CA6140车床主轴加工工艺规程设计含CAD图
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Monitoring Computer Numerical Control Machining ProgressBased on Information FusionTONG Liang1, 2, *,YAN Ping1, 2, and LIU Fei, 21 State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China2 Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Networked Manufacturing, Chongqing University,Chongqing 400030, ChinaReceived March 3, 2010; revised March 17, 2011; accepted April 7, 2011; publishedelectronically April 12, 2011Abstract: To cope with the market demand dynamically, enterprise needs to obtain the production status of work in process real-timely, but the information of machining progress has feature of uncertainty and can not reflect the status of production field effectively. In thiswork, to overcome the ineffectiveness of computer numerical control (CNC) machining progress information extraction and its application restriction in practice because of heterogeneous system of CNC machine, based on information fusion by analyzing multi-sources information, estimating CNC machining status and predicting the machining progress through tracking tool coordinates, a CNC machining progress monitoring method is presented. The multi-sources heterogeneous information includes machining path, real-time spindle power information, manual input data and tool position. On the method of obtaining this multi-sources heterogeneous information, the method which helps explore numerical control (NC) program, monitor spindle power of CNC, collect human-computer interaction(HCI) information, obtain real-time tool coordinates and express the knowledge concerned in this field is analyzed; The decision rule of CNC machining status in the way of fusing multi-sources information in manufacturing process is summarized, as well as the machining progress tracking method in accordance with real-time tool coordinates and machining path is presented. Finally, the method discussed is proved feasible by the verification of machining progress tracking through simulation experiment. The proposedresearch realizes the effective integration of CNC machining progress information, and enables enterprises an efficient way to share CNC information and configure CNC resources optimally.Key words: machining progress, information fusion, machining path, CNC machining,process track1 IntroductioTo monitor the machining progress of computer numerical control (CNC) machines, the most important manufacturing resources, is the foundation of promoting productivity and tracking manufacturing process13. Yet in the machining process, there are many situations that lead decision-makers fail to acknowledge the production status, especially the production of some complex parts which have a long time to be manufactured. For instance, simultaneous execution of tasks in heterogeneous CNC machines, the uncertainty of information that results in status delivery inefficiency. Monitoring CNC machining progress in workshop is always of great importance in terms of research on manufacturing process informatization. Up till now, on one hand, reporting manufacturing process according to manual* Corresponding author. E-mail: This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50775228), Municipality Key Scientific & Technological Program of Chongqing, China (Grant No. CSTC2007AA2013), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. CDJXS11111136), and Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education of China statistics is still taken by most enterprises, the way which is both inaccurate and error-oriented. On the other, machining progress can not be guaranteed with human-computer interaction (HCI) which is also influenced by human being.With the deepening of network manufacturing in workshop, monitoring CNC machining progress gradually becomes the focus of research. To illustrate, OKAZAKI4 introduced themethodofcollectingmachiningprogressthough monitoringNCprograminstantaneously;MAHAYO- TSANUN, et al5 , introduced the tooling-integrated sensing systemsfortheon-line observabilityofthestamping process;OLIVEIRA,etal6 ,broughtthemethodof monitoring machining process on open CNC system, whichcollectsinformationbyHCIorsensors;WANG,etal7 , suggested macro instruction in order to obtain CNC status and machining progress information; and HOU8 established the manufacturing process control framework with STEP-NC compatibility. Owing to the heterogeneity of CNC machine or numerical control(NC) system that made by different manufacturers, the diversity of their way as to get machining process information, and high cost of obtainment of system interfaces, these methods can not apply to the most situations. To solve these problems, or rather, to get rid of the application restriction, an automatic collection method of machining progress information for large-size work pieces based onreference power curve9 is presented. But the observation error from single source may lead to incorrect results, and can make machining progress invalidated, moreover, in machining, there are various information can reflex machining process fromdifferent sides, and the current machining status can be synthetically determined.So machining status and progress should be analyzed and estimated based on the way of information fusion. It is after all the considerations of factors as universality, practicability and cost had this method of monitoring CNC machining progress based on information fusion developed.As stated previously, it is such a mean that (obtains machining status and progress through fusing various manufacturing process information that includes machiningpath, real-time spindle power information, manual input data and tool coordinates; estimates and predicts the machining progress through tracking real-time position oftool dynamically in processing) can track CNC machining progress efficiently so as to enable enterprises act upon changes in market according to the conditions in productionfield.2 Structure of the MethodMachining progress of simultaneously executing tasks in heterogeneous CNC machines is a matter of dynamic multiple targets tracking. It is the process of handling,analyzing and estimating the metrical information received from sources, and mapping the targets from physical conditions in reality to logical conditions in the system10. first problem to solve, in the process of tracking multiple tasks, is track of singular task. To overcome the ineffectiveness of CNC machining progress information extraction and its application restriction in practice due to the heterogeneous system of CNC machine, CNC machining progress monitoring method based on information fusion is hereby presented. See structure of the method in Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Structure of the methodThe structure goes from information collection that relevant to machining progress to its logical schema integration. Information includes the following. (1) NC program. It is obtained from database or file system in CAX(CAD, CAE, CAM, etc) or product data (PDM), so as to it can be applied to analyze machining path; (2) Spindle power of CNC.It collects spindle real-timepower from sensor and draw power curve; (3) Manual input data. Operator inputs current status and machining progress directly though the interface of HCI in network terminal; (4) Real-time position of tool. It reflects machining progress and status; and should be collected accordingly to the difference of CNC interface. Information is then analyzed by fusion center (IFC). In the process of CNC machining, various information which reflects machining progress are associated and fused according to the machining path defined by NC program.After all, information as current machining status, progress and remaining time estimated by IFC would be sent to decision-makers, to make appropriate policy in time. Knowledge center (KC) provides essential knowledge support for information integration and fusion in machining. Information base (IB) saves the important process data andresults; rule base (RB) provides reasoning mechanism and calculation method for multi-sources information fusion; experience base (EB) is created from knowledge and experiences that accumulated in the all machining process and would enrich KC.Data need to fuse always exist in different sources with different forms. In IFC, the characteristics of physical status are abstracted as matrix of status though their own information model, and then generate the status data of the target according to the fusion rule of machining status. In machining status, current state and prediction state are determined by the results of the fusion and estimation from the target status, theoretical machining path, fusion algorithm, and the prediction made by previous fusion. Current logical status can influence the next estimation until machining stops. It is observedthat the key problems of monitoring CNC machining progress based on information fusion are as follows: (1) collection and integration of multi-sources information and expression of knowledge concerned; (2) measure of machining status and track algorithm of machining progress with multi-sources information fused.3 Information Integration and Expression3.1 Multi-sources information integration3.1.1 NC programThe majority of NC programs are created and managed by enterprise information system, such as CAX, PDM, etc. Only by integrating these systems efficiently can the NC program be worked out. Traditional tightly-coupled wayapplied to information integration mainly depends on component technology, such as CORBA, COM/COM+/ DCOM, Java RMI, etc. It ensures reusability, portability and interoperability of software, and functions well when managing communication and distributional processes. System based on these technologies is characterized by independent component, transparent network, unified data and interface, etc. However, with the development of network service and the growing demands of system interaction, loose coupling becomes the trend. Service-oriented integration organizes the business processes based on loosely-coupled web service to promote reusability of resources and development efficiency, so much so it turns out the most valuable application. Therefore, when integrate CAX and PDM, it is necessary to adopt either way discussed above so as to integrate NCprogram by encapsulating and calling the system interface.3.1.2 Power information of CNC spindleThe result of collecting machining task progress through power information of machine tool spindle is fairly satisfactory, for the product which spindle power curve enjoys the feature of similarity and repeatability in mass production. Although power of complex parts which characterized by long machining period, single piece or small quantities of manufacturing are not repetitive, it is feasible to collect some key information in machiningprocess from the curve which is shown in Fig. 29, and the information includes: start machining (a), idle (b, d, f ), cutting (c, e), stop machining (g). In machining, every obvious salient compared with idle power on the curve means one cutting, and the shape of salient is different in cutting mode. There are the same salients when spindle starts and stops, and the salients are named as shape in this paper. Although these information can not reflect the whole machining process but describe some key points in machining process, it can determine the minute to start or stop machining, and estimate whether it is being cutting or not.Fig. 2. Shape of power curve of machine tool spindle3.1.3 Manual input information Operator and device are two main bodies inmanufacturing process. Device information can be collected by sensors, and operator may input observed information into system through HCI. In comparison, it is easier to display subjective initiative to learn and estimate phenomenon observed so that the system can be provided with more accurate information. However, Manual input information has lower real-time and higher delay.Therefore, HCI must make the operation easy and rapid, with minimal time to input maximal information.3.1.4 Real-time position of toolThe way to collect real-time position of tool varies with different NC system. It is easy for newly developed NC system to collect machining process information from interfaces thanks to its higher openness, some machines with universal-Operating-System-controlled NC system can even collect position through application program interface (API) of OS. While the interfaces are not provided on old-fashioned CNC machines, the position of tool can not be read directly from their NC system, and are obtained form CNC producer with high cost. 3.2 Knowledge representation Information collection and integration comes the first in the process of multi-sources information fusion, that is, to unify the logical expression modes of data from various sources. Features of XML such as openness, portability,extendibility help describe complex information, and separation of content from form relieves XML data from being restricted by its own expression but enables multi-sources information integration and share by conveying semantic information11. After all, KC can be built to store useful data in knowledge base, taking the following into consideration: (1) reasonable structure adopted to organize and manage knowledge; (2) express knowledge in related field effectively to form reasoning process. There are many advantages to express various information related with machining progress by XML. For one thing, it can unify multi-sources heterogeneous information, for another, important process data and resultscan be stored in IB for further use. It can be descript as: KIB=ID,St, V, T, where ID is the index of record in KIB, St is the set of the data styles, V is the set of values, T is the set of time when records being obtained. Therulebasein CNCmachiningcanbedescriptas: KRB=S, R, where S=S1S2,Sn isthesetofall status in process. Then the status can be divided into input status setSI=siii=1,2,nsiandoutputstatusset SO=soi|i=1, 2, nso, where sii and soi here are an order inS.R=r1r, ,rmisthesetofstatus rules; is the relation of status rules, and use Production rules to express knowledge:It shows that the set of status rules sono can be derived from r(sii. As each production rule applies identical format and is managed as one module, it is easy to index, add, delete, modify, and query from the knowledge base. In the process of information fusion, the experience canbe made constant improvements ever after through making use of various information integrated by rule mechanism and modifying results produced by them continuously by self-learning machines and accumulating.4 Fusion Algorithm of Progress Track4.1 Analysis of machining pathThe machining path described as f (x, y, z)=0 and defined by NC program is consist of many continuous arcs. The machining path can also be expressed as G=N, E(l, f), where N=Ni|i=0, 1, 2, , n is the set of nodes; E=e(li, fi|i=1, 2, , n the vector between two continuous nodes, where li is length of the curve from Ni-1 to Ni, and unit mm, i is assigned by NC program the feed rate on li, and unit mm/min. Today, most CNC machines in workshop still apply the technique of machining complex curved surface by incorporating line with arc interpolation. Analyzing NC program can obtain the matrix of machining path Rn+1, it can be defined asThe expression of the parameters in Rn+1 is given in Table 1. 4.2 Fusion rule of machining statusThe discrimination of time points as start, end, break and resume is of significant meaning for judging current machining status in the track of CNC machining. Once machining begins, status can be judged roughly by following information: constantly changing position of tool, shape of spindle power curve, and possible human input information. According to the method in section 3.2, the fusion rule of machining status goes as follows:where g(w) is the path formed with consecutive nodes in amount of w,is the shapeinformation of spindlepower curve,ismanualinputinformation,Pstate Cstate are thestatusofpreviousandcurrenttime.=, whereis machining start,is machining end,isbreak, andisinmachining.Statusofaregivenin Table 2.According to the features of different state, concrete determining rule is conducted in Table 3.44If machine is working or not is the key point of machining tracking. When it is not, method of judging the starting point of machine begins with the set of w=u indicated as coordinates P1 Puthat collected on timelineconsecutively in the cycle of T can be matched up with its counterpart Q1 Qu in equal intervals in path G, and then spindle power reflects the shape of input information occurs as possible. Tracking and calculating can hereby be carried out while time points of end, break,resume are executed by the same rule.4.3 Tracking machining progress4.3.1 Estimation of machining progressIt is until now that the concrete machining progress, including current progress and remaining machining time, can be tracked by real time position of tool. Theoretically, the total machining time Tn, according to the matrix of machining path R+1, can be calculated aswhere i 1iN Nis the arc length of node Ni-1 to Ni. However, it is impossible to machine under feed rate given in NC program completely, for the operators must to circumstances. So it is necessary to track the amplification of feed rate set by operator. Assume A, B are two points on path G, where A ( , )i il f , B1 1( , )i qe l f, q0. From A to B it goes through one sample period as T, so the average amplification of feed rate in current period isIn this way, H h jj 1, 2, , mexpresses the average amplification of feed rate in every T period, and function H(t) is derived since with the change of time. When , take the machining progress of last Node before current as actual progress makes less error. Based onmachining time, current progress Pro can be expressed aswhere j T is the actual machining time. When H(t) seldom change with time or inaccurate measure of time being allowed, Pro can also be shown asSimplification form isthen the remaining time Ts in current machining status isConclusion can be drawn from above in two ways. Firstly, quality as real-time and dynamicity is higher in Eq. (1). On account of the convenience of progress counting, Eq. (3) is more practical to use without calculating hj. So we should choose method in line with particular cases. Secondly, the remaining time Ts is calculated dynamically by machining time, progress and current amplification of feed rate.4.3.2 Tracking machining processIn machining process, constant and efficient position track is the key of obtaining and estimating the machining progress. Yet there is a certain gap between theoretical feed rate if and the actual one if . To illustrate, ifwill be unstable especially when machining in a small area back and forth, so much so that accumulation of error and shiftof the amplification of feed rate must be taken into consideration in the process of machining. Assume iP is current observed point, there could be a certain error between the observed point iPand actual point iP at a later timeT ( 1, Z). Assume the max error band in T is b, then56where Match() is matching function. Since it is possible to lose the target because of accumulation of error, for accurate progress, if formulais right after T (1 ), then the point iswhere (0 1) is safety factor, and Sub() is function of substitution. Matching fault may occur due to the shift of amplification of feed rate in machining. Once it happens, the reason should be searched from i to G so as to estimate and predict the progress again with new data ofjh . Error shows in the process of coordinates obtaining and determining. Assume the accuracy rate of one coordinatevector is p, so the accuracy rate in n-dimension is pn, and pnp. Owing to the fact that the matching fault is always caused by misvalue of certain dimension, if any m (mn) dimension values of P matches up with P, recorded as P (m/n)P, it should be recognized as PG, where m/n stands for the match degree. Then the accuracy rate isIt is obvious that error caused by wrong estimation of dimension is largely reduced. Therefore, it is feasible to track the position of tool by estimating multiple successive points in machining. For better explanation, If the match degree greater than or equals to m/n in (1) in, the track is taken valid.Inthisway,probabilityoflosingtargetwouldlargely decrease.5 Prototype and Simulation VerificationBased on the tracking method discussed above, the prototype of monitoring system for CNC machining progress is established and machining process tracking verification is carried out in CNC simulation experiments.5.1 Realization of information integrationNC program is imported into PDM database management system for maintenance after being generated by the CAX system, then it will be associated with work orders when manufacturing execution system (MES) dispatches tasks. Through distributed numerical control (DNC), the NC program is downloaded to CNC machine before manual input information being collected during machining. Spindle power curve is presented by the power information collection system9 , and status information includingshape, the beginning, the process and the end of machining are analyzed. Embedded network terminal provides HCI12 to finish the input of NC information manually. Position of tool can be collected in new-fashioned CNC machines by integrating the interface of the NC system,such as SIMATIC HMI interface of SINUMERIK 810D/840D and FOCAS Library of FANUC system; Digital image acquisition system can be adapted to theold-fashioned CNC machines for position collection. With the deeper research of optical character recognition technology and the popularity of digital cameras, people start to exert the technology of digital image to modern monitor system. From collecting to analyzing the images, there are three steps to take in major: (1) Unsharp mask sharpening. The brightness and aberration of foreground text and background on NC panel can be further increased. (2) Image binarization. How to choose the thresholds is the key. Because filtering leads to even brightness when gray histogram enjoys bimodal characteristic, combining with the requirement of counting speed, a general threshold13 should be selected on basis of Ostu threshold and its improved method14. (3) Pattern recognition. The characteristics of collected digital images should be compared with those of standard digital-character raster images to recognize the real-time position. In the multi-source information integration, the multiple information should be translated into XML form so as to interact with each other easily. It is stored in the knowledge bases or data files as record form in search of conveniencyfor inquires and processing. The framework of the interchange format goes as follows:m_style m_time m_url nc file urlm_powerm_workerinputm_xm_ym_z.m_style = nc|power|worker_input|coordinate m_time is yyyy-mm-dd hh:MM:ssm_url is the url of nc file m_power is real power valuem_workerinput = Start|End|Break|ResumeThe framework depicts the data interaction formats in the process of information integration. By taking full advantage of the open XML, information encapsulation became easier, so much so that it provides a common integration interface for the upper applications or service-oriented applications.5.2 Simulation verificationAccording to the algorithm of CNC machining progress track, this paper follows the example of machining a certain core mould to simulate the whole process with simulationexperiments. The number of the core moulds machining program (G code) generated by MasterCAM is more than 1 million lines, with 14 working steps in total, over one and half a day in theory, according to the machining path analysismethod. CNC simulation has been accomplished by SSCNC Simulation software, the results are seen in Table 4, the time each step of simulation machining acquires, thenumber of each program rows, the machining paths length, the general machining time and its simulation time, etc, have all been tracked down, and lead to the conclusion that simulation time is basically consistent with the theoretical machining time. However, due to the fact that liner machining takes the place of arc in some programs, and the machining feed rate of program varies, either the number ofMatrixofmachiningpathRn+1 obtainedbyanalyzing each working stepsNC program is stored in relation form, with part of the matrix showed in Fig. 3. where i is node index, g is style of current path, X, Y, Z, A, C are position informatioin of tool, R(I, J, K) is arc defined in relative coordinate, f is current feed rate, t is past time between last two nodes, and T is machining time calculated by NC program. In the simulation process, the simulation time is related the theoretical machining time and the magnification.Moreover, different simulation software leads to differentresults. So only by taking the theoretical machining time as an important reference can the progress track be well executed.Table 5 lists the fraction of 1-30R5 in simulation process (the amplification is 100%), in which total machining time Tn is 15289.383 s, the actual totalsimulation time is 15 220 s, T is one second, Pro1 is process calculated by Eq. (1) in section 4.3.1, Pro2 is machining process calculated by Eq. (3) in section4.3.1, Prop is the actual processing progress, and p=|proppro1| is the calculating error of machining progress. It can be observed that the collecting error at some point can affect calculation of machining process sometimes, but a narrow jittering range of machining process would emerge by calculating with the average amplification (denoted as ( m )jh ) within the former m point, defined asExperiments show that the method can extract and analyze the real-time information in CNC machining, estimate the machining progress and remaining time in current state, as well as control error Epwithin 3%.6 Conclusions(1) A monitoring method for CNC machining progress based on the fusion of multiple machining information, which includes machining path, real-time spindle power information, manual input data and tool position, was presented.(2) The knowledge representation which can express machining process was analyzed, and the rule which can determine the current process state through the fusion of the CNC spindle power, artificial input information and the real time position of tool was proposed.(3) The estimation of machining progress through fusing the real-time position of tool and machining path was achieved. The method makes itconvenient to utilize and share real-time machining progress during CNC machining, especially for those complicated parts working with long period. (4) The simulation experiment was made to prove the proposed method can estimate and predict the machiningprogress effectively.References1 YANMutian,CHIENHsingtsung.Monitoringandcontrolofthe micro wire-EDM processJ. International Journal of Machine Tools& Manufacture, 2007, 47(1): 148157.2 KIMDH,SONGJY.Ubiquitous-basedmobilecontroland monitoringofCNCmachinesfordevelopmentofu-machineJ. JournalofMechanicalScienceandTechnology,2006,20(4):455466.3 TSENGPC,CHOUA.Theintelligenton-linemonitoringof endmillingJ.InternationalJournalofMachineTools&Manufacture, 2002, 42(1): 8997.4 OKAZAKIT.InstrumentformeasuringmachiningtimeofNC machine tool. JP2004062613-AP. 2004-02-06.5 MAHAYOTSANUN N, SAH S, CAO Jian, et al. Tooling-integrated sensingsystemsforstampingprocessmonitoringJ.International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2009, 49(78): 634644.6 OLIVEIRA J F G, JUNIOR F F, COELHO RT, et al. Architecture formachiningprocessandproductionmonitoringbasedinopen computer numerical controlJ. Journal of Engineering Manufacture,2008, 222(12): 1 6051 612.7 WANGZhaopeng,CHENGuojin.Researchonrealizingthe statuscollectionofnumericalcontrolmachinebymacroinstructionJ ModernManufacturingEngineering,2006(11):134136.(in Chinese)8 HOUMing.ProcesscontroltechnologyApplicationinthe manufactureofdiscretecomponentsNCC/2009WRIWorld CongressonComputerScienceandInformationEngineering,Los Angeles, USA, March 31April 2, 2009: 569577.9 LIUFei,LIUJun,HEYan.Automaticcollectionmethodof machining progress information for large-sizeworkpieces based onreference power curveJ. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2009, 45(10): 111117. (in Chinese)10 HAN Chongzhao, ZHU Hongyan, DUAN Zhancheng. Multi-source information fusionM. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2006. (in Chinese)11 WUZhaohui,CHENHuajun.Semanticgrid:model,methodology,andapplicationsM.Hangzhou:ZhejiangUniversityPress,2008. (in Chines)12 YANPing,LIUFei,HeDeqiang,etal.Akindofmulti functioninformationterminalinnetworkedmanufacturingJ.Machinery& Electronics, 2004(5): 36.(in Chinese)13 WELLNER P D. Adaptive thresholding for the digitaldeskR. Euro PARC Technical Report, EPC-1993-110.14 OSTU N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histogramJ. IEEETransactionsonSystems,ManandCybernetics,1979,9(1): 6266.Biographical notesTONG Liang, born in 1978, is currently a PhD candidate at State KeyLaboratoryofManufacturingTransmission,ChongqingUniversity,China.Hisresearchinterestsincludenetworked manufacturing and information integration.Tel: +86-13983177161; E-mail: YANPing,bornin1966,iscurrentlyaprofessorofmechanical engineeringandavicedirectorofInstituteofManufacturing Engineering,SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,ChongqingUniversity,China.Herresearchinterestsincludemanufacturing system engineering and networked manufacturing.E-mail: ypLIUFei,bornin1948,iscurrentlyaprofessorofmechanical engineeringandadirectorofInstituteofManufacturing Engineering,SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,Chongqing University,China.Hespecializesinmanufacturingsystem engineering and networked manufacturing.E-mail: lf监控计算机数控加工进度基于信息融合铜梁，燕平，刘飞1 机械传动国家重点实验室，重庆大学，重庆 400030，中国2 重庆网络化制造工程技术研究中心，重庆大学，重庆 400030，中国收到 2010 年 3 月 3 日；2011 年 3 月 17 日修订；2011 年 4 月 7 日 2011 年 4 月 12 日发表的电子接受摘要：为了应对动态的市场需求，企业需要在过程中实时地获得工作的生产现状， 但加工进度信息具有不确定性和不能有效反映生产领域的现状。在这工作，克服了计算机数控（CNC）无效的加工进度信息提取及其应用限制在实践中由于数控机床的异构系统，基于信息融合的分析多源信息，估计数控加工现状及预测加工过程通过跟踪工具坐标系，一个数控加工过程监测方法。多源异构信息包括加工路径，实时主轴功率信息，人工输入数据和工具的位置。在获得这多源异构的方法信息的方法，这有助于探索数控（NC）程序，监控数控机床主轴功率，收集人机交互（HCI）信息，获得实时的工具坐标表示的知识在这一领域有关的分析；在融合多源信息在制造过程的数控加工状态决策规则进行了总结，以及为加工进度跟踪方法在实时工具坐标系和加工路径一致了。最后，本方法采用加工进度跟踪验证，通过仿真实验证明是可行的。所提出的研究实现了数控加工进度信息的有效整合，使企业共享的一种有效方法 CNC 数控资源优化配置信息和。关键词：加工进度，信息融合，加工轨迹，数控加工，加工轨迹1 引言监控计算机的加工进度数值控制（CNC）的机器，最重要的制造资源，是促进基金会生产力和跟踪制造过程 1，3 。然而，在加工过程中，有许多情况导致决策者不承认的生产现状，特别是一些复杂零件的生产有很长的时间来制造。例如， 在异构数控任务的并发执行机器，信息的不确定性，结果状态传递效率。数控加工过程监测车间总是在研究方面的重要性制造过程信息化。到目前为止，一方面， 根据手工报表的制造工艺*通讯作者。电子邮件： 本课题是国家自然科学基金资助中国（批准号：50775228），市重点科技重庆市科技计划，中国（批准号 cstc2007aa2013），和中央基础研究基金中国大学（批准号：cdjxs11111136），并为新的在中国教育部大学世纪优秀人才统计仍然是大多数企业采取的方式，这是既不准确和错误导向。另一方面，加工进程无法保证人机交互（HCI）也是受人类影响。在车间的网络化制造的深化，数控加工过程监测逐渐成为研究的重点。例如，冈崎 4 介绍了采集加工进度虽然方法监控数控程序 mahayo 瞬间tsanun，et al. 5 介绍了模具，集成传感对冲压的在线观测系统过程；奥利维拉，et al. 6 提出的方法，对开放式数控系统的加工过程监控，这收集信息，通过人机交互或传感器； 王，等 7 ，建议的宏指令来获得数控状态和加工进度信息；侯 8 建立了制造过程控制框架基于 STEP-NC 的兼容性。C 的异质性 of CNC 机床或数控（NC）系统。由不同的制造商，他们的方式的多样性为把信息加工过程，和高成本系统的方法 obtainment CAN 接口，理论困境最适用的情况。本文解决的问题，或相反， 摆脱了应用限制，自动加工进度信息收集方法大型工件的基于参考功率曲线 9 是提出了。但从单源观测误差可能会导致不正确的结果，可使加工进步失效，此外，在加工，有各种信息可以反射加工过程不同的侧面，和当前的加工状态可以综合确定。因此加工的现状与进展应分析和基于方式的估计信息融合。它是在所有的考虑因素的普遍性，实用性和成本这一监测数控方法基于信息融合的开发加工进度。如前所述，这是一个意味着（获得加工的现状和进展，通过融合不同制造过程信息，包括加工路径，实时主轴功率信息，人工输入数据和工具坐标估计和预测；通过实时加工进度跟踪位置工具动态处理）可以跟踪的数控加工发展有效的使企业行动市场的变化，根据生产条件场。2 方法的结构加工进度的同时执行任务异构数控机床是一种动态多目标跟踪。它是处理过程，分析和评估测量获得的信息从来源，并从物理映射的目标条件在现实系统中的逻辑条件 10 。首先要解决的问题，在跟踪过程中多个任务，是任务的奇异轨迹。为了克服数控加工进度信息无效和它的应用限制在实践中由于提取数控机床的异构系统，数控加工过程监控方法的基础上信息融合的提出。看到的结构图 1 中的方法。图 1。该方法的结构的结构，从信息的收集，对加工过程的逻辑架构相关整合。信息包括以下。（1） 数控程序。它是从数据库或文件中获得的系统在 CAX（CAD，CAE，CAM，等） 或产品数据管理（PDM），以便它可以被应用于分析加工路径；（2） 数控机床主轴功率。主轴的实时采集功率从传感器和功率曲线的绘制；（3） 手动输入数据。操作员输入的现状和加工过程直接通过人机交互界面中的网络终端；（4） 工具的实时位置。它反映了加工进展与现状；并应收集相应的数控接口的差异。信息是通过信息融合分析中心（IFC）。数控加工过程中，各种这反映了加工进度信息相关和融合，根据加工路径通过数控加工程序的定义。毕竟，作为当前的加工状态信息，进度和剩余时间估计，IFC 将发送给决策者，以便及时做出相应的政策。知识中心（KC）提供必要的知识在加工信息集成和融合的支持。信息库（IB）保存重要的过数据和结果；规则库（RB）提供的推理机制和多源信息融合计算方法；体验基地（EB）是知识创造和经验，在所有加工过程中积累并将丰富KC。数据需要融合始终存在于不同的来源不同的形式。在 IFC，物理特性状态抽象为矩阵的状态，尽管他们自己信息模型，然后生成的状态数据根据加工状态的融合规则的目标。在加工状态，当前状态和预测状态通过实验结果和估计融合检测目标状态，理论加工路径，融合算法，并预测由先前的融合。当前的逻辑状态可以影响下一次估计直到加工站。它是观察到的监控数控系统的关键问题基于信息融合技术的进步，加工等如下：（1）多渠道收集和整合信息和知识有关的表达；（2） 测量加工现状及跟踪算法加工进度与多源信息融合。3 信息的整合和表达3.1 多信息源集成3.1.1 数控程序NC 程序的大多数是创建和管理通过企业信息系统，如 CAX，PDM，等。只有将这些系统可以有效的数控制定程序。传统的紧耦合方式应用于信息集成主要取决于组件技术，如 CORBA，COM 和 COM + /DCOM，Java 的 RMI，等它保证可重用性，可移植性和互操作性的软件，功能很好的时候，管理通信和分布式处理。基于这些技术系统的特点独立成分，透明的网络，统一的数据和接口，等。然而，随着系统的网络服务和不断增长的需求松耦合相互作用，成为趋势。面向服务的集成组织业务基于松散耦合的 Web 服务来促进过程资源的可重用性和开发效率，所以许多原来的最有价值的应用。因此，当 CAx 与 PDM 的集成，它是必要的采用上述方式实现数控通过封装和调用系统接口程序。3.1.2 数控机床主轴电力信息数控机床主轴 3.1.2 电力信息采集加工任务进度的结果机床主轴功率信息公平满意，为产品主轴功率曲线享有在质量相似性和重复性的特点生产。虽然电力复杂零件具有加工周期长，单块或小批量生产是不重复的，它是收集的一些关键信息加工的可行性从图 2 所示的曲线的过程 9 ，和信息包括：（一）开始加工，闲置（B，D，F），切割（C，E），停止加工（G）。在机械加工中，每一个明显的凸起与闲置曲线上的权力意味着一切，和形状突出的是在不同切削模式。有相同的凸起时，主轴的启动和停止，和凸起是为本文的形状。虽然这些信息不能反映整个加工过程可描述在加工过程中的一些关键点，它可以确定分钟的启动或停止加工，判断是否被切割或不。图 2。机床主轴功率曲线形状3.1.3 手动输入信息运营商和设备是两个主体制造过程。设备信息可通过传感器采集，和操作员可以输入观察通过人机交互信息系统。相比较而言，它是更容易发挥主观能动性的学习和估计观察到的现象，该系统可以提供更准确的信息。然而，手动输入信息具有较低的实时性和较高的延迟。因此，HCI 必须使操作更加简单、快速，具有最小输入时间最大的信息。3.1.4 实时定位工具收集工具的实时位置的方式不同不同的数控系统。对新研制的数控是容易的系统收集的信息加工过程由于其较高的开放性接口，有些机器与通用操作系统的数控系统即使收集位置通过应用程序接口（API）操作系统。而接口不提供传统的数控机床，刀具的位置不从数控系统直接读取，并获得形式的数控生产成本高。3.2 知识表示信息的收集和整合来第一次在多源信息融合，这是过程，以统一的数据从不同的逻辑表达方式源。XML 具有开放性的特点，便于携带，可扩展性有助于描述复杂的信息，和从形式内容的 XML 数据分离，解除受限制而使自己的表达多源信息集成和共享输送语义信息 11 。毕竟，KC 可建立知识库中存储有用的数据，以以下几方面考虑：（1）结构合理通过组织和管理知识；（2）的表达在相关领域知识的有效形式推理过程。有表达各种优点通过 XML 的加工进度信息。对于一方面，它可以统一多源异构信息，另一方面，重要的过程数据和结果可以存储在 IB 进一步使用。它可以被描述为：KIB= ID，ST，V，T ，其中 ID 是 k 的记录的索引 IB，ST 是数据类型集， V 的一组值，T 是设置时间记录了。数控加工中的规则库可以被描述为：KRb= S， R，其中 S = 1，S2，Sn是所有设置状态过程。然后，状态可分为输入状态集 Si = 四I|I= 1，2， ，NSi和输出状态集所以= i|i= 1，2， ，N 所以，其中 Sii=i 这里有一个订单在 R = R S.1，R2， ，RM是地位规则集； 是 3 状态规则的关系，并用产生式规则知识表示：结果表明，状态规则集 no 可以从 RJ（四我）。每一个生产规则适用于相同的格式管理作为一个模块，便于索引，添加，删除，修改，并从知识库的查询。在信息融合过程中，经验应不断改进以后通过利用各种信息的集成规则机制和它们产生的结果不断的修改学习机和积累。4 融合算法进度跟踪4.1 分析加工路径加工路径描述为 f（x，y，z）= 0 和定义通过数控加工程序是由许多连续弧。的加工路径也可以表示为 G = N，E（L，F），其中 n = ni|我= 0，1，2， n 是节点的集合；E = ei（Li，Fi）|我= 1，2，N矢量连续的两个节点之间，i 的地方 i 从 N 曲线的长度 1.ni，和单位 mm，Fi 由数控程序对 L 的进给速率分配 i，和单位毫米/分钟。今天，大多数数控机床车间仍然适用复杂曲面的加工技术结合圆弧插补的线。分析数控程序可以获得加工路径的 R 矩阵 n + 1，它可以定义为该参数 R 的表达 n + 1 给出了表 1。 4.2 融合规则的加工状态时间点的歧视，开始，结束，休息简历是判断当前的重要意义在数控加工轨迹的加工状态。一旦加工开始，可以判断出大致的状况以下信息：不断变化位置的工具，主轴功率曲线的形状，和可能的人力投入信息。根据第 3.2 节中的
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