰里对情感问题和关系问题更敏感。（2）最高级的修饰词或短语。最高级前可用 the very, the second, much the, (by) far the, not quite the, nearly, almost,

27、by no means 等修饰。Hainan is Chinas second largest island. 海南是中国第二大岛。This is quite far the most expensive bicycle in the shop. 这是这家商店里最最贵的自行车。（4） 倍数的几种表达1. be倍数形容词/副词的比较级thanThe hall is five times bigger than our classroom. 这个大厅的面积比我们教室大五倍。2. be倍数as形容词/副词的原级as.Ten years ago the population of our villag

28、e was twice as large as that of theirs. 10年前,我们村人(口)数是他们村的两倍。3. be倍数the名词(size/height/weight/length/width 等)of.The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球的体积是月球的49倍大。4. be倍数what从句The price of the meat is twice what it was last year. 肉价是去年的两倍。5. 倍数as many/much名词asWeve produced twice as much cotton

29、 this year as (we did) ten years ago. 今年我们生产的棉花比十年前多了一倍。He has got three times as many books as his sister. 他拥有的书的数量是他妹妹的三倍。2、 【典例精练】1. Running is cheap, easy and its always (energy).【参考答案】energetic【解析】考查形容词。句意：跑步既便宜又简单,而且让人精力充沛。2. The Central London Railway was one of the most (success) of these ne

30、w lines, and was opened in 1900.【参考答案】successful【解析】考查形容词。句意：伦敦中央铁路是这些新线路中最成功的一条。它于1900年开通。3. According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total (globe) fertilizer consumption.【参考答案】global【解析】考查形容词。句意：根据世界银行的数据,中国大约占全球化肥消费总量的30%。4. Instead, learn to be (satisfy) with what you have and you will be happy.【参考答案】satisfied【解析】考查形容词。句意：相反的是,学会满足于你所拥有的,你就会快乐。5. A taste for meat is (actual) behind the change:an important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.【参考答案】actually【解析】考查副词。句意：这种变化的背后其实是人们对肉类的喜好:玉米的一个重要部分被用来饲养鸡