雅思语法课件(低)

1、主讲教师Julie1. Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about pure curriculum science. (C4T1P1)2. One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate value and evaluate conflic

2、ting views. (C4T1P1)句子构成成分共分为九种：主谓宾（表），定状补，同位语和插入语句子包括简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句四种。定义：句子的主体，通常位于谓语动词之前。常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing、以及不定式。1.名词：Computers are now being widely used in almost all fields.2. 代词：We are now living in an information-explosion era.3. 主语从句：Whether sports stars should earn a high salary is s

3、till discussed.4. V-ing: Surfing on the Internet offers a new way for people to relax themselves.5. To do: To protect the environment is everybodys responsibility.定义：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。1.表状态时用系动词：As I see it, movie stars earning a high salary is unfair and unjustified.2. 表动作时用实义动词：The Interne

4、t has revolutionized peoples way of life./ peoples taste differs.3. 表拥有时用have/has/there be People have different views on this question. There is no absolute agreement on this question.4. 表情感态度用情态动词+动词原形：In this way, teachers can never be replaced by computers.定义：谓语指向的对象。常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing、不定式

5、。1.名词：International tourism promotes the economic development.2.宾语从句：Some people believe that air travel should be restricted.3.复合结构：The advanced medical technology has made it possible for people to live longer than ever before.4. V-ing: Nobody can avoid being influenced by media.5. To do: Some peo

6、ple want to work for a big company while others choose to work for a small one.定义：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况。常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing、不定式和从句。1.名词：The environmental problem is a serious problem in modern society.2.形容词：Time is fleeting and art is long.3.V-ing: The argument is convincing.4. To do: A possible solution

7、is to set down effective laws.5. 从句：One advantage of computers utilization in education is that they can enrich the traditional teaching method to a great extent.定义：修饰名词，翻译为“的”，表示事物的性质或状态。常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing、不定式和从句1.形容词：Taking part-time jobs exerts profound impacts on ones future career development.2

8、. 名词：Generation gap is now a problem we have to face.3. V-ing: Clearly, we are now living in an updating society and the world is now witnessing some breath-taking changes.4. To do: Studying abroad provides students with a good opportunity to experience a totally different culture.5. 定语从句：That is a

9、good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句。按照功能分11种时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。常做状语的有副词、状语从句、不定式、V-ing和V-ed。1.副词：Honestly, I cannot give a yes-no answer to this question.2. 状语从句：The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.3. To do

10、: To solve this problem, people think out various solution定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句。按照功能分11种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。常做状语的有副词、状语从句、从句省略结构、不定式、V-ing和V-ed。4. V-ing: Technology is developing very fast, making it possible for people to live better than ever before.5. V-ed: Encouraged to do so, children

11、 will experience better development.定义：分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。通常为形容词和不定式1.形容词： Many people find this experience awful.2. To do: Advertisements often urge people to buy goods they dont need 定义：句子中两个部分表达同一概念。通常为名词和从句。1.名词： We should learn from the past, the mirror of the present and the hope of the future.2. 从

12、句： Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.根据成分可将陈述句划分为以下几种结构1.主+谓： Opinions vary greatly from person to person.2.主+谓+宾： The internet has revolutionized peoples way of life.3.主+系+表：Watching TV is relaxing.4.主+谓+双宾：Studying abroad offers students a good opportunity to e

13、xperience a totally different culture.5.主+谓+宾+宾补：I find this book interesting. He asked me to stay here.练习册P21句子包括简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句四种。定义：一个完整主谓结构。1. International tourism indeed gives rise to some problems.2. Ambition and perseverance are two substantial factors to success.3. Everyone influences som

14、eone and is influenced by others.4. Learning this course can stimulate ones imagination and cultivate ones independence.定义：由并列连词连接的两个简单句and/but/or/so/for/while）1. Life is hope and hope is life.2. He is well over sixty, but he doesnt look old at all.3. Some people waste food, while others dont have e

15、nough to eat.4. It must have rained, for the ground is wet.5.Hurry up, or you will be late for the meeting.在英语中，主要有三大从句，即：名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）形容词性从句（即定语从句）副词性从句（即状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）宾语从句是在复合句中充当宾语，通常放在主句谓语动词之后.He said that he would go to the college next month. 1.由 连词that（可省略），w

16、hether/if 引导The private enterprise announced (that) they would help to build 20 Hope Project schools. I am sure that the golden days can come back so long as everyone tried his best to protect natural environment from today on.I wonder whether you can return this book for me.2.由代词what, which, who, w

17、hom, whose, 及whatever 等引导She didnt know what had happened.To tell the truth, its really hard for me to decide which is better.We must find out who did this.Can you tell me whom you are waiting for.I dont know whose watch it is.Im prepared to learn whatever I need to know. 3.由副词引导when、where、how、why等引

18、导None of us know how to solve this problem.He doesnt know where the post office is.We dont understand why he gave up the opportunity.I asked them when the bus would come.主语从句是在复合句中充当主语，有时会用形式主语it来代替，而本身放在句子末尾。That he cheated in the exam is a factIt is a fact that he cheated in the exam.1.由连词that、whe

19、ther/if引导 That + 句子(主语)+谓宾That he is honest is known to us all.That you have made a mistake is a fact.That he cheated in the exam is for sure.That the girl left him broke his heart Whether/if + 句子+ 谓宾Whether he will come (or not) is not sure Whether he can succeed in the game is a question.Whether i

20、t will do us harm remains to be seen.Whether we will hold a party tomorrow depends on the weather. 2.由代词what, which, who, whom, whose及 whatever, whoever, whichever等引导What I need is moneyWhich class will win the match is not clear.Who will do the job is decided by the boss.Whom he likes is a secret.W

21、hose daughter she is is unknown.Whatever she did was right.Whoever wins the prize may get the car.Whichever car you buy makes no difference.3.由连接副词when, where, how, why 及whenever, wherever, however等引导陈述语序问句+谓宾When the museum will be open is unknown.Where the test will be given is not decided yet.How

22、 she survived the accident is a miracle.How he became a great scientist is known to us allWhy dinosaurs disappeared remains a mystery.Wherever you go is your choice.However hard you work makes no difference.主语从句、宾语从句都在主句中充当成分。而同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词，在主句中不做成分。Some people hold the opinion that the Internet

23、is a curse.常放在fact, news, idea, truth, problem, question, promise, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion，reason等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。1.连词that(不省略)，whether（不能用if）Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.We are investigating the question whether he is trustwo

24、rthy.As she is not rich, the chances that she will be able to afford such expensive things are small.2.代词what, which, who, whom, whoseI have no idea what he is doing.I had no idea which one is true.The question who should do the job requires consideration. 3.连接副词when、where、how、why等Well discuss the p

25、roblem when the sports meeting will be held.We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.Our teacher gave us some advice how we should use the computer.We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. 定语从句相当于一个形容词 ，修饰前面的名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句一般由关系代

26、词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when, where, why引导。I met a girl on the street, who is really cute.This is the house where I lived in.A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.包括限定性和非限定性定语从句：限制性定语从句无逗号隔开，去掉后整句意思不完整；非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开，去掉后不影响整句意思。1. 限定性定

27、语从句（1）由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose引导，用于修饰前面的先行词。 This is the book ( that/which ) you were looking for yesterday.Children who study abroad will have a good opportunity to experience a different culture.This is the girl whom I met on the street. This is the teacher whose daughter is a singer.= This

28、is the teacher the daughter of whom is a singer. （2）由关系副词 when, where, why引导I will never forget theday when I went to university. (= on which)I have foundaplace where we can study. (= in which) I cant believe that the restaurant, where I have eaten such wonderful meals, is going to be closed down （=

29、 at which ）This isthereason why he was absent. (=for which)2.非限定性定语(1)非限制性定语从句，可以用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 . A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need (2)非限制性定语从句只能

30、用which，不能用that引导; Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.(3)非限制性定语从句不能用why引导,要用for which代替why I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。1.让步状语从句引导词：though, although, even if, even though, while

31、, despite, in spite of，whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.Though he didnt want to help us at first, we finally persuaded him to take us.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.2.时间状语从句引导词：when, while, as, as s

32、oon as, before, after, since , until, We were about to leave when he came in.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.We always sing as we walk.As soon as I reach Canada, I will call you.It was five months since our boss went to Beijing.I worked until he came back.3.原因状语从句：引导词：because, as, s

33、ince, now that, in that, considering that, given thatMy friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Since/As you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.Considering that she will come tomorrow, I clean the ro

34、om.4.地点状语从句引导词：where，wherever We must camp where we can get water. He advised me to live where there are fresh air.The Red Cross is expected to send help wherever there are human suffering. 5.目的状语从句 引导词：so that, in order that, in the hope that, on the purpose that, for fear that, in caseThe boss ask

35、ed the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on the purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.Take some food with you in case you get hungry on your way home.6.结果状语从句引导词：so that, such that, to the degree that, to the extent

36、 that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.He was excited to the degree that he couldnt sleep last night.7.条件状语从句引导词：if, unless, as/so long as, once, If we pay much attention to the earth, well have a better world.You will fail in English u

37、nless you work hard. Our parents will be pleased with our performance as long as we try our best.Maths is easy to learn once you understand the rules. 8.比较状语从句引导词：as+形容词+as，比较级+than，not so/asas , the+比较级,the+比较级The girl is as beautiful as her mother.The girl is not so/as beautiful as her mother.The

38、girl is more beautiful than her mother.The sooner the better.9.方式状语从句引导词：as, (just) asso, as if/thoughYou must do as your parents tell you. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. They completely ignore these facts as if /though they never existed. 主语从句是在复合句中充当主

39、语，通常放在主句谓语动词之前，有时会用形式主语it来代替，而本身放在句子末尾。That he cheated in the exam is a factIt is a fact that he cheated in the exam.1.由连词that、whether/if引导 That + 句子(主语)+谓宾That he is honest is known to us all.That you have made a mistake is a fact.That he cheated in the exam is for sure.That the girl left him broke

40、 his heart 地球是圆的是真的That the earth is round is true。 你能赢这次比赛是不可能的That you will win the game is unlikely.他在考试中作弊是事实That he cheated in the exam is a fact.你错过这个电影真可惜That you missed the film is a pity. Whether/if + 句子+ 谓宾Whether he will come (or not) is not sure Whether he can succeed in the game is a qu

41、estion.Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.Whether we will hold a party tomorrow depends on the weather. 他们是否会支持我们是一个问题 Whether they will support us is a problem. 他们是否会同意我的观点还不知道 Whether they will agree with me is unknown. 你是否能实现梦想取决于你的努力工作 Whether you can realize your dream depends on you

42、r hard work.2.由代词what, which, who, whom, whose及 whatever, whoever, whichever等引导What I need is moneyWhich class will win the match is not clear.Who will do the job is decided by the boss.Whom he likes is a secret.Whose daughter she is is unknown.Whatever she did was right.Whoever wins the prize may g

43、et the car.Whichever car you buy makes no difference.你昨天说的是对的。 What you said yesterday is right.哪个颜色更好取决于你。Which color is better depends on you.谁将会做这个工作由老板决定。Who will do the job is decided by the boss.她朝谁借的钱另他困惑。Whom she borrowed money from puzzled him.这是谁的书仍是一个问题Whose book it is remains a question.

44、3.由连接副词when, where, how, why 及whenever, wherever, however等引导陈述语序问句+谓宾When the museum will be open is unknown.Where the test will be given is not decided yet.How she survived the accident is a miracle.How he became a great scientist is known to us allWhy dinosaurs disappeared remains a mystery.Wherev

45、er you go is your choice.However hard you work makes no difference.房子什么时候建还不清楚When the house will be built is not clear.会议在哪举行还未通知Where the meeting will be held hasnt been told.金字塔是如何建成的仍是一个谜How the pyramids were built is a mystery.还不清楚他为何迟到Why he was late for the class is not clear. 4.It做形式主语 为避免句子

46、头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，代替句子放在句首That he cheated in the exam is a factIt is a fact that he cheated in the exam.(1) It is/was 名词that从句 It is a fact that the earth moves around the sun.It is a pity that he hadnt come to college.It is a common knowledge that whales are not fish.It is no surprise that Bob won the

47、 game.It is no wonder that he passed the examination. (2) It is 形容词that从句 It is obvious that they need my help.It is likely that he may lose the game.It is necessary that you should master the computer. It is important that a student should learn English well. It is well-known that Thomas Edison inv

48、ented the electric lamp. (3) It +被动that从句 It is said that air pollution has lead to the rise of the global temperature.据说It is reported that 300 million people in china have eyesight problem据报道It has been proved that taking exercise is good for our health. 被证明It is estimated that half of the worlds

49、adult population are unable to read or write. 据估计It is believed/acknowledged/thought that It is announced thatIt is generally recognized thatIt cant be denied that It must be admitted that.(4) It 不及物动词that从句 It seems that this medicine has a good effect on the patient 似乎It happened that we met on a

50、bus to the hospital 碰巧It suddenly occurred to me that I had to go to the station to see my friend off突然想到、意识到It is a common practice in the USA that one needs to make an appointment before seeing a doctor.It is a strange phenomenon that some young people today think (that) it is their parents respon

51、sibility to earn moneyIt is obvious that people hold different opinions about voluntary work.In the near future, it is likely that several new countries will join the EU.At school, it is essential that every child should be treated equally regardless of family background.1.In the face of the frequen

52、t and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests. (C4T1P1)2.It seems that schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. (C4T1P1)3. Thus, when Hof

53、mann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.4. It is important to note that Perkins synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. (C9T1P1)It is even

54、 possible that the older civilization may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we havent yet discovered.(C9T1P2)练习册p16作业：练习册p22宾语从句是在复合句中充当宾语，通常放在主句谓语动词之后.He said that he would go to the college

55、next month. 1.由 连词that（可省略），whether/if 引导The private enterprise announced (that) they would help to build 20 Hope Project schools. I am sure that the golden days can come back so long as everyone tried his best to protect natural environment from today on.I wonder whether you can return this book fo

56、r me.2.由代词what, which, who, whom, whose, 及whatever 等引导She didnt know what had happened.To tell the truth, its really hard for me to decide which is better.We must find out who did this.Can you tell me whom you are waiting for.I dont know whose watch it is.Im prepared to learn whatever I need to know

57、. 3.由副词引导when、where、how、why等引导None of us know how to solve this problem.He doesnt know where the post office is.We dont understand why he gave up the opportunity.I asked them when the bus would come.1. Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about pure curriculum science. (C4T1P1

58、)2. The dominant idea was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. (C4T1P1)3. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. (C9T1P3)4. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to adm

59、inister whatever level of shock he called for. （C5T1P2）5.We have had civilization on earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous(纤细的，脆弱的). （C9T1P2）6. Specifically, Milgram told each

60、volunteer “teacher-subject” that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils ability to learn. (C5T1P2)7.We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right co