定语从句中关系词的使用

1、 定语从句中关系词的使用关系词：关系代词：who,whom,that,which,whose 关系副词：where,when,why关系代词的使用：一、who/whom的用法二者都可指人，who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句中作宾语In this accident,the number of people who died reached as many as 25.在这次事故中死亡人数多达25人。I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.我要寄给很多朋友贺卡。注意：在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词whom

2、也可用who代替，非限制性定语从句中，whom不可用who代替；但介词提前作宾语时不可以用who，只能用“介词+whom”。例：The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li.二、whose的用法Whose一般指人，有时也指物，在定语从句中作定语Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的建议他可能会听。（whose在定语从句中作advice的定语）Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。（whos

3、e在从句中作window的定语）三、which的用法Which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，偶尔也作定语。Which在指人时往往指婴儿或指人的品质The river which runs through the center of the city was polluted seriously.穿过市中心的那条河遭到了严重的污染。（which在从句中作主语）They stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drunk all the wine I had.他们和我一起待了三周，这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。（which在从

4、句中作定语修饰time）四、that的用法That指人或物，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语或表语时可省略This is the factory that they are talking about.这就是他们正在讨论的工厂。（that作宾语）This is the girl that is beautiful.这就是那个漂亮的女孩。（that作主语）五、as的用法As引导定语从句常出现于the sameas,suchas，asas，soas中。As引导的定语从句常用省略形式，as在从句中既可指人或物，也可指整个句子，指整个句子时可位于句首、句尾或句中。as引导定语从句时，在从句中常作主

5、语、宾语、表语等。The explorer took only such men and things as he really needed into the jungle.这个探险者进入丛林时仅带了一些他确实需要的人和物品。（as与such连用，作needed的宾语）Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。（as与such连用，在定语从句中作主语）Lets meet at the same place as we d

6、id yesterday.咱们在昨天见面的同一地方见面吧。（as与the same连用，在定语从句中作状语）Shakespeare is a famous writer,as everybody knows.众所周知，莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。（as代替整个从句，作knows的宾语，位于句尾）As everybody knows,Shakespeare is a famous writer.（位于句首）Shakespeare,as everybody knows,is a famous writer.（位于句中）六、“介词+关系代词”结构代替when在定语从句中作时间状语There used

7、to be a time when (at which/during which) the Chinese people struggled for freedom.中国人曾有过一段为自由而斗争的日子。代替where在定语从句中作地点状语This is the company where (in which)I used to work.这就是我过去工作过的那家公司。 代替why在定语从句中作原因状语Id like you to explain the reason why (for which) you were absent.我想让你解释一下你没来的原因。“名词/代词/+介词+关系代词”结

8、构此类结构常见的有：some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the largestof which/whom等形式Here are the questions,some of which (=of which some) I thought difficult for you.这就是这些问题，其中一些我认为对你来说太难。Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA,most of whom （=of whom most）came from the US.出席会议的大都是DNA方面的专家，其中大部

9、分来自美国。关系代词前介词的确立A. 根据定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定I bought a great many books,on which I spent all my money that I saved.我买了很多书，这些书花了积攒的所有钱。B.根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记孩童时期我在乡村度过的时光。C.根据所表达的意思来确定The colorless gas without which we cannot l

10、ive is called oxygen.离开它我们不能活的这种无色气体称为氧气。D.在英语中有时为了强调某一名词，不定式前也可用“介词+关系代词”Here is the money with which to buy a piano.这就是买钢琴的钱。She is the right person on whom to depend.她正是值得信赖的人。关系代词that和which的用法辨析That和which在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语，指物；且作宾语时都可省略。在通常情况下，可互换使用，但有时that和which却不能互换只能用that,不能用which的情况A. 当先行词是all,mu

11、ch,little,few,something,anything,everything,none,nothing等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时There is not much that ought to be done right now.没有多少应该立刻就做的事情。I did nothing that might hurt you.我一点也没做可能伤害你的事。I have done all the work that he told me to do.我已把他让我干的活全部干完。B.当先行词是表语，或者关系代词本身在从句中作表语时He is not the man that he was.他

12、不再是过去那个样子了。The school is quite different from the one that it used to be.这所学校已和原来的迥然不同了。C.当主句以here,there开头时Here is the hotel that youve been looking for.这就是你一直在找的旅馆。There is the seat in the corner that is still not taken.在角上还有一个没占的位子。D.当先行词有the only,the same,the very,the last等限定词修饰时These articles ar

13、e the very ones that should be read.这些文章就是你应该读的那些。Chatting was the only thing that interested her most.聊天是她唯一最感兴趣的。E.当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时This is the best film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。The first song that I learned will never be forgotten.我永远也不会忘记我学的第一首歌。F.当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时Wh

14、o is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件T桖衫最适合我？G.当先行词有同时表示人和物的名词时She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.她把她所感兴趣的人和物全拍摄下来。只用which不用that的情况A. 引导非限制性定语从句Football,which is a very interesting game,is played in man

15、y countries.足球是很有趣的运动项目，很多国家都在踢。B.在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时Im looking for a container in which I can put all these coins.我想找一个能盛下所有这些硬币的容器。关系代词只用who,不用that的情况A.先行词是one,ones或anyone;先行词为those或被those修饰并且指人时One who does not work hard will never succeed.Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.She is

16、the only one of the students who has been to the USA.Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.B.在以there be.的句子中，先行词为人时There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.C.当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行词都为人时The students that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.D指人的先行词被指

17、物的名词修饰时Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?E.在非限制性定语从句中，且先行词为人I met a friend of mine in the street,who had just come from America.F.定语从句中又插入语时，且先行词为人Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.as和which的用法辨析关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时，可以用整个句子作为其先行词，指代上文或下文所说的一件

18、事。但as和which具有不同的词义，句法和用法也存有差别as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论A. 此时的as仍具有“正如、像、由而知、与一致”等某些连词的语义。翻译时有时可不必译出Shanghai is a big city in China as we all know.众所周知，上海是中国一个大城市。She is very patient,as is shown in her work.她很有耐心，正如她在工作中所表现出来的一样。B.在句法上，as常用作一些实义动词（如see,know,hear,watch,remember,say,tell,show,expect,g

19、uess等）的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配There was a net bar around here,as I remember.我记得这附近有一家网吧。As we all expected,the plan turned out to be very successful.正如我们所期望的，计划进行的很成功。C.as从句可以位于句首或句中（而which从句只能位于句尾）As can be seen,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.正如我们所看到的，大洋占了地球的70%还多。which引导的此类从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，

20、表明事物存在的状态或引起的结果A. which此时指前面主句所提到的整件事，常译为“这一点、这件事”等，只能位于被修饰的句子后面The child had a fever every night,which worried his parents very much.孩子每晚都发烧，这使他的父母非常焦急。B.which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系I bought my sister a big toy,which(=and that)delighted her greatly.我给妹妹买了一个大玩具，这使她非常高兴。C.在从句中作定语或介词宾

21、语时，要用whichShe might possibly come,in which case Ill ask her.她可能会来的，要是那样的话我就去问她。D.不能省去非限制性定语从句中的动词be时，用which，反之则用asJane told me she won the match,which was a lie.（was不可省略）简告诉我她赢得了这场比赛，这是一个谎言。As (was) planned,we met at the airport.（可省略was）按照计划，我们在机场见了面。E.当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或从句谓语动词后有复合宾语时，一般用which不用asYou pre

22、tended not to know me,which I didnt understand.你假装不认识我，我真不明白。He dislikes everyone in the class,which I find quite strange.他不喜欢班里的每个人，我认为这太奇怪了。关系代词的省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在某些特定的情况下可以省略，但在非限制性定语从句中不可省略在限制性定语从句中能够省略关系代词的情况主要有：关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语时I have been to the city twice (that/which) you just visited.你刚参观完的那座城

23、市，我去过两次。关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而且介词位于从句句尾时Generation gap is a problem (which/that) people are interested in.代沟是人们感兴趣的问题。关系代词在从句中作表语时After a score of years,Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/that) he used to be.二十年后，约翰逊不再是当年那个淘气的男孩子了。主句以there be开头时，很多时候关系代词可省，即使关系代词在从句中作主语There is a mistake in your composit

24、ion (which) wants correcting.你的作文里有一个错误需要改正。【小试牛刀】填入适当的关系词1.Is there anything you dont understand about the problem. 2.The worst matter I was afraid of happened in the end.3.All the presents your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.4.This is the very book I have been looking for.5.H

25、e was late for the opening ceremony, surprised me.6.A shop should keep a stock of those goods sell best.7.Who is the man t is waiting at the school gate?8.They were my teachers and classroom I missed very much.关系副词的用法常用的关系副词有where,when,why等，这些关系副词在定语从句中作状语一、where的用法代替表示地点的先行词在定语从句中作地点状语。此时常可由in whic

26、h,on which,at which,to which等结构取代Potato can be grown in places where (in which) it is too cold to grow rice.有些太冷不能种稻米的地方可以种马铃薯。二、when的用法代替表示时间的先行词在定语从句中作时间状语。此时常可用on which,in which,at which,during which等代替I shall never forget the days when (on which) we worked on the farm.我永远也不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那些日子。三、why的

27、用法一般跟在先行词reason后，why在定语从句中作原因状语，可以用for which代替。引导非限制性定语从句不可用why，但可用for whichI have come around to explain the reason why (for which) I was absent from the meeting.我来是为了向你解释我没有参加会议的原因。Can you tell me the reason why (for which) the car broke down?你能告诉我车子坏了的原因吗？【随堂检测】一、单项选择1. -Is that the small town yo

28、u often refer to? -Right,just the one you know I used to work for years. A. that B. which C. where D. what 2. The firm brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that faraway village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 3. I can never forget the day we worked together and the day we spen

29、t together. A. When;which B. Which;when C. What;that D. On which;when 4.The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. A.the hands of whom B.whom the hands of C.which the hands of D.the hands of which 5. Finally, the thief handed everything he had stolen on the police. A.which B.what

30、C.whatever D.that 6.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone family was poor. A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose 7.Do you know the man ? A.whom I spoke B.to who spoke C.I spoke to D.that I spoke8.The factory well visit next week is not far from here. A.where B.to which C.which D.in which 9.I lost a

31、 book, I cant remember now. A.whose title B.its title C.the title of it D.the title of that10.He is good at English, we all know. A. that B. as C.whom D.what 2、 填入适当的关系词1. Opposite is St.Pauls Church, you can hear some lovely music.2. Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big cha

32、llenge.3. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, is a stupid thing to do in such weather.4. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends.5. We have launched another man-made satellite, is announced in todays newspaper.6. Nowadays people

33、are more concerned about the environment they live.7. When I arrived,Bryan took me to see the house I would be staying.8. How did you find those days?The days we spent together on the farm are not easy to forget.【课后作业】一、单项选择1. George Orwell was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. A.

34、the real name B.what his real name C.his real name D.whose real name2. Anyway, that evening, Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place.A.when B.where C.what D.which3.What surprised me was not what he said but he said it.A.the way B.in the way that C.in the way D.the way whic

35、h4.Luckily,wed brought a road map without we would have lost our way.A.it B.that C.this D.which5.David is such a good boy all the teachers like. A.that B.who C. as D. whom6.The buses, most of were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A.that B.it C.them D.which7.He had a lot of friends, only a few of invited to his wedding. A.whom B.them C. which D. who8. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, parents seated together joking. A.their B.whose C. which D.