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17、 w.(1959). motivation reconsidered. the concept of competence. psychological review,66,297-333.wiley,d.(2009). defining“open”. retrieved from http:/world bank.(2016). world development report 2016:digital dividends. washington,dc:world bank.zawacki-richter,o.,& anderson,t.(eds.)(2014). online distance education:towards a research agenda. athabasca:au press.作者简介:克里斯蒂安·迈克尔·施特拉克(christian m. stracke)博士,荷兰开放大学副教授(开放教育与创新),韩国国立开放大学兼职教授,中国华东师范大学讲座教授,国际远程开放教育理事会(icde)开放教育资源教席,欧洲学习创新与合作研究院(european insti
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