英语专业毕业论文-高中英语语法的任务型教学研究

1、精品文档滨州学院毕业设计（论文）题 目 高中英语语法的任务型教学研究 系（院）夕卜语系专 业英语班级2009 级3班学生姓名马楠楠学号2009020424指导教师高淑英职称讲师二一三年六月二十日i欢迎下载Cultural Analysis on English CommercialNegotiationA Thesis Submittedin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsbySong XueyuSupervisor: Associate Prof. Ma SongmeiBinz

2、hou UniversityJune 2009本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是本人在指导老师的指 导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议。尽 我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本设计（论文）不含任何其他 个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献 的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名：二0一 年 月 日毕业设计（论文）使用授权声明本人完全了解滨州学院关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的 规定。本人愿意按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版，同意学校 保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版，或采用影印、数字化或其

3、它复制手段 保存设计（论文）；同意学校在不以营利为目的的前提下，建立目录检 索与阅览服务系统，公布设计（论文）的部分或全部内容，允许他人依 法合理使用。（保密论文在解密后遵守此规定）作者签名：二0年 月 日精品文档从文化角度分析商务英语谈判摘要当今世界经济全球化的趋势日益加强，国与国之间的交往与联系日 益密切，国际贸易与对外交往也日益频繁。因此与外界交往合作的主要 形式跨文化商务谈判越来越显示出其在社会，政治，经济生活中的 重要地位。但是 “知己知彼，百战不殆 ”，在国际英语商务谈判中，要 想运筹帷幄，掌握主动权，获得成功，就必须充分了解不同国家的文化 及其对商务谈判的影响。本文试图通过文化角

4、度分析国际英语商务谈 判，探讨中西文化差异对谈判方式及风格的影响，谋求正确有效的谈判 策略，为我国经济建设服务，促进经济建设事业蓬勃发展。关键词 ：文化差异；跨文化商务谈判；策略I欢迎下载精品文档Cultural Analysis on English CommercialNegotiationAbstractNowadays, the cooperation and relationship between China and the other countries have become closer and closer. International trade and intercou

5、rse have becomemore and more frequent, because the world s economy is becoming more and more globalized. So the main ways of international association and cooperation cross-cultural business negotiation is showing its importance in society, politics, economyetc. But “Knowthe enemy and know yourself,

6、 and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat ”,if we want to work out plans and strategies, grasp initiative and make success in international negotiation, we must know the cultures of different countries and the effects it has on international business negotiation. This paper is tr

7、ying to analyze international English business negotiation through culture, investigate the effects that the cultural differences between China and western countries have had on negotiation and find effective and practical policies, to serve the socialist market economy and promote its prosperity.Ke

8、y words: cultural differences; business negotiation; countermeasuresContentsIntroduction 1Chapter One Cultural Differences in Business Negotiation . 11.1 Culture and cultural differences 11.2 International business negotiation. 21.2.1 The definition of international business negotiation 21.2.2 The f

9、eatures of international business negotiation 21.3 The importance of cultural differences on international business negotiation 3Chapter Two Cultural Differences in Business Negotiation . 32.1 Language differences . 32.2 The differences of values 42.3 The differences of taboo and religious belief 42

10、.4 The differences of manners 42.5 Negotiation styles 5Chapter Three Countermeasures for Problems . 53.1 Establishing cross-cultural negotiation consciousness 53.2 Understanding different cultures and overcome cultural prejudice . 63.3 Penetrating opponents cultural standards, social usages and tabo

11、os63.4 Establishing rational negotiation group 63.5 Effective measures 7Conclusion 7Bibliography 8Acknowledgements. 9i 欢迎。下载精品文档9欢迎。下载IntroductionAlong with the speeding up of the economic globalization, Chinese foreign-opening level deepening gradually and China successfully joined WTO, Chinas econ

12、omyhave blended into world economyfurther. Under this situation, economic trade through cross-country, cross-nation, cross-culture is increasing gradually and cross-cultural business communication is also increasing. As a special form of communication, international business negotiation involves dif

13、ferent regions, nations, social cultural association and contact. But different cultures of different regions and nations will certainly affect negotiators mode of thinking, sense ofworthand so on. And it will be easy for people to create and deepen misunderstanding, raise negotiation s degree of di

14、fficulty and affect the whole process of negotiation. Cultural differences are obstacles of cross-cultural communication and overcoming communication obstacles caused by cultural differences has been a problem faced by the whole world. So, it is inevitables interests andto meet some misunderstanding

15、 and ups and downs. If everyone wants to starttofrom his own cultural background and judge the other side action according to his own sense of culture, it will be difficultcommunicate effectively and achieve the aim of cooperation.Chapter OneCultural Differencesin BusinessNegotiation1.1 Culture and

16、cultural differencesGenerally speaking, culture is the sum total of material and spiritual wealth that people created during human societys social and historicalpractice. It consistsof specific customs, habits, faithof the society andsocial systems. Simply, culture is the sumtotal of social practice

17、 and faith. World outlook and sense of worth that called cultural substance are cornerstones of culture (Hofsted 1991:75). Holland specialist who engaged in cross-culture study, have said vividly that culture is “mental software ” and “the collective programming ”.No other than these“mental software

18、 ”and“the collective programming ”, making everybody become a product of his own cultural atmosphere. As a kind of sedimentary deposit, culture is the sediment of knowledge, experience, faith ,sense of worth, perspective on the world ， social structure, social character ,religion, sense of space-tim

19、e, sense of universe and material wealth and so on.1.2 International business negotiation1.2.1 The definition of international business negotiationAn international business negotiation is defined as the deliberate interaction of two or more social units (at least one of them a business entity), orig

20、inating from different nations, that are attempting to define or redefine their interdependence in a business matter. This includes company-company, company-government, and solely interpersonal interactions over business matters such as sales, licensing, joint ventures, and acquisitions.1.2.2 The fe

21、atures of international business negotiationInternational business negotiation is the extension and development of domestic business activity, so, the features of international business negotiation are similar to domestic business negotiation. They are internationalization, cross-culture, complexity

22、, policy and difficulty (Huang Xun 2007: 177).1.3 The importance of cultural differences on international business negotiat ionIn negotiation practice, many negotiators always cannot comprehend or pay attention to the important effects that culture have on negotiation manners. Maybe some negotiators

23、 have found that the other side have some different or obscure negotiation manners but consider them not important. Somebody thinks eyeless that foreign negotiation is using fact and numbers to talk and fact and numbers are universal. At the same time, when some negotiators go to another country to

24、negotiate, in order to keep harmony, they will pay attention to the similar things the two sidesculture havebut neglect the differences.Chapter Two Cultural Differences in Business Negotiation2.1 Language differencesIn cross-cultural communication, peoples evaluation, explanation andusing of languag

25、e to phenomenon, things and behavior they met are always established on their own countries culture and then it easily causes communicating obstacles. The origin is consulting language using matter of their mother tongue habitually but neglecting transference of language uses. Social intercourse lan

26、guage miss means making expression faulty by not understanding or neglecting social cultural background, which always causes failure in cross-cultural business communication. The deep reason is people s lack of sensibility to social language differences and making language transference unconsciously

27、.Secondly, we d better use simple, clear and definite English and avoidusing expressi ons that may cause dislikes2.2 The differences of valuesIn the numerous cultural factors, sense of worth is a core content.Because in the process of socialization, the communication of people with different cultura

28、l backgrounds must have connection with values. Each culture has its own special value system to help people differentiate beautiful and ugly and good and evil, and this is the philosophy of life, moral standards and code of conduct of people. Each culture s judgment standard is different and someti

29、mes it is difficult to say which one is better. But in their own cultural systems, all of them have its existing rationally. So, sense of worth has characteristics of persistence and stability and accepted by all the members as faith. As a deep level factor of culture, it is not only a component ele

30、ment of social culture ， it also has been a result in people s mind. It affects peoples attitude, needs and behavior mode.2.3 The differences of taboo and religious beliefIn foreign business activities, taboo is a part that never can be neglected, especially regions that religion prevails like East

31、Asia, SouthEast, Middle East and North Africa. Knowing local conditions and customs and taboos becamevery important in communicating with each other and completing negotiation task in time.So we can consider from all above that if we do not understand the other side s taboos, we will meet all kinds

32、of obstacles in international business negotiation which will affect the whole negotiation.2.4 The differences of manners“Politeness ” not only represents self-cultivation also represents respect to others. Politeness in business negotiation will make the other side have a good expression and want t

33、o cooperate. So, to understand opinions about “politeness ”in business negotiation businessmen of different cultural backgrounds carried on and analyze the cause have important actual meaning in cross-cultural business negotiation.2.5 Negotiation stylesCulture decides not only negotiators ethics but

34、 also affects their mode of thinking and individual behavior and then make negotiators of different cultural backgrounds have very different negotiation styles. Negotiation style has direct effectson both sides communicating manners, relation andeven negotiation structure. According to cultural diff

35、erences, negotiation style can be divided to two types: eastern negotiation style and western negotiation style.Eastern negation style is Asia countries style based oneastern cultural background, china; Japan and Korea are typical representatives. Western negotiation style is the style of Europe and

36、 American countries based on western culture, the USA and the UK are typical representatives.Chapter Three Countermeasures for Problems3.1 Establishing cross-cultural negotiation consciousnessInternational business negotiation is a kind of negotiation of different thinking modes, feeling and behavio

37、r manners under different cultures. It is more challenging and complex than negations under single cultural environment. The reason is that it touches upon other powers that were not bewaring of before and this power may weaken effective communication.3.2 Understanding different cultures and overcom

38、e cultural prejudiceThough people realized the existence of cultural differences, most of them cannot realize treating them rationally. Cross-cultural negotiators always use their own standards to explain or judge the other sides culturenaturally or half consciously. So, in international business ne

39、gotiation, negotiators must get rid of ethnocentrism and first of all respect foreign culture and tradition. Respecting culture is a bridge of mental and cultural communication. With this bridge can make deeper understanding of the other side s nationality, behavior, values and costumes and then can

40、 really respect the other side and grasp their point of view.3.3 Penetrating opponent s cultural standards, social usages and taboosBefore going into international business negotiation negotiators must get to know opponent s custom and taboo as more as possible in order to avoid unhappiness caused b

41、y unknown special things to make sure negotiation goes on smoothly.3.4 Establishing rational negotiation groupBusiness negotiation is a process of communication, it needs to adopt team negotiation manners to form rational decision of labor and there must be members familiar with culture. Collecting

42、information of all aspects is also important. During the process of negotiation, negotiators must deal with “collective and individual”and “concentration of power and separation”wisely, and then can they be in a initiative position during the negotiation with western people(Zhang Xiaole 2007: 84-88)

43、.3.5 Effective measuresTactics of praise also take part in harmony. If the other sides wordsare good for two sides cooperation and good for each other to understand the aim of the negotiation, they should be praised. Sincere praise can shorten two sides mental distance and also can make atmosphere h

44、armoniously.ConclusionInternational business negotiation has close relationship with culture.In international business negotiation, because of people s different values, thinking manners, ways of behavior, languages and customs the difficulty degree of international business negotiation is much high

45、er than domestic negotiation. Cultural differences will be the biggest challenge for Chinese enterprises go abroad and overseas-founded enterprises enter. In international business negotiation, it is necessary to infer the meaning of every sentence from cross-cultural angle; necessary to understand the other side s culture, to cultivate and promote ones cross-cultural ability. Tosee, analyze and solve proble