大学英语英国文学Thomas-Hardy推荐课件

1、2021/8/221Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)If asked to state his profession, without hesitation Hardy would have declared himself a poet rather than a novelist. He began to write poetry in the late 1850s, in his early teens, and continued until his death at the age of eighty-seven.Who is him? “我觉得读他一册书比受大学教育四

2、年都要好” 徐志摩2021/8/222 the last Victoriann Fatalism and pessimism best known for his extraordinary skill in mastering the narrative form, the portrayal of characters and the psychological analysis had great influence to the later writers. a transitional figure between the Victorian Age and the 20th cen

3、tury; 2021/8/223Life experience2021/8/224Born in June 2, 1840 in Higher Bockhampton in this cottage. His father Thomas : a stonemason and local builder. His mother Jemima : well-read and educated Thomas until he went to school.He was a sickly child was not able to attend school at a young age. 22 ye

4、ars old, Hardy moved to London & started to , which idealized the rural life. 2021/8/225Hardys work as an prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects & the Architectural Association. 2021/8/226 From architect to novelistHardy wrote poetry originally, he eventually adopted novel-wri

5、ting for financial reasons.2021/8/227nJude the Obscure, along with various of Hardys other novels including Tess of the DUrbervilles were met with great hostility from critics and readers.nDisgusted by the restraints of Victorian conventions, Hardy decided to write no more novels. Subsequently he wr

6、ote poetry instead, as was his top priority2021/8/228Emma Gifford : a woman of high social status. She had a very interesting personality and was always remember by visitors to the Hardy household. She died in 1912.Thomas and Emma Hardy resided at Max Gate from 1884 onward. Desighed by Hardy himself

7、2021/8/229Hardys nurse, companion and fan.In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. Due to Florences care, Hardy could remain healthy and continue his writing career.2021/8/2210Thomas Hardys Home, Dorchester2021/8/2211Hardys House2021/8/2212Dorchester2

8、021/8/2213Hardys Statue2021/8/221414Thomas Hardys Study2021/8/2215 In 1928, this last important novelist and poet of the 19th century died. It was Hardys wish that he be buried at Stinsford. However, after his death, the authorities at Westminster Abbey suggested he be buried in Poets Corner. Faced

9、with this dilemma his wife decided that his heart should be buried at Stinsford and his ashes be interred in the Abbey. Grave of Thomas Hardy2021/8/2216Thomas Hardys Grave, Stinsford Churchyard 2021/8/2217nHis novels share a pessimistic view of the human condition. Nature is indifferent to a persons

10、 desires and efforts. The bitter ironies of fruitless efforts and lost affections is an ironic and tragic tone to Hardys novels, making them unlike mainstream Victorian novels with their hopeful conclusions. nHis novels are influenced by Darwins evolution theory, which stresses that the most adapted

11、 species survives the natural selection. Hence, naturalism and fatalism play a great part in his novels. His works are also rich in symbolism, local colorism.2021/8/2218Major works-3 classes 2021/8/22191.Novels of （性格与环境小说）（性格与环境小说）nThe Poor Man and the Lady(1867, unpublished and lost) 穷汉与贵妇人穷汉与贵妇人

12、nUnder the Greenwood Tree(1872) 绿树荫下绿树荫下 nFar from the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣远离尘嚣nThe Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长卡斯特桥市长 nTess of the dUrbervilles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝 nJude the Obscure(1895) 无名的裘德无名的裘德 2021/8/2220Major worksUnder the Greenwood Tree1872Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)The Retu

13、rn of the Native (1878)Tess of the dUrbervilles 1891Jude the Obscure (1896)The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) 2021/8/2221He explored tragic characters struggling against their passions & social circumstances & set his fictions in the semi-fictional land of Wessex where he grew up . This Class

14、is about peoples pursuit to happiness and awareness of their dreams, reflecting the acute conflicts between people and the environment around them.2021/8/2222nthe Wessex novelsnnovels of character & environment2021/8/2223nHis principal works are the Wessex Novels, i.e., the novels describing the

15、 characters and environment of his native countryside. nThey are known for the vivid description of the vicissitudes of people who live in an agricultural setting menaced by the forces of invading capitalism. 2021/8/2224nThese works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are the most repre

16、sentative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer. nHe truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who became hired fieldhands and roamed the country in search of seasonal jobs. These labourers were mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners. 2021/8/2225 We

17、ssex Noveln哈代以其故乡英国西南部农村（古称威塞克斯地区）为背景所作小说的总称（又称性格与环境小说）。反映了十九世纪中叶以来英国农村的生活，特别是反映了资本主义侵入农村之后所激起的剧烈社会变动，农民的破产，农村经济、道德、风俗等方面的变化以及人们的精神痛苦。对资本主义社会的法律、道德、宗教、教育制度多有批判。有浓厚的宿命观念和悲剧气氛。n哈代的“性格和环境小说”，表现出作者对造成威塞克斯社会和威塞克斯人悲剧命运的探讨，经历了“命运悲剧” “性格悲剧”“社会悲剧”的发展过程。2021/8/2226（传奇与幻想小说）（传奇与幻想小说）nA Pair of Blue Eyes(1873)

18、一双蓝眼睛一双蓝眼睛 nTwo on a Tower(1882) 塔里的两个人塔里的两个人 nThe Well-Beloved(1897) (first published as a serial from 1892) 心爱的人心爱的人 mainly talk about romantic love stories.2021/8/2227（机巧和实验小说（机巧和实验小说 ）nDesperate Remedies(1871)铤而走险铤而走险nThe Hand of Ethelberta(1876) 埃塞尔伯塔埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻的婚姻nA Laodicean(1881) 冷漠的人冷漠的人2021/8

19、/2228 Naturalism nNaturalism is a deterministic theory of writing developed out of realism. nIt holds that philosophically everything is a part of nature and can be explained by natural and material causes, that human lives and actions are determined by environment and heredity, forces absolutely be

20、yond mans control, and that a writer should adopt an objective view toward the material written about, and represent with clinical accuracy and frankness the details of life especially the deficiencies and shortcomings of human beings.2021/8/2229nTone: pessimisticnRepresentative writers: qHardy in E

21、nglandqCrane, Dreiser, Norris and ONeill in America, qZola in France2021/8/2230Hardys Pessimistic Attitude nHardy held the belief that mans fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of “nature,” both inside and outside. nLimitiation:nCramped by his petty-bourgeois outlook, Hardy cou

22、ld not understand that it was not fate, but the unfavourable conditions of capitalism which were responsible for the tragic lives of the people whom he described in his books. 2021/8/2231Features of his novelsn1.Sympathy for the peasants in an age of decline and decay of peasantry; Hardy takes commo

23、n working-class people as heroes and heroines in his novels. His heroes are usually tragic ones who acquire self-consciousness and question the fundamentals of the society. And with these traditional characters he is always sympathetic.n2.nostalgia for the pastoral and patriarchal mode of life; In h

24、is Wessex novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life, which was gradually declining and disappearing as England marched into an industrial country.2021/8/2232n3. A naturalistic tendency in his works. In his works, the stron

25、g elements of naturalism are combined with a tendency towards symbolism. Mans life controlled by hostile, cruel, mysterious fate; a pessimistic vein runs throughout his novels. architectural structure by accumulating each circumstance, each detail to strengthen the final effectFate;Features of his n

26、ovels2021/8/2233Features of his novelsn5. nature in his novels personified and symbolic, like a character in the development of the plotn 6. The underlying theme of his novel is the struggle between man and his environment, between aspiring human spirit and the external inanimate nature. This Fatali

27、sm is strongly reflected in his writings. 2021/8/2234Features of his novelsn7. In style, Hardy is a traditionalist, although there are obvious traits of modernism in thematic matters. Almost all his works are perfectly structured and well plotted. The rustic dialect heightens its local or regional c

28、olor. They are also noted for the detailed and poetic description of the characters inner life their desires, passions, and sufferings, etc. and its reflection in the environment. 8.na good knowledge of folkways(superstition.) and peasants feelings; 2021/8/2235Tess of the dUrbervilles(1891)2021/8/22

29、36 Image of Tess in the films2021/8/2237Main characters TessThe oldest daughter from a poor family with a noble originAlecAngelA young man who hates the old family and likes farming VideoA rich man from a wealthy family who bought the family name dUrbervilles from Tesss family2021/8/2238n(2) a link

30、between the late-Victorian literature of the end of the nineteenth century and that of the modern era.2021/8/2239nTess finds work as a dairymaid on a farm and falls in love with Angel Clare, a clergymans son. They marry but when Tess tells Angel about her past, he hypocritically deserts her. 2021/8/

31、2240Tess becomes Alecs mistress. Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but finds her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she is arrested and hanged. 2021/8/22412021/8/2242introductionMain Plot Analysis of main characters2021/8/2243nTess of the DUrbervilles was subtitled A

32、 Pure Woman and published in 1891. nIt is one of Hardys saddest tales of rural troubles. introduction2021/8/2244na milkmaid qseduced by one manqmarried and rejected by anotherqeventually murdered the first one nconsidered unfit for publications which young people might read2021/8/2245nEarly critics

33、attacked Hardy for the novels subtitle, “A Pure Woman”, arguing that Tess could not possibly be considered pure. nThey also denounced his frank for the time qdepiction of sexqcriticism of organized religionqdark pessimism2021/8/2246the main charactersnTess Durbeyfield Tess Durbeyfield nAngel Clare A

34、ngel Clare nAlec Stokes dUrbervilleAlec Stokes dUrberville2021/8/2247Tess Durbeyfieldnthe protagonist, eldest daughter in a poor rural working familyna fresh, pretty country girl with a good heart and a sensitive soul 2021/8/2248哈代笔下的苔丝Pure “You could sometimes see her twelfth year in her cheeks, or

35、 her ninth sparkling from her eyes; and even her fifth would flit over the curves of her mouth now and then.”Innocent, diligentspirited heroinethe eldest daughter of a poor, rural Victorian family. She is sensitive, loyal and kind and tries to do the best for her loved ones.2021/8/2249nHer weakness:

36、 her innocencenunschooled “in the ways of the world” nunable to protect herself2021/8/2250nShe is a brave girl, hard-working and sweet-natured and innocentnshe is not free from the influence of social conventions and moral standards of the day. 2021/8/2251nIn a word, she is a victim of economic oppr

37、ession and social injustice.2021/8/2252 strikingly attractive, intelligent, hard-working, honest and faithful, innocent, unsophisticated, deep moral sensitivensocial symbolism: the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late 19th century.nreligious symbolism: fallen humanity in

38、a religious sense. represents2021/8/2253Angel Clare nthe son of a clergymannTesss husband and true lovenHe considers himself a freethinker.nBut his notions of morality turn out to be fairly conventional.2021/8/2254Analyze the charactersAngel ClareAngel is an intelligent and kind clergymans son. Tess

39、 first sees him at a Mayday dance but he ignores her. Choosing to follow a life in farming rather than one in the Church, he wants to work for the honour and glory of man. Tess meets him again at a farm where shes working as a milkmaid and they fall deeply in love.2021/8/2255freethinking, intelligen

40、t, reserved, subtle, persistentnAngel Clare was a typical image of bourgeois intellectuals and seemed to be a humanist and free thinker.nRepresents a rebellious striving toward a personal vision of goodnessnHis love for Tess, a mere milkmaid, and in that time, is one expression of his disdain（蔑视）for

41、 tradition. Angel Clare2021/8/2256Alec Stokes dUrberville nthe son of Mrs. DUrberville. nHe rapes (or possibly seduces) Tess when she is no more than 17 years oldnlater pursues her relentlessly 2021/8/2257nForced her to agree to become his mistress again. nIn the end, Tess kills him with a knife to

42、the heart. 2021/8/2258Analyze the characterAlec DUrbervilleAlec is the handsome, but self-centred and manipulative eldest son of Tesss supposed illustrious relatives - the DUrbervilles.After going to work at The Slopes - Alecs family home - Tess falls into his clutches. She is easily seduced by his

43、apparent charm and generosity.2021/8/2259handsome, immoral, manipulative, guileful, lascivious, sinisternthe base forces of life that drive a person away from moral perfection and greatnessAlec Durbervillerepresents2021/8/2260Questions for Discussion n1) The subtitle of the novel is A Pure Woman Fai

44、thfully Portrayed. All things considered, was Tess a pure woman? Why or Why not?2021/8/2261nTess was a pure woman:na. pure here not refers to the physical meaning but the spiritual one. Throughout the novel, Tess was loyal to her true feelings. She remained her loyalty to Angel. Alec only claimed he

45、r body. She was spiritually with Angel all the time.nb. She is responsible and does her best for the family. nc. She is honest. nd. She could face her tragedy with great dignity.2021/8/2262nHardy never condemns Tess; his view of her is the one expressed in the subtitle to the novel. nHardy exposes i

46、n Tesss story how women are wronged by the standards of his day. 2021/8/2263n2) Why do we say Tesss tragedy is a personal as well as a social one?2021/8/2264nTesss fate is personal: nShe happens to be so beautiful, so pure, so innocent, and so poor, and she happens to get involved with 2 men who, th

47、ough apparent rivals, actually joint their forces in bringing about her destruction. nBoth Alec and Angel violated and made fun of Tess. Tess was physically injured by Alec dUrberville, and mentally was affected by Angel Clare. nAlec and Angel by different way made Tess tragedy from bad to worse.202

48、1/8/2265nHer fate is a social one: It can be the fate of any country girl like her. It can be the fate of all the peasants who are driven out of their land and home and forced to seek somewhere else for sustenance.2021/8/2266nWhat does “Thus the thing began” mean?Hardy notes, Thus the thing began. I

49、t should be noted that Hardy gives subtle hints that a play has commenced.2021/8/2267nThis technique dates back to the ancient Greek period when plays (or dramas) were written about the sport that the Greek gods took with mortal men. nSometimes it was said that the Greek gods enjoyed using mankind a

50、s toys or for sport.nHardy knows this and uses this device as a springboard for his own work, making Tess an unwitting and unwilling participant.2021/8/2268n4) How do you understand the last sentence “Jutice is done, and the president of Immortalshad ended his sport with Tess.”?2021/8/2269nAs an ins

51、ecure and inferior being, Tess can never love in a genuine and generous way. Tesss fate is to be tragic as soon as she appears in the novel. nShe is not the master of her own life, and she can only be the object to be preyed upon, then humiliated and abandoned. When she rebels, she acts against the

52、law of a society whose power is in the hands of rich men. 2021/8/2270nThese last words highlight Hardys critical attitudes towards the unjust treatment of women and his denunciation of the hypocrisy of the social structures and moral codes of Victorian England.2021/8/2271Themes nIn this work, the au

53、thors pessimistic and naturalistic view of life is fully expressed: Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life. nThe novel gives a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the

54、 country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century.2021/8/2272nThe tragic fate of Tess and her family was not that of an individual family, but it was symbolic of the disintegration of the English peasantry: a process which had reached its final and tragic stage at the

55、end of 19th century.2021/8/2273The writing skillsnThe description of naturenironynSymbolismnForeshadowing2021/8/2274The description of naturenThe description of Nature in Hardys Wessex novels(威塞克斯小说)is characteristic of Hardys style. Hardy is a great painter of nature. In his hand, the Wessex prairi

56、e comes to life, with its own color, temper, mystery, omen, and force of destruction. It is as much a living character as men and women in the novels. nThe description of Nature not only serves as a setting, but also becomes a vital part of Hardys novels. He focuses on the interrelations between hum

57、an, Nature and society. Nature in his novels is personated and melted with the characters together.n Hardy believed firmly that man was part of Nature, a guardian of Nature and should always remain true to their closeness with Nature. In all Hardys Wessex novels, the characters, who can live in harm

58、ony with Nature all deserve a good ending, while those who cannot are by all means go ruining. The conflict between mans aspirations and his environment is the central unifying force of Hardys tragic novels. It stresses that human should live in harmony with Nature.2021/8/2275ironynthe author explores three forms of irony, situational irony, dramatic irony and cosmic irony.2021/8/2276symbolismnSetting is the essential part of a novel. In Tess of the DUrbervilles, settings are not only the background but also have the symbolic meanings which imply the main chara