英语简明语法讲义

1、英语语法明细表词法词的发音语音语调音标元音辅音音节分类如何划分重音词的重音句子的重音读音的特例音的连读音的同化音的脱落音的连缀不完全爆破语调分类和用法读音规则常见后缀拼写规则和读音常见词根前缀后追和词根词的构成常用方法转化法派生法合成法不常用方法截短法混合法缩写法反转法词的分类和用法实词（6种）名词分类、作用、用法（数、格、性）代词分类、作用、用法数词分类（4类）、作用、用法形容词分类、作用、位置用法（比较级）副词分类、作用、位置用法（比较级）动词分类（4类）时态16种语态2种语气3种短语和句型非谓语动词3类虚词（4种）冠词分类、作用、用法介词分类、作用、用法连词分类、作用、用法感叹词分类、作

2、用、用法（词法部分）英语语法简明明细表（句法部分）句法句子成分（10种）主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语插入语同位语呼语句子分类按用途分陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句按结构分简单句并列句复合句名词性从句（4种）形容词性从句（定语从句）副词性从句（状语从句）直接引语和间接引语直间间直转化规律主语和谓语一致形态一致意义一致毗邻一致语序分 类倒装句省略句强调句标点符号分类和用法基本句型五类第一讲 动词的语气 式（mood），又译作“语气”，它是区别小说话人以何种口气说话的动词形式，是陈述事实，还是发出命令，还是虚拟假设？因此英语动词便有了3种表示不同口气的动词形式：陈述式 Indicative Mood eg

3、. He goes to church every Sunday. 祈祷式 Imperative Mood eg. Dont be late for school. Go to school at once. 虚拟式 Subjuetive Mood eg Mother insisted that he go to hospital at once.一. 陈述语气.广泛用于陈述事实或事实提出询问通常用于陈述句（Question），可以说95%的英语句子用的都是陈述式动词。二. 祈祷句.传统译作“祈祷语气”，是说话人向对方提出要求，下达命令，发出指示，劝告等所用的动词形式。这种动词形式与原形同形，

4、只是当它出现在一种特定的句型中，才带带有“祈祷式”的语法标记：eg. Dont walk on the grass. Lets not watch TV tonight.三. 虚拟式.传统译作“虚拟语气”，是专门表达“假设意义”（Hypo the typical meaning）.及其他“非事实意义”（Non-factual meaning）动词形式。现代英语表达上述意义的语法手段是多种多样的，主要用法如下：1. 在条件句中的用法. 两种条件：.有些条件句是可能实现的.称为真实条件句. B.不能实现的纯粹假想不是事实虚拟条件句 含蓄条件句：省/祈+and（那么）+从句=if+从句，主句.虚拟条

5、件句构成虚拟的基本形式如下表： 假设类型 从句 主句与现在事实相反If+主句+动词过去式主+could/would/should+动原与过去事实相反If+主句+had+过分词主+could/would/should+have+过分词与将来事实或可能相反 （考80%）If+主句+动过式/were to+动原/should+动原主+could/would/should+动原2. 如果条件句中含有一个助力，情态动 be or have 时，可将if 省略.将上列词放在句首引导虚拟式，主从句中的谓语动词与（1）一致。3. 含蓄条件句：指不用if引导.由上下文表现出来或用其他方式表达的条件句.如：or

6、otherwise. But for （without） but that +从句provided ,supposing , were it not for +n.4.would rather/had rather /would sooner /would just soon/ a. 谓语动词用过去式表达现在或将来发生动作虚拟 b. 用过去完时表达对过去发生动作的虚拟。对过去情况虚拟Had done or would/could +have + p. p 带遗憾口气对现在情况虚拟动词过去式，be 常用were对将来情况虚拟Would +动词原形 向对方提供希望要求5Wish+宾语从句6.If

7、only “要是就好了”只要 但愿 引导的感叹句中谓语如下： 现在 用过去式 过去 完成时（had+done） 遗憾口气 将来Would /should/might+do 表愿望 7.as/if/though/ “仿佛 好象” 引导状语从句a谓语用过去式 表对现在b谓语用完成时 表对过去c谓语用 would do 表对将来D当as if though 用在感观动词（look，smell，feel）后面表客观判断时，从句动词要用陈述语气.Eg. The milk smell as if it is sour（go and）8. 在动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词用should （可省）+动原. 建议：

8、persuade agree arrange determine suggest，advise，propose。Recommend（建议），move（会议上提议）， 要求：ask，request，require，desire，demand，stipulate（规定），tell，pray。 指挥：order，command，direct。 主张：insist，advocate，maintain，urge，beg，decide。9. It is+过去分词上述动词+ed+that+主语从句+should doIt is+形+that should do ;形表示重要,必须,强制,义务形:essent

9、ial,necessary,imperative,important,impossible,desirable,advisable,vital,crucial,obligatory,nature.10. 上面动词的名词形式如:suggestion, advice. proposal, recommendation, motionplan,idea,order等词后引导的用谓语从句和表语从句,谓动用”should+动原or接动原11 用于in case,lest,for fearthat on condition that等引起状从句,谓动用should+do12 It is+time+that

10、+v_ed +should+动原表达紧迫感,舒缓语气,婉转的提议建议13 should在表达”竟然”的语气时不能省a It is that+主+should+动原(表现在OR将来) funny supring 注意把握”主从句分别定位”的原则 15在whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat等引导让步状从句,谓动may+动原 第二讲 非谓语动词 非谓语动词有三种形式:动词不定式,分词和动名词,在句中不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但是它们具有动词的许多特点,可有自己的宾状,还能同其它词连用构成短语.除此以外还有时态和语态的变化形式. 不定式(Infinitive)通常由不定式符

11、号to+动词原形构成,因此不带to的不定式变与动词原形同形在句中可作主,宾,表,定,状,宾补等.它具有动的许多特点,它可有自己的宾语OR状语来构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,有语态和时态变化,否定式never+to+v eg: I never go to love pretty girl=I go never to love p.g.1. 常用形式一般式（主动） to do 进行体形式 to be doing完成体形式 to have done完成进行体形式 to have been writing被动式 to be done被动完成式 to have been done主动语态 被动语态

12、一般形式 to do to be done进行式 to be doing -完成体形式 to have done to have been done完成进行体形式 to have been doing -2. 作用（句子成分） 做主语：做主时，常常用代词it来代替它做主，而把动不定式（短语）移到句子后部分，使句子显的更平稳。E g: Its glad to see my former-girlfriend again. 做宾语：当不定式有宾补时，往往放在宾补后，用it做形式宾语：常用动词feel, find, think, consider, hope, make,eg: I find it

13、interesting to surf on-line. 做定语：当做定时，如果不定式动词是不及物动词或不定式所修饰的名词代词是不定式发生的地点，使用的工具。不定式后面须有相应的介词。e.g.: He is looking for a room to live in. Please give me a knife to cut with. 当不定式所修名是time place way三词时后面的介词可省。e.g.: He had no money and no place to live. 做宾补：表示将来or动作整个过程。e.g.：I saw Clinton come to Beijing.

14、but，except，besides三个介词后接不定式，并且如介前有实意动词do时，to可省.e.g.：She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? 做状语：目的、原因、 结果、条件、修动 vi + to +动（状）e.g.: I come here to see. We were very excited to hear the news.不定式也可在表后（形容词后）做状。 Eg: I am glad to hear it.A: It is + adj +to do. It is+ adj + for (

15、of) sb + to do.当形在不定式复合结构中表示人的性格特征，心理变化品质时与介词of 连用，常用形：right、wrong、brave、bold、careful、careless、nice、good、kind、natural、strange、considerate、honest、polite、impolite、stupid、cruel、foolish、rude、thoughtful、thoughtless、wise、unwise、wicked、silly.当形表示事物的特征特点时，其后用表示动作行为等限定程度的介词for 、necessary。不定式做状强调目的时常用， in ord

16、er to: so as to.: : 结果 : : : adj+enough+to do. tooto do特殊用法：1、 下列情况下不定式 to省略：a. 情态动词后。 E.g.: you must do as you are told.b. 情态成语后。 Would rather: would sooner: would（Just）as soon（宁愿）。May （might）just as well（不妨，可以）。 Can not but do cannot help but do（不能不，不由得不）。E.g.: You cannot help but respect them. I

17、had sooner stay at home.Would rather / sooner / （just）as soon之后也能跟thanas+分句。作“宁愿而不愿”后to也省。E.g.: l would just as soon stay as go. He would sooner play than work.c. 在rather than sooner than 之后，两词同义，前者多见，均作“宁可而不”解释。至于句首时，其后跟不带to不定式 如:rather than cause trouble ，he left.两词放句中时即可带to也可不带。E.g.: he deicide t

18、o write rather than（to）telephone.d. 在“主动词+主动词”固定搭配的第一主动词之后，第二个主动词指的就是不带to不定式，这类搭配常见的有：make believe（假装）：make do(withon) 凑合、将就；靠维持；let drop (fall) 有意无意说出；let fly (at) 发出 ；射出; let slip 无意说出；错过机会。Let go(of)=leave go of 放开 放手；hear tell (of) 听说。Let go hang 见鬼去吧 ，才不在乎。E.g.: let us make believe we have a mi

19、llion dollars.We must not let slip such an opportunity.e. 在“使役动词+宾语”之后，let、make、have、help. 当使役动词为被动时，to必须加上。Eg: John made her tell him everything she was made to tell him everything.f. 在“感觉（官）动词+宾语”之后。常见的有：被动时同上。See、hear 、observe、notice、feel、watch、look at、listen to、e.g.: look at that boy jump！g. 在“h

20、ave known+宾语”之后。 Known 以完成体形式出现，含义是“看过、听过”其后宾语用不带to. 被动同上。E.g.: I have never known (=seen) that men smile.(被动) That man has never been known to smile.Have you ever known (=heard) him tell a lie.h. 在“whywhy not ”句式中之后不定式to 常省。 E.g.: why argue with him？ Why not give Mary some flowers？2、 不定式符号to与介词to的辨

21、别问题。a. 动词+介词 to. 常见的如下：add to(增加) amount to (总计,等于) cling to (坚守)adhere to (坚持) attend to (注意,照顾) come to (到达；涉及到)stick to (坚持,继续) admit to (承认,供认) correspond to (相当于,等于)confess to (承认,供认) object to(反对) resort to (诉诸)refer to (提及) relate to (与有关系) submit to(顺从,屈服)succeed to (继承) swear to (强调地说) take

22、 to (从事,耽于)trust to (依赖,依靠) yield to(让步,屈服) lead to witness to (出庭作证,证实) fall to(被击败)b. v+ n/pron +介词toascribe to 归因于 apply to 致力于 accustom to 使习惯于 attribute to 归因于 devote to 致力于 dedicate to 奉献 owe to 归功于 prefer to 较喜欢 reduce to 使变小,降低 resign to 听任 eg: You must accustom yourself to getting up early.

23、c. be + v-ed + 介词tobe accustomed to 惯于 be resigned to 听任 be reduced to 使变小 落到 be reconciled to 甘心于 顺从be devoted to 致力于 be given to 喜欢 癖好 be used to 习惯于 e.g.: Im now quite reconciled to living in Dongying Obama was reduced to begging for food.d. 动+副词+介to get round to找到时间做某事 look forward to get down t

24、o 开始认真做某事 get near to 几乎，接近于 face up to 勇敢地面对 feel up to 有条件（适合）做某事 look up to 盼望期待e形容词+介词to adjacent to毗邻 deaf to不愿意听 equal to有能力、力量等loyal to忠于 preferable to较合人意 similar to类似 相同superior to优于 胜过 sensitive to 敏感f. 名+介to key to 解答 关键 answer to 回答 答复 obstacle to 障碍 object solution limit to限度 aid to辅助 o

25、bjection to反对 indifference to 不关心 hinderance to阻碍 attempt to attitude tog以介词to结尾的复杂介词（complex preposition） according to owing to 因为 由于 preliminary to 在以前 asto关于 preparatory to 为准备previous to 在以前 priorto在以前 thanks to 由于 多亏 in addition to 除以外 in relation to 论及 关于 with a view to 为目的with an eye to为起见. 意

26、在。3、“名+不定式”与“名+介+ing分词”a：有些名词如：“attempt at,effort at ,freedom of ,time for ,necessity of ,opportunity of ,reason for ,way of，intention of 等在其后用不定式or介+Ving均可，意义无太大的区别。eg：The doctor made a bold attempt to saw (at sawing)the childs leg.They made an effort to finish (at finishing)the work in one day, bu

27、t they falled.b. 有些名词只能带不定式，而不能带介+ing动，常用如下： ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, disposition(意向) mind, obligation, permission, refusal, reluctance, temptation, tendency, wish eg: They have the ability to produce nuclear weapons.They signed an agreement to rent the house.c. 有一些名词其后通常接介+

28、Ving ，不接不定式.aptitude (资质)delay ,difficulty ,excuse, experience ,interest ,genius ,habit ,hope ,idea, method ,motive, object ,plan ,possibility, skill ,success.eg: Edison had a great aptitude for inventing new things.- To invent There is no hope of winning the game.4、 不定式与动词的搭配关系1）动词+不定式，有些动词能直接带不定式，

29、而不能接Ving这类动词有：agree,aim,apply,arrange,choose,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavour,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,profess,promise,refuse,resolve,seek, swear, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow.e.g.: You ought to learn to be patient Last year he applied to retire.2).

30、 动+宾语+不定式：有些动词必先带宾然后再带不定式有以下五类：a 感官动词：see，hear，watch，feel.b 动词词组: arrange for, ask for, rely onc 使役动词: have, let, make, get d 心理状态动:consider, declare, find, prove, think, believe, discover,(feel=think), imagine , judge, suppose, understand,e “劝告、允许、禁止”动：advise，allow，forbid，permit，recommend，require，u

31、rged类动有三个特点：1其后不定式总带to通常是to be . eg: We considered him to be a good officer.2在consider declare find prove think 等动词后的to be往往可省eg:We considered him (to be )foolish但如不定式是完成体形式就不可省.We considered him to have been foolish .3上述动之后名、代既可视为动词宾语。也可视为带to不定式的逻辑主语从后一角度看可与that分句进行转换I should guess him to be 50-I s

32、hould guess that he is 505 不定式的其他用法 1 在“there be” “名(代)+be +adj+to do” “tootodo”句型中不定式的主动语态表示被动意味.2 不定式的进行时表示的动作同谓语动词所表动同时发生， 不定式的进行式无被动语态形式。3 不定式的完成式表动发生在谓语动表动作之前 eg: He seems to have lived here for many years4 不定式的完成进行式表动在谓动表示动之前发生，但一直持续到说话时那一时刻:eg: The test was known to have been going on for thr

33、ee years 5不定式修名、代与不定在逻辑上是主谓关系 不定式用主动形式 eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door?6 不定式与前被修名 代在逻辑上 动宾关系 又和该句主语在逻辑上成主谓关系时,用主动形式 eg: I have got a letter to write.7 不定式做表语形容词的状语时,句子中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时多用主动形式 eg: He is hard to talk to 如要强调动作的承受(动)者时用被动式 eg: The handwriting is very difficult to be read 8不定式的一般式

34、表动作与谓动同时或几乎同时发生或在他之后发生 e.g.: I saw him go 9 如不定式发生在谓动之前要用完成式，当不定式逻主语是不定式动作承受者时用被动形式。 He asked to be sent to work in the countryside。 E.g.: I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long 10 如谓语动词表动正在发生不定式表动正在进行，用不定式进行式 E g : I am very glad to be working with you第三讲 分词和动名词现在分词和过去分词两种,它兼有动副和形的特征,可以有宾or状,一

35、起构成分词短语,现分表动作具有主动,正在进行意思,过分表动作具有被动完成的意义.现在分词（The Present Participle） Ving构成主动语态 被动语态一般形式 doing being done完成体形式 having done having been done-常用状语完成进行体形式 having been doing -用法:1. 现在分词的主动语态：一般式：表示的动作与谓动所表示的动作一般同时进行.完成式：表示的动作则在谓动所表示的动作之前完成.eg：working hard, you will succeed.(条件状语)Having finished their wo

36、rk, they have a rest.2. 现分的被动语态：一般式：表示一个被动动作正在进行or与谓动表示动作同时进行. 完成式：表示一个被动动作在谓动表示动作之前已经完成了。Eg: The large building being built down the street will be a hospital Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.3.句子成分1作定：单个词放在所修饰词前，短语放在后，相当定从e.g.: The boy(who is) standing there is a classm

37、ate of mine.The standing boy2. 作表：描述主语特征，主语常是物，表示主动进行动作。e.g.: The issue is confusing 这件事令人困惑3作补语。（亦为复合宾语）可带这种宾语的常用动词make leave have see watch feel find get keep help notice hear observe find e.g.: We heard her singing in her room做复合宾语，现分与不定式稍有不同，不定式表示动作发生了全过程，分词正在进行eg: I saw her come in 我看见她进来了（说明进来

38、这件事） I saw her coming in.我看见她正进来了（说明来时的情景）4作状语 主要修饰动词。可表示时，原，条，让步，方式，伴随情况，在现分短语前可带有从属连词when, while, ifthough, as ife.g.: If arriving by plane, please let my secretary know (条件状) Having finished the painting, he began to make a frame for it (时状). 有时现分的一般式。可表示先于谓动所发生的动作前。E.g.: Opening the drawer .he t

39、ook out a notebook 过分。The past participle1. 作定：同上 the fallen leaves落叶2作表：描述主语特征。主语是人。 He was surprised at the news3. 作宾补： eg: We found him taken away by the police 4 .作状：同上注意事项：1现分：作定时含有主动的意思，但现分 missing, wanting, remaining作定时，却表示被动概念，过分作定通常含有被动的意思，但是也有例外如：seated、learned, drunken 等词作定时，能动主动概念。2分词修饰物

40、，表示的特征，特点，性质，这些概念是用现分性质特征；过去分词修饰人，表示人的心理状态情感变化等概念时要用过分状态；3当句子中的宾语是做宾补分词的逻辑主语时，宾补用现分，如句中的宾语与分词是动宾关系是宾补要用过分e.g.: Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Clinton found Monica taken away by Bush.4. 如果既要强调动作正在进行又要表示被动则须用现分一般式的被动语态. Being done5. 作宾补现分没有完成式,如既要表示主动又要表示完成则须用不定式 e.g.: I heard him being writ

41、ten a book /(to) have written6、作定语现分没有完成式，若要表达完成和主动含义用定语从句 having done having been done7用状语的分词，它的逻辑主语必须是句子中的主语（特殊除外）。换句话说就是句中的主语与状语的分词在逻辑上要有主谓关系，要么动宾关系：否则不能用分词做状语，而要用状语从句的分词的独立主格结构。（即在分词前面加一个逻辑主语）eg: Faced with difficulties, We must try to overcome them. Time permitting, we will stay longer. ( go on

42、 playing C.S)动名词I:词的形式和特征。 动名词由动词原型加ing构成，与现分形式相同。起名词作用在句中作主、宾、定等。同时还保留着一点动词的特征，如有完成式和被动语态。 一般式 doing(主 动) being done (被动) 完成式 having done (主 动) having been done (被动) 否定式：not +ving 二用法 1：作主（抽象、一般的动作、说话人的爱好多次性的动作行为） eg: Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. 特殊句型使。下面句型中it+形主：

43、动名短语是真正主语 Its worth +doing It will be nice +doing Its no use +doing Its a waste of time +doing Its no good +doing Its not any use (useless) +doing Its very difficult + doing 2: 作宾：喜欢（不喜欢），习惯性动作用在特定动词后，如： admit cant help delay acknowledge cant resist deny anticipate cant stand detest advocate conside

44、r dislike appreciate contemplate mind avoid defer ensure enjoy give up practice prevent escape imagine put off face excuse include resent(痛恨) complete evade keep(on) report feel like facilitate(使容易) mind risk bear(忍受) fancy设想 miss stop cease停止 pardon suggest commence 开始 finish postpone forgive quit

45、放弃 recall回想 envy嫉妒endure忍受confess坦言 figure估计repent悔悟involve 包含resume 恢复 favor 喜欢 allow (adviseforbidpermit) doing sb to do want (need requiredeserve)+doing=.to be done E.G.:The bike wanted repairing= The bike wanted to be repaired (1) difficulty / a good time have+ (2)trouble /a hard time +( in ) do

46、ing (3)fun / problem/ pleasure 3.作表语:主语和表语颠倒位置意思不变,常与主语表同一事物常放在job workdutytaskwish 等抽象名词。分词则无此功能 eg: My job is teaching your English. Teaching your English is my job.This book is interesting- 区别：1:动名作表说明主语的内容。回答是: what (doing what )问题 eg：My favorite sport is playing basketball 2:分词作表语。说明主语的性质、特征。回答

47、how的问题 e.g.: The film is interesting. 4.作定：动名作定不以短语形式出现，而且总是位于被修饰的名词之前表示它所修饰名词的目的，用途或场合.3. e eg: blotting paper=paper for blotting 吸墨水纸现分做定表示它修饰词正在进行的动作，有主谓关系eg: China is a developing country the rolling stone 滚石 5. 动名（短语）作同位语 eg: His habit reading newspaper at night, remains unchanged 他晚上读报的习惯没有变 6

48、. 动名作宾语补语（可以在个别动词后） e.g.: Can we call this serving mankind?这能叫为人民服务吗？ 7. 带逻辑主语的动名词结构 动名的逻主有时是句子的主语，有时需根据上下文判定，这种逻主语并不是动名短语的组成部分，动名+逻主-动名词结构，又称动名词复合结构，形式为：“名词所有格/代词所有格+动名词” eg: It is no use your running away.你们逃走是没有用的 Do you mind my(me) turning on the radio. Excuse, forgive, pardon等后作宾语的动名必须带逻辑主语 E g

49、：please forgive me/my asking.请原谅我提问 8.其他用法 1.动名作宾补时，其句中动词常常是mind, excuse, hate. dislike. like, remark. notice, stop等，现在分词作宾补时，其句中动常常是一些感官动词watch, hear, keep, see, show, get, find, feel等 2.动名作定时与被修名没有主谓关系，这个动名不可扩展为定从句，但可用一个介词for引起的短语代替。现分做定与被修名有主谓关系扩展成从句。 3、动名逻辑主语所表示的意义是动名词动作的对象时（承受者），一般要用被动式，动名被动式一般只用作宾，被动完成式（having been done）常被被动一般式代替，动名词被动一般式不作主语，做主语常被不定式to be done代替 4. 在like love hate prefer等动词后跟动名表一般倾向性，跟不定式则多指特定的or某次具体的行为 eg: I like reading newspaper; I like to read todays newspaper 5. 在there be ,tooto, easy, difficult, hard, fit, pleasant等词后作状不定式常用主动, need,