高中英语语法

1、并列连词与状语从句 考点一 并列连词属性连接词典型例句并列关系and，not only.butalso，neither.nor.Their car broke down halfway and they had to stay in a small inn for the night.选择关系or，either.or.，otherwise，or elseEither you are mad，or I am.属性连接词典型例句转折关系but，yet，still，however，while，whenMary was a nice girl，but she had one shortcoming.因

2、果关系for，soSomeone is coming，for the dog is barking.考点二 时间状语从句。1.when引导的状语从句。 意为“正在这时”，表示某件事正在发生或刚刚发生时，突然发生另一动作：We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. 注意when还可表原因，意为“既然”。How can I help them to understand when they wont listen to me? 既然他们不听我说，我怎么帮他们理解？2表示“一就”的连词引导的时间状语从句。as soon as，im

3、mediately，directly，instantly，the moment，the minute，the second，the instant，no sooner.than.，hardly/scarcely.when.。 从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。The moment I heard the voice，I knew father was coming. No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother. 3

4、before(1)“还未就；趁；还没来得及就”He rushed out of the room before I told him the news.我还没来得及告诉他消息，他就冲出了房间。Please write it down before you forget it. 趁你现在没忘把它记下来。(2)it will be一段时间before.多久之后才。 It will be half a year before I come back. 还得呆半年我才能回来。(3)It wont be long before.不久就。 It wont be long before we meet ag

5、ain. 没多长时间我们就会又见面的。考点三 地点状语从句1.通常由连词where和wherever引导 Make a mark where you have any questions. 在你有问题的地方作个标记。2地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。Where theres a will，theres a way。 有志者，事竟成。Where(ver) theres plenty of sun and rain，the fields are green.3where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别：where引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词，而在定语从句中where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点

6、的先行词后面。If you are travelling where the customs are really foreign to your own，please do as the Romans do.(天津高考)(地点状语从句)If you are travelling in places where the customs are really foreign to your own，please do as the Romans do.(定语从句) 如果你到风俗习惯不同的地方旅行，请入乡随俗。考点四 条件状语从句1.由if，unless“如果不，除非”，as(so)long as

7、“只要”，in case(that)“结果，万一”，once“一旦”等连词引导的条件状语从句。 Well have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or its very cold.(天津高考) 除非下雨或天太冷，否则我们本周日会到公园去野餐。Ill lend it to you as long as you handle it with care. 只要你小心使用，我会借给你。2由on condition(that)；provided(that)；providing(that)(假若；倘使)；supposing(that)等引

8、导的条件状语从句。You can go swimming on condition that you dont go too far from the river bank.只有不离河岸太远你才能下去游泳。Ill go providing (provided that) my wages are paid. 如果发了工资我就去。Supposing it rains tomorrow，what shall we do? 假设明天下雨我们做什么？考点五 让步状语从句1.让步状语从句的引导词。 由although，though，as，while，even if(though)， whatever，w

9、hether.or.，no matter who (when，what.) 等引导。 Although/Though she works very hard，(yet) she makes very slow progressAll the nations should be equal，whether they are strong or not.所有的国家都应平等，不管它们是否强大。Whenever Im unhappy(No matter when Im unhappy)，it is my friend who cheers me up.2as引导的让步状语从句的常见的几种倒装方式：(1

10、)如果从句的谓语部分为“不及物动词副词”时，常将从句中的副词提到从句的句首。Hard as you may try，you will not succeed.(2)如果从句的谓语部分为“情态动词不及物动词”，常将这个不及物动词提到从句的句首。Wait as you may，he will not see you.(3)如果从句的谓语部分是“系动词单数名词”，则常将这个作表语的名词提前，但这个名词前面的不定冠词要省略。Child as he is，he can tell right from wrong.尽管他还是个孩子，他却能明辨是非。3while作“尽管”讲，引导让步状语从句时，往往放在句首

11、。While I understand your viewpoint，I dont agree with you.尽管我明白你的观点，我却不赞成你。考点六 方式状语从句方式状语从句用来表示主句谓语动作发生的方式，常由as“像一样”，as if(though)“似乎，好像”，the way“的方式”等引导。You must do the exercise as I tell you. 你必须按照我告诉你的方法做练习。He acted as if nothing had happened. 他表现得好像什么也没发名词性从句 名词性从句 难点强化1：表命令建议 的名词后的表语从句。在order,(命

12、令），suggestion, advice(建议）等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即：”should+动词原形“，should 常可省。如：His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the problem.2.that.whether的区别: that 用于表示肯定的意义，而whether表疑问。3:名词性从句皆用陈述语序。I wonder how much this pair of shoes costs.I want to know where you had put my pen.时

13、态 :(与间接引语基本一致) 如果主句是现在时，从句时态可以不变，但如果主句是过去的时态，那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。当从句是客观真理,定义、公理、定理时用一般现在时。 4:that 的省略that引导名词性从句时只起连接从句的作用,本身没有任何意义,因此在从句中不充当任何句子成分,它的使用须注意以下几点:主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。如：That they are good at English is known to us all.The problem is that we dont have enough money.She expressed

14、 the hope that they would come to China one day.宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：（A）当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可省略；（B）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，that不能省；（C）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。如：He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wine. Everyone knew what happened and that

15、 she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.D.当主语为the reason时,注意应用that 引导其表语从句,不能受汉语影响而误用because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus. 他迟到的原因是他没赶上早班车.(此句中的that不可用because代替) that从句作主语和宾语时，可以用it 来替换成以下几种结构表达。(A)It is clear/certain/likely/tru

16、e/surprising that （B）It is a pity/shame/good idea/no wonder that .（C）It is said/reported/ believed/known/thought/suggested that （D）It seems/happens that。如：It happened that I went out last night.It is said that China will win in the World Cup.that引导主语从句位于句首时不可省略.如果it作形式主语,而that从句置于句末, 这时that可以省略。例如:

17、That he has lost his work is not true. 他丢了工作不是真的。=It is not true (that) he has lost his work. 5: who, whoever, whom和whomever 在引导名词性从句时,在句中作主语时用who,意思是谁,含有疑问意味,whoever是它的强语势无论谁,不含有疑问意味。表示.的人，相当于the person who,或anyone whoWhoever breaks the law will be punished. 注意区别：疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的部分。如：

18、Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.You can choose whatever you like in the shop.疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：Whatever you do, you must do it well.( = No matter what you do, you must do it well.)Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,(=No matter who breaks the law, he will be punished.)(让步状语，意为

19、无论谁） no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。作宾语时用whom, 其相应强语势为whomever。判别时要根据句意以及在句中的语法功能来决定该用哪个引导词。例如: Who has taken away my bag is unknown.谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用Whoever显然句意不通) Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight. 无论谁想看这部电影今晚可以和我们一起去.(Whoever wants 相当于Anybody who wants,意为凡是想的人。这里不可换为Who。) Have you de

20、cided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁作候选人了? You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。 6：because引导的表语从句Because 可以引导表语从句，但通常只用于”This/That/It i/was because”结构中注意：在表语从句中,当reason做主语时,引导词只能用that,不能用because, 即the reason is that the reason (why) is that如:The reason

21、 was that he didnt catch the early bus. 原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。The reason why he is absent from work is that he is seriously ill.7: 注意what/ that/ which引导词与定语从句的引导词的区别what与which引导名词性从句时都在从句中充当句子的某一成份,如主语、表语、宾语或定语。what 表示泛指的事物,常译为什么或所的事物, what=all that, everything that在从句中作主，宾，表语。I dont believe what he said.(I

22、 dont believe all that he said.)whatever是它的强语势无论什么; 不能引导定语从句。E.g: I believe what (whatever) he says. 我相信他说的(不管他说什么我都相信)。that在所有的名词性从句中都不作任何成分。That he is to take charge of our factory is already an open secret.which表示特定事物中的哪一个(些),一般情况下在从句中充当定语,后接名词,在一定的语境中,它所修饰的名词可以省略,whichever是它的强语势无论哪一个(些)。 在名词性从句中

23、加上名词做主语宾语 eg: I dont know which answer is right. I will give her which (whichever) book she likes on the shelf. 这个书架上的(任何一本)书,只要她喜欢,我都会给她。 在定语从句中，单独做主语宾语 eg: I see a film which was popular in the past. that 引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不以当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；eg: I knew that I was wrong. 在定语从句中 作宾语主语 eg: I get the very

24、news that is important to me.定语从句 1. when/ where/ which/that先行词是时间，在从句中做状语时，用when；在从句中做主语，宾语等名词性成分时，用which/that/等。先行词是地点，在从句中做状语时，用where；在从句中做主语，宾语等名词性成分时，用which/that/等。1).I will never forget the day when we first met each other.2).I will never forget the day which/that/x we spent together in Beijin

25、g.3).I still remember the place where we picked a wallet.4).I still remember the place which/that/x we visited last week.2. reasonreason 为先行词时, 如果定语从句中缺少状语, 则用 why 引导, 如果缺少主语宾语表语,则用thatwhich 引导。 1).This is the reason why/for which he was late.2).This is the reason which/that/x he gave.3.the way 为先行词

26、时，如果定语从句中缺少状语则用thatin which 引导, 也可以省略, 如果缺少主语宾语表语,则用thatwhich 引导。1). Do you know the way that/in which/x he solved the problem.2).Do you know the way which/that/x Mary told Tom.3).Do you know the way which/that/ can be used to solved the problem.4. situation case point spot scene /stage /system/cond

27、ition/position等抽象名词为先行词时, 如果定语从句中缺少状语, where 引导。如果缺少主语或宾语，which/that引导。- Do you have anything to say for yourselves?(D)- Yes, theres one point _ we must insist on. A. why B. where C. how D. We may be trapped in such a situation where we have no one to turn to.5.介词+关系代词（which/whom) 适当介词的选择瞻前 看先行词的习惯搭

28、配1).The factory _we worked last year is not far from here.（D）A. with which B. to which C. which D. in which顾后找从句动词的习惯搭配2).Do you like the book on which she spent $10? 看意义根据句子所需要的意思3).The man_I worked last month was Mr Green（C）A to whom B in whom C with whom D whom 6.关系代词whose 的用法1）. whose引导定语从句，其后应紧

29、跟名词，构成名词短语。其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。 Do you know the woman whose husband is a doctor?This is a book whose cover is green.2）. whose引导的从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，如：即whose+名词=the +n + of which/whom =of which/whom + the + n.He lives in the room whose window faces south= He lives in the room, the window of which faces s

30、outh.= He lives in the room, of which the window faces south.7.定语从句与并列句的判断（人称代词与关系代词的选择）1). There are three libraries in our school, _ were built five years ago.（C）2). There are three libraries in our school, and _ were built five years ago.（A）A、all of them B、either of themC、all of which D、both of t

31、hat8. that1)“that”不可引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词that不能作介词的宾语。2)先行词是不定代词all ,everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等，引导定语从句用that 。3)先行词是物且被不定代词修饰时any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,last，引导定语从句用that 。4)先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that .5)当指物的先行词被only、very、right、just修饰时，关系代词用that1. That is the very pen _

32、 I lost the other day.2. This job is the right one _ he is looking for.3.No sample _ we have received is satisfactory. 4.Please send us any information _ you have about the subject.5.There is little _ can be believed about it .虚拟语气的考点 1、条件句中的虚拟语气的用法虚拟条件句主句例句与现在事实相反的假设if主语动词的过去式(be动词用were)主语should/wo

33、uld/could/might动词原形If I were you，I should seize the chance to go abroad. 如果我是你，我就抓住这次出国的机会。与过去事实相反的假设if主语had过去分词主语should/would/could/mighthave过去分词If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams. 如果你早听了我的意见，你考试就能通过了。与将来事实相反的假设1.if主语动词的过去式2.if主语were to动词原形3.if主语should动词原形主语should/wou

34、ld/could/might动词原形If he should not come tomorrow，we should put off the meeting till next Monday. 如果明天他不来，我们就把会议推迟到下周一了。T he weather has been very hot and dry. Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables _.A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt

35、have died (A)2、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装：如果条件状语中有were, had, should时, 可以倒装成：Were / Should / Had +主+其他Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _ . A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D.was saved (B)3、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用；（1）.表示要求,命令,建议的虚拟语气一个坚持，两个命令 insist /order,

36、command 三个建议，四个要求 advise, suggest, propose (advice, suggestion, proposal ) demand , require, request, desire这些词引导的名词性从句要使用虚拟语气。即从句中的动词使用should +动词原形 或者将should省略。注意： 如suggest, insist用于其本意“暗示、表明“、”坚持认为“时，宾语从句用陈述语气He insisted that she was (be)seriously ill and that be sent (send) to hospitals at once.H

37、e suggested that we have (have) a meeting at once.His pale face suggested that he was (be) ill.The order came that the medical supplies _ to Beijing for the H1N1 flu soon.Awould be sent Bshould sendCbe sent Dmust be sent (C)(2)wish后面所跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气。表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish主语动词过去式或were表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish主语had过去分词表示对

38、将来情况的虚拟：wish主语would/could动词原形)How much of the foreign experts speech have you understood?Next to nothing.I wish I_harder at English.Aworked Bhad workedCwould work Dwere working (B)(3)在would rather后的宾语从句中，也用虚拟语气，其结构为：would rather sb.(4)用于表语从句和同位语从句中。在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice

39、等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“should动词原形”，should可以省略。4、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法;（1）Its (about/high) time +that 从句（过去时/ should do sth）（2）if only引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气。在“if only”引导的感叹句中，要求用虚拟语气，表示愿望。用过去时或“would/could/might动词原形”表示与现在或将来事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。（3）as if从句的虚拟：对现在的虚拟- 一般过去式; 对过去的虚拟- 过去完成时My mother stared at

40、me as if she _ me before.Adidnt see Bhasnt seenChadnt seen Ddoesnt see (C)（4）用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with，without，but for。（5）在含蓄条件句中，有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。常见的有otherwise，or，but等Were still at the airport.If it werent for the delayed flight，we_the concert right now.Acan be enjoying

41、Bmust have enjoyedCwould be enjoying Dshould have enjoyed （ c）倒装句 英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so, neither, nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。（一）倒装句的意义1、适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。e.g. May I come in?Was the Peoples Liberation Army founded in 1927?

42、2、为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。e.g. Never have I been late for school this term.So early did he come to school that no other students came.（二）倒装的使用情况1、在 “there be” 结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。e.g. There is a box on the table.2、在疑问句中。e.g. Is she singing in the classroom?What does your mother do?3、在here, there等副词

43、开头的某些句子里（要用一般现在时态）。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。（完全倒装）e.g. There goes the bell.Here is an apple for you.There she comes.4、重复倒装句型，用在以so, nor, neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”、“也这样”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。e.g. I am watching TV. So is she.My parents didnt watch TV last night.

44、Neither (Nor) did I.5、直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。（完全倒装）e.g. “Very well,” said the French student.“Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” said he.6、在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。e.g. Little did he say at the meeting.Never shall I forget the

45、 day when I joined the Army. 比较：I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.7、用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk.Only in this way can we learn English well.注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this.8、为了表达生动，有

46、时把表地点、方位的副词，如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。（完全倒装）e.g. Away hurried the boy.Out rushed the girl.9、在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.Were I you (= If I were you), I would go ab

47、road.Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.10、as引导让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语）。e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me.Child as he is, he seems to know everything.（child前不加冠词）Hard as he worded, he made little progress.11、用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。e.g. May you succeed

48、!Long live the Peoples Republic of China!12、So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。So happy did he feel.Such was me.强调句句型（一）1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?

49、3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？e.g. When and where was it that you were born?4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station

50、 yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ，其余的时态用It is 。（二）not unti

51、l 句型的强调句1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。（三）谓语动词的强调1、It is/ was th

52、at 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。（四）、强调句型和名词性从句的结合。句式特征为: 整个强调句型用作名词性从句; 或者在强调句型中含有名词性从句。22 Ive already forgotten _you p

53、ut the dictionary.A. that it was there B. where was it thatC. that where it was D. where it was that简析：本题是经过变形的强调句型用作宾语从句的体现，为了更好地理解，我们分三步对其进行讨论。第一步，复原It was on the desk that I put the dictionary.第二步，对划线部分提问Where was it that you put the dictionary?第三步，变为陈述语序，将其用作forgotten的宾语从句则变为：Ive already forgott

54、en where it was that you put the dictionary.与原题对比，答案应为D。（五）、强调句型和定语从句的结合。句式特征为: 在强调句型的被强调部分或其他部分中找出一个先行词，附上修饰该部分的定语从句，这样整个句子结构就变得非常复杂。应特别注意不要混淆定语从句的关系词和强调句型中的that/who部24 It was in the small house _was built with stones by his father _he spent his childhood. A. which; that B. that; where C. which; which D. that; which简析：本题含义为“是在这间小房子里他度过了童年”，the small house作先行词，其后的定语从句缺做主语的关系代词；第二空所缺的应是强调句型中的结构词that, 故答案选A。再如：三、省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现