高中英语语法精讲

1、高中语法总结Adv.Prep.to do ing.分词n.五种基本句型：（简单句）n.Adj.Adv.ing.分词ed.分词动名词Prep.短语To do To be That 从句Wh-从句Adj.+prep短语Adj.+to do Adj.+that 从句Adj.+wh-从句Adj.+wh-词+to do1. 主语+不及物动词+状语Be( am is are was were)Look seem appear Feel sound smell taste Go get turn become Grow run promise fall Come keep remain hold

2、Continue lie sit stand restProve (to be)=turn out (to be)+表语2. 主语+系动词1. 主语+V+间宾+直宾= 主语+V+直宾+to+间宾（bring do give lend owe offer post promise read sell send show take teach tell throw write）2. 主语+V+间宾+直宾= 主语+V+直宾+for+间宾(buy build paint call choose cook cut do fetch get keep draw make order prepare sav

3、e sing)3. 主语+V+to+间宾+直宾= 主语+V+直宾+to+间宾(announce explain introduce mention express say report present suggest)3. 双宾语+n.+pron.+同源宾语+to do +wh-词+to do+wh-从句+that从句+动名词4. 主语+及物动词+宾语+n. +adj. +adv. +ing +ed.+to be +to do+do +prep 短语5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语高中语法考什么1. 名词：可数、不可数名词：抽象、专有、物质名词的数; s 属格的各种意义；某些以-s结尾的

4、名词的数；集体名词的数。2. 限定词：限定词与三类名词的搭配关系；限定词与限定词的搭配关系；冠词的类指、特指和独指；冠词的习惯用法；some，any和no的用法。3. 代词：不定代词one、some、anyone及不定代词one、they、we、you、he的用法；物主代词，非人称代词的用法；反身代词及其他动词宾语的用法。4. 动词的时和体：一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成体；一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成体；将来时，过去将来时等的各种表达法和用法；情态动词的各种用法；虚拟式，被动态的用法；不定式和不定式分句，-ing分词和-ing分句、-ed分词和-ed分句的用法。5. 定语从句，名词性从

5、句，（包括：主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句等）；状语从句，（包括：时间、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步状语从句）6. 直接引语，间接引语，并列结构，从属结构（包括：独立结构，无动词分句，非限定分句和限定分句的转换）；adj.和adv.的比较级、最高级；介词与介词词组；反义疑问句；存在句；主谓一致；前置、后置、倒装、省略。复合句：由一个主句和一个以上的从属分句构成，按语法功能可分为：1.名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句2.关系从句：定语从句3.状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、比较（一）状语从句：主要功能是做主语的状语，由完整的主谓句构成。1.让步状

6、语从句：1）though :可以倒装 2）although :不可倒装，必须放在句首3）even if= even though4) as 1.必须倒装 2.如果动词，现在分词提前放在句首，谓语要补加助动词do does will .Eg.Fail as he did,he would never give up. 3.作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不加冠词。 Eg.Fool as Jane is,she could not have done such thing. 4.Much 提前时必须用as .Much as “尽管非常”（副词作状语）5）while 1.从句放在主句之前2

7、.“尽管、虽然”3.表达并列的转折(即主语与从句的动作是同时发生的) whether-or 无论-还是6）no matter how= however (however更广泛)（也可把however换成what、how、where、when）7）译成“尽管”as-as (as) much as for all (that) despite / in spite of the fact that8）译成“即使”assuming that / granting (granted) that / (二) 比较状语从句：1） adj. adv.比较级、最高级的用法2） 比较级前的修饰语：many mu

8、ch far / a little / a bit / slightly / a great deal / a lot / somewhat / rather3） 数词+名词+比较级+than4） 本身有“比-年长”、“比-优越”等含义 infinite superior senior 和to 连用5） 本身有“最、极”等含义 absolute / unique / infinite / round / right /correct / wrong / perfect6） Of a +noun =adj 用more修饰 Eg. He is more of a doctor 他更像个医生7） 最

9、高级前的限定词：the 物主代词 （作表语不加限定词Her theory is most convincing.）8） the more -the more “越-越” (not) so/as-as “如同-一样，不如“ the same(-) as “和-一样” A not any more than B = A no more than B“正如A不能-B也不能-” not - more A than B “与其说是- 不如说是-” not so much - as- “与其- 不如-“ A is to B what C is to D as-as possible / one can(c

10、ould) / can be“尽可能地-“no more than= not asas(不)像一样no less than= asas（三）时间状语从句1）when表示“当的时候”，指一个时间点（段）或持续的动作2）while表示“在的同时”，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不表示瞬间的动作。3）hardly / scarcely +完成时+when+过去时=as soon as4) No sooner +完成时+than +过去时= as soon as5)since “自从”主句完成时，从句瞬间动词Eg.Since he lived in Nanjing , from him.6) till

11、/ until “直到”（till 不能用于句首） 肯定句中，主句用延续性动词 Eg. I will wait here until the concert is over. 否定句中，主句用瞬间动词 Eg. She cant leave until Friday.7)其它引导词：as, after, before, once, by the time that, directly, immediately, instantly, the instant, the minute, the moment, the day, each time, every time, next time, th

12、e first/second/last time, (ever) since, soon after= shortly after, whenever(四) 原因状语从句引导词：because 因为 as 因为、既然 since 因为、既然、由于 now（that）既然 for fear（that）以免、惟恐 for fear Lest 惟恐 in that 由于、因为 in as much as=in so far that 因为、既然 on the grounds that 基于 on account of the fact that 由于、因为 owing to the fact tha

13、t 由于、因为 considering that 因为、考虑到 seeing that 鉴于、考虑到 whereas = in view of the fact that 鉴于（五）结果状语从句1） so + adj./adv. so + adj. +a/an + n. so + much/ many/ few/ little +n. such + n. .+that2) 其它引导词：to such a degree that , to such an extent that , with the result that , so much so that , to the extent th

14、at , in so much that , but that(六) 方式状语从句引导词：as(so) , as if = as though , (just) as , however , like , the way(七) 地点状语从句引导词：where 、 everywhere 、 wherever 、 no matter where(八) 目的状语从句引导词：that, so that, in order that, lest=in case , for fear that, to the effect that, to the end that, for the purpose th

15、at, in the hope that(九) 条件状语从句 引导词：if 如果 in case 如果 but that 如果没有、要不是、若非 if only 但愿、要是就好了 as/so far as 至于，就而言 as long as=so long as 只要according as 如果 unless 除非、如果不 given that 如果、假定 in the event that 如果是的话 on condition that 条件是、只要 on the supposition that = on the assumption that 假定、假设 on the stipulat

16、ion that 在条件下 once一旦 only if 只是当/在时才 on the understanding that = providing / provided that = suppose / supposing that 如果、假如 imagine that试想、设想（附）：虚拟条件句时间 句式从句主句过去Had+doneShould/would/could/might +have done现在done (bewere)Should/would/could/might +V原形将来doneshould+V原形（祈使句）were to+V原形Should/would/could/m

17、ight +V原形虚拟语气在从句中的用法： +would / could / might +V原形 （与将来、现在事实相反） +动词的过去式（be were） （与将来、现在事实相反） Had +done (与过去事实相反) Could have +done Wish=if only only if 只要（条件状语从句） I had hoped that she would answer my phone. Do (than do)宁愿(而不) done (与现在、将来事实相反)Would rather + sb. + had + done (与过去事实相反)It is +( natural,

18、 important, necessary, surprising, strange, funny, suggested, requested, ordered, arranged, decided, a pity, a shame, no wonder, proper, imperative, essential) + that +主语+（should）do 动词过去式（be were）(与现在事实相反) 过去进行式 （与现在进行时相反）As if = as though (方式) 好像、仿佛+ had + done （与过去事实相反） could/might/would +V原形（与将来事

19、实相反）主语+demand（要求），advise / suggest（建议），insist（建议说），order/ command（命令），require（需要），request（请求），decide（决定），propose，ask，recommend（建议）+that+（should）+V原形Eg. Her face suggested(暗示) that she was ill. So I suggested (建议) that she (should) be sent to hospital immediately.Its + (high, about, the) +time that +

20、动词过去式 should + V原形So that, in order that 连接目的状语从句中用情态动词表虚拟语气1. 主句为现在时态，用can, may, will2. 主句为过去时态，用could, might, would3. 目的状语从句为否定结构，多用shouldWhether（引导让步状语从句） 谓语用V原形 whether省略be提前Though, if , even if , even though, whatever, however主语用陈述语气Eg. Even though I were guilty ,I wouldnt confess(我有罪，也不认罪)But

21、for, but that, no condition that, supposing, provided, without 引导虚拟语气But for + would / should / could / might / + have doneIts time for sb. to do sth.Its the(first / second / third ) time that +完成时Lest = for fear that +should +do非谓语动词成分主语谓语宾语定语状语表语补语不定式×动名词×××分词×××

22、×（过去）非谓语动词也称动词的非限定形式，它们不可以在句中单独作谓语，也不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词具有双重性质，既有动词的特点：有时态，语态的变化，能被状语修饰，有自己的宾语。又有非动词的特点：可以代替名词或形容词。非谓语动词做主语：1） 不定式：具体、一次性动作。2）动名词：一般、抽象的多次动作。3）不定式、动名词：it作形式主语。4）动名词：做主语，用在含有 no, -less等否定词的句子中。2） 如果主语、表语都是非谓语动词，两者应保持同样的形式。同为不定式或同为动名词。非谓语动词做宾语：只能接动名词：abandon, admit, advocate, acknow

23、ledge, enjoy, appreciate, risk, pardon, resist, forgive, mind, tolerate, suggest, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep (on), mind, miss, put off, delay, practice, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry abou

24、t, burst out, insist on, cant stand, be used to, devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, think of, worth, busy, etc.只能接不定式：aim, ask, agree, claim, endeavor, bother, fail, long, pretend, plan, refuse, tend, prepare, volunteer, learn, manage, help, want, hope, wish, need, etc.一些系动词，

25、如：appear, come, fail, get, happen, prove, seem, turn out.后接不定式。doing 更想要做（做了）习惯性动作to do 宁愿（没做） 一次性动作Prefer to do rather than do sth. / Prefer 都可以，差别不大：love， like， hate， begin， start， etc. 不定式：具体、一次性动作。2）动名词：一般、抽象的多次动作。都可以，差别很大：try, remember, forget, stop, etc.非谓语动词做定语：1)不定式做名词后置定语：Do you have time t

26、o help us? 不及物动词出现时，要有必要的介词。不定式的一般式作定语通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作。一个固定句式：主语 + be + adj. +不定式 “主动形式表被动含义“（其中的形容词有：amusing, cheap, dangerous,difficult,easy, important, nice, pleasant）例句：The problem is difficult to answer.2)用作形容词的现在分词做前置定语、现在分词短语做名词后置定语（相当于一个从句）：There is a car stopping (which is stopping) outside.

27、 3)表示情绪的过去分词、其它类型的过去分词做定语：She could hear his agitated voice. Closed door.4)动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种用途。A walking stick / A washing machine非谓语动词做补语：（主语补足语、宾语补足语）现在分词：动作正在进行。过去分词：被动意义。不定式：动作将要完成（主动语态中做宾语补足语，被动语态中做主语补足语）非谓语动词做状语：不定式：表示目的、结果、在某些喜、怒、哀、乐等adj.后做原因状语。在带有”too / enough”的句中，作状语，表程度。分词：表示原因、时间、伴随、条件（放在句首

28、）看看下面的句子：1. Having finished the work , he went out.2. Hearing the news , he became very angry.3. Given more time, we could do it better.在前两个句子中，主语he和动词完成finish，听到hear是主动的关系，是主语发出了这两个动作，所以用现在分词短语做状语。在例句3中，主语we和动词给予give是被动关系，主语是这个动作的承受着，既做这个动作的宾语，所以要用过去分词做状语，但他们的共同点是句子的主语与做状语的分词结构中的动词存在主动或者被动的关系。4. To

29、m hearing the news, his face turned white.在这个句子中，主语是his face，它和状语中的动词hear 有关系吗？没有任何关系，在这种情况下，就要在分词结构前面加上分词结构中动词的逻辑主语了，这就构成了分词的独立主格结构。（附）:独立主格结构：独立主格结构的构成：名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词 / 过去分词 / 不定式 / 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语。（使用独立主格是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。） 名词 / 代词 + 现在分词 （现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。）有时being / having been 可以省

30、略。The man lay there, his hands trembling(发抖) 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词（过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作）The girls lay on her back , her hands crossed under her head. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词（短语）（形容词短语在独立主格结构中说明前面的名词或代词的性质、状态等）The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. 名词 / 代词 + 副词 （副词在独立主格结构中说明名词或代词的状态）The meeting over , we

31、 all went home. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语The teacher came in , a book in his band. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式（短语）（不定式表示将来的动作）He suggested going for a picnic , Mary to provide the food.注意事项：1. 主语应与分词保持一致，避免悬垂分词的出现。2. 非谓语动词做主语、状语时，若要使用否定形式，则：否定词 + 非谓语动词。非谓语动词做表语：动名词作表语时，句子主语常是.无生命事物的名词.有what引导的名词性从句.表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，

32、主语、表语可互换位置。Your task is cleaning the windows.= Cleaning the windows is your task.动词不定式的时态和语态：时态 语态主动语态被动语态一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done进行式To be doing×完成进行式To have been doing×不定式的一般式表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的或是在其后发生的。Eg. Thousands of young people are learning to ski.（同时发生）Eg.Wh

33、ere can we get some sickles to cut the rice.(谓语动词先发生)不定式的进行式表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时的，而且正在进行者。另外，也表示“即将发生”。Eg. I hate to be lying in bed like this while other students are having class. 用在 intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, wanted, planned, wished, thought, desired, was were.后表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待、计划等。也表示非

34、谓语动词先发生的动作或状态。（to have done动作 / to have been状态）不定式的完成式 用在 seem, appear, think, consider, believe.后表示一个动作先于另一个动作发生。 用在 should / would like 或 should / would have liked 后表示没有实现的愿望。 E.g. I hoped to have finished the work earlier. / I intended to have come to see you. / She intended to do that , but she

35、didnt. / She had intended to do that. / She intended to have done that. E.g. I seem to have seen her somewhere before. / He was believed to have been a reporter. E.g. I should have liked to have seen her face when she read the letter. / I would like to have given him a definite answer.(现在希望曾经给过他明确的答

36、复) / I would have liked to have given him a definite answer.(当时希望给他明确的答复，是过去的愿望)不定式省略的情况 在”feel, listen to. Make, let, have, see, look at, watch, notice, observe”感官动词后，接省略to的不定式做宾语补足语。 在”would rather/would sooner/had rather/had sooner than, rather than”结构than之后，接省略to的不定式。Would rather:1.优先选择+省略to的不定式

37、2.假设情况+（虚拟） Why (not)+ V原形 Cannot (choose / help) but + V原形 在but, except, besides后，如这些介词前有实义动词do的各种形式，则后接V原形。否则接 to do.I have no choice but to accept the fact. What do you like to do besides swim.动名词的时态和语态时态 语态主动语态被动语态一般式WritingBeing written完成式HavingHaving been written动名词的逻辑主语：带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当

38、动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句。E.g. 1. Her coming to help encouraged all of us.= That she came to help encouraged all of us. 2. Janes being careless caused so much trouble.= That Jane was careless cause

39、d so much trouble. 3. Whats troubling them is their not having enough food.= Whats troubling them is that they have not enough food.在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。E.g. 1.Would you mind my/me using your computer? 2.The father insisted on his sons /his son going to c

40、ollege. 3. Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 4. His (不可用him) smoking made his family angry.在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语： 无生命名词：The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 有生命名词且表示泛指意义：Have you ever heard of women practicing boxing? 两个以上的有生命名词并列：Do you remember your parent

41、s and me telling about this?动名词的一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在、将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。 I hate talking with such people. Being careless is not a good habit.动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。I dont remember having met him before. Thank you for having taken so much trouble to help.动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用

42、被动语态。（1） 它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。I dont like being laughed at in public.（2） 它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。I am very pleased at your having been honored with a medal.There be句型：There + 不定式 to be 或 there+being形式，称为非限定存在句，可以做主语、宾语、介词补足成分。 作主语：There being a rail way station in the town is a great advantage.

43、“there to be+ 名词短语”做主语时，通常用for作引导词。1.For there to be a mistake in a computers arithmetic（计算）is impossible. 2. It was seldom for there to be no late comers. 作宾语：1）The committee anticipated(预期的) there being debate in the second discussion. 2) We expect there to be no objections(反对意见). 3)Id prefer ther

44、e to be more cooperation . 作介词补足成分：介词是for，用there to be形式；介词不是for，则用there being形式。1）Whats the chance of there being an election this year? 2)We have no objection to there being a meeting here. 3)Jill is waiting for there to be a big party. There being 形式还可以用作状语分词，形成独立主格结构：E.g. 1)There being no furthe

45、r discussion, the chairman stood up and left the meeting-room. 2) There having been no rain, the stream was dry.(附) “there be”句型的难点在于它的非限定形式，怎样分辨使用there to be 和there being 呢？两个要点： 它们在句子中的成分 句子中其它成分的搭配关系。现在分词和过去分词的用法：分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它可以带宾语、状语、表语构成分词短语。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在

46、分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成） 分词作状语分词在句中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词。 分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词（即：与名词有主谓关系）过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词（即：与名词是动宾关系） 分词作补足语分词在see, watch,

47、 hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to 等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。 分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。英语中的分词分两种：现在分词和过去分词。虽然它们在句子中都可作名词修饰语、接系动词补足语、宾语补足语等，但是它们形式不同，而且语义也有差别。举例说明：1. 现

48、在分词表示动作是主动的和正在进行的（、）；过去分词的动作是被动的和完成的（、）2. 由于两个动词“异词同义“，其分词也跟着不同。（、）3. 在语义上，现在分词和过去分词反映的心理状态不同。前者有“令人“的含义（）；过去分词则有“感到”的含义（）4. 在作宾语补足语时，如果宾语是有关分词逻辑上的主语，就要用现在分词。(、)5. 如果宾语和有关分词有“动词+宾语”关系，那么这个分词就要是过去分词了（、）6. 分词短语相当于副词从句，但现在式表示的是主动的行动。（）过去式表示被动的行动（）。例句： The boiling water is hot. A sleeping baby is good t

49、o look at. She has a smiling face. You can use the boiled water to make tea. Where is my lost key? A broken mirror cannot be repaired. a.) Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt? b.) Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt? a.) His new book consisting of useful data has been well received. b.) Do yo

50、u like the book made up of untrue stories? The soccer match last night was thrilling.(令人紧张) The soccer fans were delighted.(感到高兴) a.)This is the most confusing system I have ever seen. b.) The children will get confused if asked to learn too much at a time. a.)David came with some surprising news. b

51、.) All were surprised at Sams sudden resignation. The teacher found a student dozing off (宾语是a student) Dont keep the visitor waiting. (宾语是the visitor) Where did you get your books printed? （宾语是books） You should have your office whitewashed.（宾语是your office） Entering the room , she found the wall new

52、ly painted. Written in haste, the essay had some errors.定语从句 功能作用限定非限定限定人物人物主语WhoWhichThat宾语表语Who whomWhichThat定语whosewhose先行词关系词引导词关系代词的用法：1. 介词放在句尾时关系代词可省，关系代词放在介词后做宾语不省。2. This is the girl with whom he worked.= This is the girl (whom) he worked with.(宾语、指代人、限定)3. He is lifeless that is faultless.

53、(指代人，主语用that / who ,谚语)4. Hes not the man that he was.(充当表语用that指人，用that引导限定定语从句)5. Who that had been the sight could ever forget.(限定，先行词who、whom、which、what)6. She has found that which he lost the other day.(先行词是that 指物用which引导)7. The town is not the tourist attraction that it once was.(表语用that引导)8. Chance favors only those who know how to court her.(先行词为those关系词用who)9. The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.(介词+关系代词which/ whom指人用whom)10.It is always the mouth which talks too much that