10立方米太阳能热风干燥箱的设计含开题及13张CAD图
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Study of orange peels dryings kinetics and development of a solardryer by forced convectionRomdhane Ben Slamaa, Michel CombarnousbaHigher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Gabes, Road of Medenine 6029 Gabes, TunisiabUniversity of Bordeaux, Laboratoire TRansferts Ecoulements FLuides Energe tique (TREFLE), ENSAM, 33400 Talence 33405, FranceReceived 22 April 2010; received in revised form 10 November 2010; accepted 2 January 2011Available online 1 February 2011Communicated by: Associate Editor I. FarkasAbstractThe solar drier project aims at using solar energy as heat source, frequent in the area, for the drying of perishable products. Solar drierdoes not degrade any more the dried products with the manner of the products dried at the natural sun. The drying unit is composedmainly of a solar air collector and a drying chamber. The transformation of the solar radiation into heat is done thanks to the solarcollector whose effectiveness is increased by the addition of suitable baffles in the mobile air vein. The efficiency of the collector reachesthen 80%. The hot air on the outlet side of the collector arrives in the drying chamber where the heat transfer with the product to be driedis done by convection. The drying kinetics study shows that in addition to the dependence of the temperature and air velocity of drying,the rate of drying also depends on sectioning on the product to dry, and mainly, of the product surface in contact with the drying air.Thus, the moisture content in wet basis is reduced from 76 to 13% in one day. Then, we obtains dried products in a healthy way, and theso frequent sand wind in the area does not degrade any more the dried products quality at the manner of the products dried with the freeair. The total efficiency of the drier reached 28%.Published by Elsevier Ltd.Keywords: Solar energy; Drying; Orange; Convection; Kinetics; Efficiency1. IntroductionSolar energy is very abundant in Tunisia, particularly inthe south. So, it would be judicious and profitable to use itmore and more in the field of drying (energy safety andenvironment protection).Two types of driers, one direct and the other indirect drierwhichispresentedherewereconceived,carriedoutandtestedat the National School of Engineers of Gabe s, Tunisia, inordertodryagro-alimentaryproductssuchasoforangepeels.The orange peels are interesting for their wealth of vita-min C. The studies showed that they lower the cholesterollevel in the blood. In our area, the south of Tunisia, it iscommon to dry dates, spices, peppers, fish, etc.Previously, a study of the drying kinetics has beencarried out. Tests were carried out in the full heat of thesun at the same time for the indirect and direct drier.The solar types of driers are very varied in the world. Wecan mention among them:? Industrial drier tunnel type with chimney (natural con-vection): the wide surface collecting solar energy makesit possible to collect a thermal energy, from where theindustrial use of this type of driers (Turhan, 2006;Janjaietal.,2008;Ferreiraetal.,2008).Animprovementof them is giving by Sethi et al. (Sethi and Arora, 2009).? Family driers: Direct drier with forced ventilation (Gauhar etal.,1998; Hossain and Bala, 2007; Gbaha et al., 2007). Indirect drier with solar chimney (Hachemi et al.,1998; Pangavhane et al., 2002; Lahsani et al.,2004; Jain, 2005).0038-092X/$ - see front matter Published by Elsevier Ltd.doi:10.1016/j.solener.2011.01.001Corresponding author.E-mail address: BenSlama_Romdhaneyahoo.fr (R.B. Slama)./locate/solenerAvailable online at Solar Energy 85 (2011) 570578 Indirect drier with forced ventilation (Ben Slamaetal.,1996;BenSlamaandBouadallah,1996a,b; Hawlader, 2004; Fadhel et al., 2005;Jamali et al.,2004; Machlouch et al.,2006; Zhiminet al., 2006). Mixed-mode natural convection solar crop-dryer(Forson et al., 2007).The paper of Jairaj (Jaira et al., 2009) is a review ofmany popular varieties of solar dryers.The types of drained products are also varied:? Wood: it is put in a room and receives the hot air of atunnel-greenhouse (Bentaieb et al., 2008). Thanks tothe difference in pressure, the air circulation is ensuredby a chimney.? Lemon, tomato, chilli, peppers, apricot, grape, meat,fish, herbs and spices (Chen et al., 2005; Togrul andPehlivan,2002; Kamil et al.,2006; Janjaia et al., 2008).? Orange peel, object of this study, which concerns thedrying kinetics study and the design of the tested drier.2. Drying kinetics study2.1. ObjectThe drying kinetics curves are the key factor of any prac-tical modelling for a dryer. So, they are present in variousstudies (Ait Mohamed et al., 2008; Hadri et al., 2008) forproducts such as pepper, sardine, banana, wood, carrot, etc.We are interested here in the orange peels and tracedtheir curves of drying kinetics.These curves have been obtained with a drying labora-tory cell, with a controlled procedure for temperature, pres-sure, air flow, moisture and speed of drying.2.2. Results of the drying kineticsThe product dries more quickly at the beginning than atthe end, which is due to the presence of surface water in thefirst case. This speed is the highest since the product is frag-mented (squares of 5 ? 5 mm), thus comprising the highestheat-transferringsurface.Inthesameway,thisrateofdryingis proportional to the temperature of heating (Fig. 1) and tothe air velocity of drying (Fig. 2). The last curve constitutesthe curve characteristic of the orange peel drying.In Fig. 3, on the basis of an initial moisture from 3 to4 kg water/kg DM, according to time, the moisture contentand the rate of drying decrease to be cancelled at the end of12,000 s, approximately 3 h 300, for speeds varying from1.24 to 2.1 m/s at an air drying temperature of 75 ?C.For the curves of drying speed, presented in Fig. 4, weobserve that the curves cross because the more the airvelocity is raised, the faster drying is. Therefore at theend of this time (3 h 30 ), the product is already dry, con-trarily to the cases with lower air velocities which requiremore time of drying. (see Fig. 5).3. Design of the tested drierThe indirect drier design includes three distinct parts:? A solar air collector equipped with baffles (Ben Slama,1987,2007;BenSlamaetal.,1996)dimensions2 m ? 1 m.? F drying enclosure dimensions 70 cm ? 70 cm ? 70 cm.NomenclatureAHtime angle, d?Cspecific heat, Jkg?1K?1DHdiffuse solar radiation incident on the horizontalplane, W m?2D(i)diffuse solar radiation incident on the collector,W m?2GHtotal solar radiation incident on the horizontalplane, W m?2G(i)total solar radiation incident on the collector,W m?2hsolar latitude, d?isolar collector slope, d?IDdirect solar flux, Wm?2Lvlatent heat of vaporization, J kg?1mmass evaporated water, kgQreceived solar energy, kW hQvvolume throughput, m3s?1Ssurface collecting, m2Tiinitial temperature of the product, KTaambient temperature, KW, Xmoisture content of the product, kg/kg DMuangle formed by the normal with the collectorand the incidental solar rays, d?Vair velocity, m/sd(t)declination of the sun, d?/latitude of place, d?aalbe dogefficiencyDT0calculated duration of the day, hIndices:i, ininitialfenduusefulrereceivedeentrysexitR.B. Slama, M. Combarnous/Solar Energy 85 (2011) 570578571? An electric fan, to ensure the forced circulation of thehot air coming from the flat plate solar collector, of50 W (they can be provided by photovoltaic devices).3.1. The solar air collectorThe collector is equipped with baffles which favour theturbulence and thus the heat transfer. The efficiency isincreased as well. (see Fig. 6).Three configurations were used:? Collector with the best baffles appeared in our refer-ences i.e. of the transverse and longitudinal mixedbaffles.? Mixed baffle collector, however, the transverse bafflesare slightly tilted in the direction of the flow to reducethe pressure losses.? Collectorwithoutbafflestobeusedforcomparison.y = 0,013x2+ 0,955x + 0,028R = 0,999y = 0,093x2+ 0,383x + 0,168R = 0,993y = 0,144x2+ 0,004x + 0,128R = 0,99500,511,522,533,544,501234-dX/dt (kg/*kg.h)X (kg eau / kg MS)Temperature = 75 CTemperature = 66 CTemperature = 57 CPoly. (Temperature = 75 C)Poly. (Temperature = 66 C)Poly. (Temperature = 57 C)Fig. 1. Rate of drying function of the moisture content and the air temperature. Air velocity = 2.1 m/s.y = 0,010x2+ 0,963x + 0,024R = 0,999y = 0,010x2+ 0,719x + 0,049R = 0,999y = 0,033x2+ 0,535x + 0,091R = 0,99800,511,522,533,544,500,511,522,533,54dX/dt (kg/kg.h)X (kg water/kg DM)Air velocity = 2.1 m/sAir velocity = 1.5 m/sAir velocity = 1.24 m/sPoly. (Air velocity = 2.1 m/s)Poly. (Air velocity = 1.5 m/s)Poly. (Air velocity = 1.24 m/s)Fig. 2. Rate of drying function of the moisture content and air velocity. Temperature of the air = 75 ?C.572R.B. Slama, M. Combarnous/Solar Energy 85 (2011) 570578The collector has two air ducts:? One is between the glazing and the absorber with thestagnant air there.? The other is between the absorber and the insulatorcomprisingsomebafflesandinwhichtheaircirculates.The baffles are placed on the insulator and/or are fixedat the absorber. (see Fig. 7).3.2. Drying enclosureAt the exit of the collector, the air crosses the dryingchamber and transfers heat to the product to be dried.To allow the air flow, the two shapes of drying chamberare proposed allowing one run out in meander withoutdead zones (see Fig. 8). The drying chamber comprises sev-eral trays. Each one can contain up to three kg of productto dry.Products are disposed on the “trays” inside the drier, insuch a way that the air flow presents some meanders inorder to obtain a relatively high heat transfer.In addition, the flow in the drying enclosure is favoredwhen the flow passes from simple meander to double mean-der. Thus, the air is distributed allowing a more uniformdrying what avoids having still wet zones and others whichare quite burned.The efficiency increases from 20 to 25% especially whenthe loading is maximum (higher than 10 kg). For the lowmasses of product to be dried, the air is not constrainedy = 3,941e-2E-0xR = 0,988y = 3,741e-3E-0xR = 0,988y = 2,84e-2E-0xR = 0,98000,511,522,533,544,50200040006000800010000120001400016000X (kg water / kg MS)Time (s)V = 1,24 m/sV = 2,1 m/sV = 1,5 m/sExpon. (V = 1,24 m/s)Expon. (V = 2,1 m/s)Puissance (V = 1,5 m/s)Fig. 3. Water content function of the time and air velocity. Temperature = 75 ?C.y = 3,880e-3E-0xR = 0,993y = 2,487e-2E-0xR = 0,990y = 2,136e-2E-0xR = 0,99000,511,522,533,544,50300060009000120001500018000-dX/dt (kg/kg.h)Time (s)Air velocity = 2,1 m/sAir velocity = 1,24 m/sAir velocity = 1,5 m/sExpon. (Air velocity = 2,1 m/s)Expon. (Air velocity = 1,24 m/s)Expon. (Air velocity = 1,5 m/s)Fig. 4. Drying speed function the time and air velocity. Temperature = 75 ?C.Fig. 5. Photograph of the indirect drier.R.B. Slama, M. Combarnous/Solar Energy 85 (2011) 570578573to follow the overall trajectory, but a straight flow in theopen space left by the product.3.3. OperationThe ambient air, which enters through the bottom of thecollector, is heated there by solar energy. Owing to the baf-fles, the heat transfer is increased and the air at the collec-tor exit is at a sufficiently high temperature. It passes thenin the drying chamber, where it transfers heat to the prod-uct to be dried and which is loaded with moisture.Then, it is evacuated outside by forced ventilationensured by a low power electric fan.4. Tests resultsMeasurements are related mainly to the efficiency of thecollectors alone on the one hand and the entire drier on theother hand. We measure the mass of the product to bedried at the beginning and at the end of the test.4.1. Measurement of the solar radiationThe energy received per day is given owing to measure-ments of diffuse DH and total GH horizontal radiationfrom the weather station located at the neighbouring mili-tary base. The conversion of measurements on the horizon-tal level towards the tilted plan of the collector is carriedout as follows:The total radiation incident on the tilted collector is thesum of the direct and diffuse radiations, then:Gi Gh ? Dh ? cosi sini=tgh Di1which can be also written under the form:Gi Gh ? Dh ? sini h=sinh Diwith :2Di 1 cosi=2 ? Dh 1 ? cosi=2 ? Gh ? a3The solar latitude “h” is given at any moment by its sinus:sinh sinusind cosucosdcosAH4Fig. 6. Detail of the solar air collector showing: (a) its composition, (b) the straight baffles, (c) oblique baffles, and (d) the flows generated.(a)(b)Fig. 7. Drying enclosure. (a) Air flow in meander. (b) Double air flow inmeander.574R.B. Slama, M. Combarnous/Solar Energy 85 (2011) 5705784.2. Measurement of drier energetic efficiencyTemperatures are measured with thermocouples iron-constantan, precision 0.5 ?C. For the weight, a balanceof precision 0.01 g.Drier energetic efficiency is giving by:ge Qu=Qrewith5Qu m ? C ? Ti ? Ta Lvand6QreZt2t1Gidt7As it is known that the rate of drying is faster at the begin-ning than at the end of drying, then one fixed constant finalmoisture of 15%.The hygrometric efficiency is also evaluated:gh geWi? Wf=Wi8and the corrected efficiency with Wf= 15%:gc geWi? Wf=Wi? 159As it is known that the speed of drying is faster at thebeginning than at the end of drying, then one fixed con-stant final moisture of 15%.4.3. Tests curvesUsually, for the air solar collectors, one can plot the effi-ciency curves according to the air flow (m3/h/m2) (Fig. 8)and according to the benefit normalized DT/G(i) (m2?C/W) (Fig. 9). Temperature is non constant, but is dependingwith solar energy and air flow rate.Even for the modest flows (35 m3/h/m2), the efficiencyreaches 70% for the best baffles and 46 for the collectorswithout baffles. This difference is due to the difference ofthe convective exchanges created by turbulence betweenthe caloporting air and the absorber; it is even due to thepresence of baffles.4.3.1. The collector efficiencyThe energetic efficiency is presented in Fig. 10 and isgiven by the expression:g QV? q ? C ? DT=Gi ? S10According to the provision of the baffles used, straight orinclined, the efficiency varies. In comparison with the col-lector without baffles, the oblique baffles in the directionof the flow have a better efficiency of 25% (Ben Slama1987, 2007; Ben Slama et al., 1996).Fig. 9 shows that for an efficiency of 60%, taken as ref-erence, the rise in temperature would be only 40 ?C for thecase without baffles, 63 ?C with the straight baffles, and80 ?C with oblique baffles under a sunny heat flux of1000 W/m. Efficiency of the drierBy analogy with the solar air collectors, one gives twotypes of curves of efficiencies for the solar drier accordingto the initial mass of the product to be dried (Fig. 10)and function of the benefit normalized decrease of themoisture content (Fig. 11) (Ben Slama et al., 1996; BenSlama and Bouabdallah, 1996a; Machlouch et al., 2006).For a mass of 8 kg (product) to be dried, the efficiencyincreases from 20 to 30% approximately with the use ofslightly oblique baffles. For an hygrometric efficiency of20%, the decrease of moisture content would be only 3%in the case with straight baffles, and 13% for obliquebaffles. This is due to the fact that the air reached highertemperatures in the presence of baffles.4.3.3. Pressure dropsFor an empty drier, the pressures drops increase withthe air flow. However, they are higher in the case ofstraight baffles than oblique ones. Indeed, these latter,being tilted in the direction of the flow, reduce the deadzones and facilitate the cooling air flow. The loading ofthe drier by the product increase the pressure loss by morethan 50% (Lahsani et al., 2004). (see Fig. 12).4.3.4. InterpretationsThe curves obtained by the drying kinetics study showthat:0102030405060708090051015202530354045Efficiency (%)Air flow rate (m3/h/m)Oblique bafflesStraight bafflesWithout bafflesFig. 8. Efficiency of the collector function of the air flow. Temperature is necessarily variable.R.B. Slama, M. Combarnous/Solar Energy 85 (2011) 570578575 The moisture of the product decreases with timemuch more quickly at the beginning than at theend of drying, because at the beginning, the presenceof water is rather on the surface. The rate of drying is proportional to both drying airvelocity and drying temperature. The sectioning of the orange peels increases the dry-ing speed.y = -0,055x2+ 6,531x - 108,0R = 0,998y = 0,019x2- 5,276x + 316,1R = 0,977y = 0,082x2- 10,56x + 359,8R = 0,85101020304050607080405060708090Efficiency (%)1000(Ts - Te)/ G(i) mC/WObliques bafflesStraight bafflesWithout bafflesPoly. (Obliques baffles)Fig. 9. Solar collector efficiency according to the standardized profit.y = -0,098x2+ 3,877x + 5,468R = 0,975y = -0,085x2+ 3,674x + 1,801R = 0,957y = 0,175x2+ 0,749x + 6,185R = 0,981051015202530350123456789Efficiency (%)Initial mass (kg)Oblique bafflesStraight bafflesWhithout bafflesPoly. (Oblique baffles)Poly. (Straight baffles)Poly. (Whithout baffles)Fig. 10. Efficiency of the drier function of initial mass of the product to be dried.0510152025300510152025(W0-Wf)/Qreceived (kg/kgWM).m/kWhHygromtric efficiency (%)Oblique bafflesStraight bafflesWithout bafflesFig. 11. Efficiency of the drier according to the standardized weight loss.576R.B. Slama, M. Combarnous/Solar Energy 85 (2011) 570578 The drying speed decreases with time and with themoisture of the product to be dried.The pilot drier shows that the outlet temperature of thesolar collector reached 92 ?C and that the temperature atthe removal from the drying enclosure is still 50 ?C.The drier using the best slightly oblique baffle collectorin the direction of the flow, improves the efficiency by14% absolute compared to the drier using a collector with-out baffle. With this latter, one day is proved to be insuffi-cient to lower the moisture content to a satisfactorythreshold for the conservation of the product (that is tosay for example 15%). However, with the collector pro-vided with oblique baffles in the direction of the flow, onlyone day of drying is sufficient because the two conditions toallow a good drying are satisfied, namely, a temperatureand a speed of air sufficiently high. The temperature ofthe air rises in the collector owing to the transverse and lon-gitudinal baffles which make it possible to multiply the airvelocity and to support turbulence. This air velocity is suf-ficiently high because the pressure loss created by the obli-que transverse baffles is not as large as in the case of theright baffles. On the other hand, the flow in the dryingchamber is favoured when the air flow would allow a rigor-ously well-distributed drying; avoiding having zones wherethe product is either flaring or still wet.4.3.5. Some possible improvementsWith this work, we ended with the design of an indirectsolar drier supplied with heat by a solar air collector. Itcomprises oblique baffles in the direction of the flow. Thesebaffles make it possible to create a meander air flow in thecollector without generating great pressure losses. Thesmall transverse baffles distribute the air on all the surfaceof the collector and allow its pinching for a better heattransfer.The air passage in the drying enclosure is facilitated byleaving a part not filled of product in each plate. The gen-erated air flow is also in meander allowing a good heat andmatter transfer with the product spread out over the plates.The drying kinetics made it possible to highlight the testparameters namely: the temperature, absolute humidity ofthe product to be dried as well as the drying air velocity.Concerning the drying temperature, and for a moisturebases dries of 3 kg/kg DM, the rate of drying passes from1.5 kg/kg h for a temperature of 57 ?C to a double speedfor a temperature of 75 ?C.Concerning the drying air velocity and for a moisture atbase dries of 3 kg/kg DM, the rate of drying increases from2 to 3 kg/kg h for air velocities of 1.24 m/s and 2.1 m/srespectively.While exploiting the advance of the heated air in thedrying enclosure by reducing the dead zones, the total effi-ciency increases from 20 to 25% for 10 kg initial mass.Finally concerning the motive fluid of the installation ofdrying which is the solar collector with air, the efficiencypassed from 40% for a collector without baffles and a flowof 35 m3h?1m?2to an efficiency of 60% for a collectorwith right baffles, better still for the collector with obliquebaffles this efficiency reaches 70%.Some practical aspects must also be emphasized: As the output temperature of the coolant air flowexceeds 90 ?C, it would be necessary to employ adouble glazing to reduce the convective losses. In the same way to reduce the absorber radiativelosses, it is necessary to make the absorber selectiveby reducing the emissivity coefficient e to 0.2. For the drying chamber, the site of the openingsinput-efficiency should be able to avoid the forma-tion of dead zones.5. Concluding remarksThough numerous papers have been published on thedryingofnaturalproducts,somepointsmustbey = 0,006x2+ 0,382x + 0,180R = 0,995y = 0,001x2+ 0,332x - 0,682R = 0,999y = 0,000x2+ 0,266x + 0,265R = 0,99105101520253001020304050Pressure drop (mm H2O) Flow rate (m3/h/m)Oblique bafflesStraight bafflesWithout bafflesPoly. (Oblique baffles)Fig. 12. Pressure drop as a function of the air flow.R.B. Slama, M. Combarnous/Solar Energy 85 (2011) 570578577emphasized, which present, in our view, a larger field ofinterest than the alone product presented in this paper:? It is well known that air solar collector can be ofinterest for drying, specially when they are used insuch a way that the products have no direct contactwith sun radiation.? Presenting a real product of some economical inter-est, the orange peels, the drying kinetics curves havebeen established in quasi-steady states regimes andcan be used for similar applications, and are pre-sented in the first part of the paper.? The second part of the paper, deals with a real airdryer system with two major key points: interest of baffles to increase the efficiency of airsolar collectors even with low air flow, interest of a combination between natural convec-tion and forced convection, through the use of afan, to control as precisely as possible the qualityof the drying process.AcknowledgementThe authors wish to thank Anne Combarnous (Univer-sity of Pau) for the help in writing the last Version of thepaper.ReferencesAit Mohamed, L., Ethmane Kane, C.S., Kouhila, M., Jamali, A.,Mahrouz, M., Kechaou, N., 2008. Thin layer modelling of Gelidiumsesquipedale solar drying process. Energy Conversion and Manage-ment 49, 940946.Ben Slama, R., 1987. Contribution being studied and the development ofpumps and solar collectors. Thesis. University of Valenciennes,France.Ben Slama, R., 2007. The air solar collectors: comparative study,introduction of baffles, to favor the heat transfer. Solar Energy, 81(1), pp. 139149. /10.1016/j.solener.2006.05.002.Ben Slama, R., Bouabdallah, M., 1996a. Performances of a solar collectordrier equipped with baffles. COMAGEP 2. Gabe s/Djerba, Tunisia, pp.152155.Ben Slama. R., Bouabdallah M., 1996b. Coupling of a drier to solar aircollectors. Mediterranean co-operation for solar energy COMPLES,Agadir, pp. 183188.Ben Slama, R., Bouabdallah, M., Mora, J.C., 1996a. Air solar collectorswith baffles: aerodynamics, heat transfer and efficiency. Reric Inter-national Energy Journal (edited by the Regional Energy RessourcesInformation Center Ta land), 18, pp. 117.Bentaieb, F., Bekkiouia, N., Zeghmati, N., 2008. Modelling and simula-tion of a wood solar dryer in a Moroccan climate. Renewable Energy33, 501506.Chen, H., Hernandez, C.E., Huang, T., 2005. A study of the drying effect onlemon slices using a closed-type solar dryer. Solar Energy 78, 97103.Fadhel, A., Kooli, S., Farhat, A., Belghith, A., 2005. Study of the solardrying of grapes by three different processes. Desalination 185, 535541.Ferreira, A.G., Maia, B.M., Cortez, M.F.B., Valle, R.M., 2008. Technicalfeasibility assessment of a solar chimney for food drying. Solar Energy82, 198205.Forson et al., 2007. Modelling and experimental studies on a mixed-modenatural convection solar crop-dryer. Solar Energy 81, 346357.Gauhar, G., Mastekbayeva, A., Augustus, Leon, M., Kumar, S., 1998.Performance evaluation of a solar tunnel dryer for chilli drying.ASEAN Seminar & Workshop on drying Technology. P
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