高中定语从句专项讲解与训练

1、who whom whose定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句。作用：作为定语修饰主句某个成分。分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，Thewomanwholives next door is a teacher.关键词：主句，从句，先行词，关系词。二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词， 并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有： who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：格先行词主格宾格所有格人物 which whichwhose/of which 人、物 that that（一

2、）关系代词 who, whom和 whose的用法 who 代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如：An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by

3、email first.想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。 whom 代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday?昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago这.是我爸爸十年前教的学生。The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。whose 一般代替人，

4、有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad其.父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here?我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字， 你知道吗？（关系代词 whose 指代先行词 hotel，正式用法应该用 of which 。 whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window

5、 of the hotel。）（二）关系代词 which的用法which 代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which 可以换成 that）Tom works for a factory which makes watches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which 可以换成 that）（三）关系代词that 的用法that 既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：Is she the girl that

6、 sells newspapers?她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that 可以换成 who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that 可以换成 which）Is this the book that you want to buy?这是你要买的那本书吗？（ that 可以换成 which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略） 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 常用的关系副词只有三个： when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：the time whenthe

7、place wherethe reason why（一）关系副词when 的用法关系副词 when 代替的先行词表示的是时间，when 在定语从句作时间状语。例如：In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when 先行词是 months）Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？（ when 先行词是 day， 当代英语里 when 可以用 th

8、at 替代，这时关系代词 that 就变成了表示时间的关系副词）I haven t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。 （when 先行词是 year，同样 when 可以用 that 代替）（二）关系副词where 的用法关系副词 where 代替的先行词表示的是地点，where 在定语从句作地点状语。例如：During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where

9、的先行词是 town）This is the place where Li Bai once lived.这是李白曾经生活过的地方。（where 先行词是 place）上面这个句子不可以将 where 改为 that，因为 that 不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句：This is the place that Li Bai once visited.这是李白曾经游览过的地方。（ that 的先行词同样是 place，但这个 that 是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用 which 替换）（三）关系副词why 的用法关系副词 why 代替的先行词表示的是原因，why 在定

10、语从句作原因状语。例如：The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。 （why 先行词是 reason， 当代英语里 why 可以用 that 替代，这时关系代词 that 就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将 why 省略）This is the reason why he came late to school.这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。（ why 先行词是 reason，why 可以用 that 替代，还可以省略）四、特殊关系

11、代词as 引导的定语从句as 是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。（一）在固定搭配 asas, so as, such as, the same中，asas 引导定语从句 You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个 as 是副词，修饰 many 的；第二个 as 才是关系代词，代替先行词 books，在定语从句中作宾语）I have got such a computer as yours.我有一台你这样的电脑。（as 是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因

12、为 yours 后省略了 is ）I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。 （ as是关系代词，代替先行词 place，在定语从句中作表语，因为 Guilin 后省略了 is ）（二）独立于主句之外，as 引导定语从句As we know, the earth turns around the sun.正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。As is known to us,（As we know 和 As is known to us 均为定语从句， as 分别作宾语和主语， 替代后面的主句。 ）Taiwan

13、 is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。 （关系代词 as 指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。 ）五、关系代词 who, which与 that 的区别（一）关系代词who 与 that 的区别1. 当关系代词用作主语时， 多用主格 who。例如：He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用 who）I met Alice, who told me that she was learning C

14、hinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格 whom，不用 that。例如：The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格 whom，不可用主格 who）注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格 who，也可用 that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：(1) The man

15、 whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.第 4 句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。

16、3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用 that。例 如：He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。（ that 用来泛指人）4. 当关系代词出现在 who 开头的疑问句时，应用 that。例如：Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）（二）关系代词 which 与 that 的区别1. 当先行词为 all, much, little 以及不定代词 anything, something, ev

17、erything等时，关系代词多用 that。例如：All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词 the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用 that。例如：This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。He is the only person that has been

18、 invited to the ball.他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。3. 当关系代词出现在 which 开头的疑问句时，应用 that。例如：Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest?哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用 that 很明显是为了避免重复 which）4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。例如：Beijing, which is the capital of the People s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Gam

19、es. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办 20XX 年奥运会。5. 介词后的关系代词用 which，而不用 that。例如 ：She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps她.收集了 600 张邮票，其中 60是德国邮票。六、限制性定语从句和非制性定语从句限制性定语从句中，从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切，若缺少，句意则不完整，故从句前不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句中，从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切，若缺少，句意则仍完整，故从句前一般都用逗号隔开。试比较以下两组句子：The water which has

20、been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.被工厂污染的水不宜饮用。（如果缺少定语从句，句子的主要意思会受到影响）Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.水是一种清澈的液体，在我们的日常生活中应用非常广泛。（如果缺少定语从句，句子的主要意思不会受到影响）His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.他的一个十九岁的哥哥现在部队服役。（表明他不只一个哥哥）His b

21、rother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.他的哥哥，今年十九岁，现在部队服役。（表明他只有一个哥哥）Taiwan is a beautiful and rich island , which belongs to China .七、定语从句的位置如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语， 这样它们被分隔了， 这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如：There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and cry

22、ing, obviously mad.楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句the girl，被 upstairs 所隔开）who was shouting and crying修饰A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调）【透视高考题】真题： The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad.A. of which B. which of

23、C. of them D. of that (2004 辽宁卷 -35)简析：考查隔离定语从句或非限定性定语从句。形式上看 80%把关系代词与先行词分离了，另外， of 前后表示部分与整体的关系，其中 80的鞋子售往国外市场。故 A 是正确答案。八、定语从句与同位语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句从形式上看好像没什么区别，实际上从含义和功能上看，还是比较易区分的。同位语从句的先行词一般为 fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, problem等抽象名词，而且关联词大都为 that，在 idea, problem 等词后根据句意可能用到 who, whe

24、n, why, how 等其他关联词。关联词 that 在同位语从句中仅仅起连接作用，不作任何成分，但又不可省略。定语从句的关联词（关系代词和关系副词）在从句中是要充当句子成分的且有实际含义。试比较以下两句：The suggestion that we should practise speaking English every day came from our monitor. 我们每天都应练习说英语的建议是我们的班长提出来的。（同位语从句）The suggestion that our monitor put forward at the meeting is very valuable

25、.我们的班长在会上提出的建议很有价值。（定语从句）【透视高考题】真题 1： A warm thought suddenly came to me _ I might use the pocket money to buy someflowers for my motherbirthdays.A. if B. when C. that D. which (2006安徽卷 -29)简析：考查关联词that 引导的同位语从句。先行词为thought，that 引导的同位语从句表达thought 的内容，由于从句太长，故移至句末以保持句子平衡。C 正确，注意不能误选which。真题 2： We hav

26、ent settled the question of _ it is necessary for him to study abroad.A. if B. where C. whether D. that (2006 江苏卷 -35)简析：考查 whether 引导的同位语从句。这个句子中的 of 可以省略，形式上看， of 后面的从句为介词的宾语从句，但实际上 of 连接的 question 与 whether 引导的从句是同位关系。因此 C 正确，注意不能误选 if ，在表示 “是否 ”含义时，用在介词后或在同位语从句中不可用 if 。九、定语从句与强调句型的区别强调句型一般总是使用 I

27、t is that这个句式，将被强调的成分（主语、宾语或状语）放在句式里。这个关联词 that 没有任何实际意义，仅仅起连接作用，但一般情况下不省略。当代英语有一种趋势：如果强调的主语是人， 则可用 who；如果强调的宾语是人， 则可用宾格 whom；如果强调时间状语， 则可用 when；如果强调地点状语， 则可用 where。定语从句一般不用 It is 开头，而且定语从句的关联词 that 在从句中担当句子成分。试比较以下两个句子：It is Professor Johnson who is to visit China Agricultural University next week.

28、是约翰逊教授计划下周访问中国农业大学。（强调句型，who 可以换成that）This is Professor Johnson, who is to visit China Agricultural University next week.这是约翰逊教授，他计划下周访问中国农业大学。（定语从句，who 不可以换成that）【透视高考题】真题： It was with great joy _ he received the news that his lost daughter had been found.A. because B. which C. since D. that (2004福

29、建卷 -35)简析：考查强调句型。强调原因状语，但不能误选 because，强调句型不管强调什么成分，都可以用 that。故 D 是正确答案。十、定语从句专项训练I. 语法鉴赏。下列这句话的英语表达有8 种，它们都正确，请观察、分析和体会它们在句式、用词和文体上的区别。他出生的那天是元旦。 The day on which he was born was New Years Day. The day which he was born on was New Years Day. The day that he was born on was New Years Day. The day he

30、was born on was New Years Day. The day when he was born was New Years Day. The day that he was born was New Years Day. The day he was born was New Years Day. When he was born was New Year s Day.III. 句型转换。将下列的句子使用关系代词或关系副词合并成定语从句。1. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every ten minutes.2. Our teacher

31、is talking to an Englishwoman. Do you know her?3. I ve got a brother called Tom. He lives in the United States. He s an engineer.4. Can you tell me the name of the school? Your father once studied in that school.5. We met a couple on the highway. Their car had broken down.IV. 句子改错。下列的定语从句使用有误，请改正。1.

32、The valley in that the town lies is heavily polluted.2.Is this the shop where sells children s shoes?3. This is the place where we first met in.4. I do not know the reason which she came late5.There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, of that five are mine.附定语从句专项训练参考答案I. 语法鉴赏。第句最为正式，第句最为非正式。I

33、I. 选择填空。1. D 【简析】考查关系代词which 引导的非限制性定语从句。从动词句型tell sb. about sth可.以得知，定语从句中少了宾语，所以选择which，不能误选 when。2. D 【简析】考查介词关系代词 which 引导的定语从句。 句意为北大毕业后出国留学深造，故选 after which。3. B 【简析】考查关系代词 whose 引导的定语从句。 whose在这个句子里代替物， whose effects =the effects of which，意指 “洪水的影响 ”。4. A 【简析】考查 “介词关系代词 ”引导的非限制性定语从句。 which 替代

34、词先行词 from 1999to 2003，在那一段时间里，故用during which time 。5. D 【简析】考查介词关系代词which 引导的定语从句。根据词组train sb. for sth.，故选for which 。6. C 【简析】考查关系副词 where 引导的定语从句。在花园里，显然是表示地点，关系代词用 in which 或关系副词 where。7. B 【简析】考查同位语从句。句意是：你知道教室里真正发生了什么事吗？根据句意，从句的关联词应使用 what。8. C 【简析】考查关系副词 where 引导的定语从句。这里替代词 the one实际上指的就是 the

35、small town，我过去多年在那里工作过的，故选表示地点的关系副词。9. B 【简析】考查同位语从句。 that 引导的从句表明 doubt 的内容。10 B 【简析】考查关系代词 as 引导的定语从句。句意是：正如报纸所报道的，两国会谈正取得进展。 as 在从句中作主语，又代替后面整个主句。11.A 简析：考查关系代词 whose 引导的定语从句。 whose 在这个句子里代替物， whose roof=the roof of which ，定语从句用另外一句话表达即为： The roof of the house is under repair。所以是正确答案。12.A13.D14.D

36、15 简析：考查关系代词 as 引导的定语从句。 which 与 as引导定语从句均可代表整个一句话或整个主句，但 which 不能放在句首，另外 as 有“正如 ”的意思，而 which 却没有，故 D 正确。III. 句型转换。1. A bus which (that) goes to the airport runs every ten minutes.2. Do you know the Englishwoman our teacher is talking to?或： Do you know the Englishwoman who (whom/that) our teacher i

37、s talking to?或： Do you know the Englishwoman to whom our teacher is talking?3. My brother Tom, who lives in the United States, is an engineer.4. Can you tell me the name of the school where your father once studied?.5. We met a couple on the highway whose car had broken down.IV. 句子改错。1. The valley i

38、n which the town lies is heavily polluted. 或： The valley where the town lies is heavily polluted.或： The valley which (that) the town lies in is heavily polluted.或： The valley the town lies in is heavily polluted.2. Is this the shop which (that) sells childrenes? s sho3. This is the place where we fi

39、rst met.或： This is the place in which we first met.4. I do not know the reason why she came late. 或： I do not know the reason that she came late. 或： I do not know the reason she came late.5. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, of which five are mine. 10 关系代词 as 的用法1）关系代词 as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语

40、。2）先行词被 such、as so 和 the same修饰，如句型 as many（much）as,或者本身就是 such the same 时，从句都用 as 引导。Such books as you bought are useful.The school is just the same as it was 10 years agoI read as many pages as are required.比较下列句子当先行词受 the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句，但与 as 引导的定语从句意思有区别。 This is the same pen as I los

41、t.This is the same pen that I lost.This is such an interesting book _as_ we all like.This is such an interesting book _that_ we all like it.11 as 与 whi ch 引导的定语从句1) 在非限定定语从句中， which 的先行词可以是名词， as 不可The meeting, which was held in the park was a success.2）关系代词 as 和 which 都能引导非限制性定语从句代表整个句子内容，as 引导的定语从句可位于句首或句末； which 引导的定语从句却不能位于句首。如：As we have s