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2021年成人高考专升本考试复习,2021,年成,高考,考试,复习
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成人高考-专升本-英语考点及必背知识点汇总考点解析、课程导论试卷结构（满分150分，考试时间150分钟）成人高考专升本英语考试共有6道题第一，语音部分，5道题，共5分第二，语法与词汇部分（单项选择题），15道题，共15分第三，完形填空部分，15道题，共30分第四，阅读理解部分（4选1）, 5篇（每篇4道题），20题，共60分第五，补全对话部分（8个选项里面选择5个补齐），5道题，共15分第六，短文写作（信件、通知/启事，100-120个单词），1篇，共25分根据考纲要求，成人高考专升本英语考试要求涉及词法、句法、构词法。常考、易考点：名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词与副词、介词等九大词类，词类里面包含 动词时态、语态、非谓语知识，以及动词语气里面的虚拟语气等；常考句子成分和句子分类 等知识，其中，句子分类涉及疑问句、感叹句等类型，包含复合句等句子结构，（名词性从 句、定语从句、状语从句）；除此之外，考试还涉及强调句型和倒装结构。总体来讲，范围 较广，难度中等学习技巧学语法（从基础语法到高难度语法，循序渐进）背单词（4500-5000词汇量，3800大纲词汇+700拓展词汇和词组，网上有专门的成考专升 本词汇书）拿着一本词汇书从A背到Z的方法？非常痛苦。背单词，要先学会英语构词法时间分配：人的记忆都有规律，有些同学很努力，一天花两三个小时集中背单词，可还是老 说，我记不住，这很正常，因为缺少巩固。可以换种方式，均匀分配这些时间，比如，每天 给自己规定工作量50个单词，早上起来，背1个小时左右，不要求记牢，但一定要有印象， 看到这个单词有种熟悉感。中午吃完饭，扫个15分钟左右，加深印象。晚上睡觉前，半个 小时再浏览一遍。第二天早上起来，首先复习头天的单词。Vr.I 口日语音Phonetics （语音）In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined letters or letter combinations marked A,B,C and D. Compare the underlined parts and identify the one that is different from the others in pronunciation. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.考点、考纲解析语音部分共有5个小题。每题1分。主要考察学生英语单词的发音准确性和对发音规律的认 知和掌握。考生应掌握元音和辅音字母在单词中的读音，要掌握常见字母组合的读音。因此，了解语音的基本概念，掌握基本的发音规则以及常见字母组合的发音至关重要。一、语音基础26个字母：英语字母分元音字母和辅音字母。元音只有a/e/i/o/u;其余辅音b/p/t/n/l.音节：元音和辅音构成、以元音为主体的发音单位。一个单词里有几个元音就发几个音节（e 结尾的话不算）例如，cat有一个音节；fif-teen有两个音节；No-vem-ber有三个音节。（开 音节、闭音节）音标:词的语音形式，如student的语音形式是stju：dnt言家：音的最小的单位。48个音素分元音音素20个和辅音音素28个 （通过摸声带，感受振动与否来辨别清辅音和浊辅音）Title英语音标表（英语国际音标表，dj音标）1单元音短元音i 9 u a e x长元音i: a: : u: a:双元音ei ai oi an an io eo uo清浊成对 的辅音清辅音p t k f 0sts ti f tj浊辅音b d g v 6 z dz dr fe dj其它辅音h m n ij 1 r j w二、字母和字母组合发音规则（哪些字母或字母组合会发这个音）单元音音素/i/： advantage; indicate; busy（build）; country双元音音素：/ai/： alike/classify/lie单辅音音素：/p/： page； /r/： rabbit双辅音音素：/tr/: trust;/dj/: logical/suggestion/joy/soldier倒过来看：字母组合发音之比较 字母组合enl.en, rent; sensitive2 .in, passenger3 .9n, silence; strengthen字母组合inel.in, imagine4 .ain Jine; combine; sunshine不发音的字母和字母组合字母 e/i/u/b/d/g/h/k/1/n/p/s/t/w/gh/ue 在某些情况下不发音:bite; business; guard; subtle; judge; sign; honest; knife; could; column; psychology; island; often; wrinkle;fought; colleague动词加-ed变成过去式的读音规则 字母-edL在浊辅音或元音后面读d : described; served; vowed （ n, 誓言；郑重宣布v,起誓；发誓；郑重宣告）2 .在清辅音后面读囹:touched ; relaxed3 .在字母t或d后面读id: pointed; succeeded名词复数、动词第三人称单数、单数所有格+s、es时的发音规则字母s1 .发音s:cups;hats;cakes;thinks;stops;Mike s； months; lengths2 .发音bags;workers;sings;reads;Tons;paths;mouths以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词复数或动词直接+s,如days; plays少数以“辅音字母+o”结尾 的名词复数直接+s,如photos; pianos3 .发音iz：以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词，如果尾音是时，读iz, closes;increases;inflences字母-es1 .发音:以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i再加-es: baby-babies; city-cities以o结尾的名词，如词尾为“辅音字母+o，多数加-es: potatoes; heroes; goes2 .发音iz:以 ce/se/ze/（d）ge 等结尾的词加-s: bridegs; rises; faces以 s/sh/ch/x/z 等结尾的词加-es: buses;watches3 .发音vz：以 f 或 fe 结尾的词，把 f 或 fe 变成 v,再加-es: wolf-wolves;life-lives;thief-thieves.练习训练1. procedure ; soldier; storage; fragrant （ D选项）2. peace; already; jeans; reason （ B选项）3. buffet; indicate; market; product （ 项）4. advance; aircraft; pack; banana （ C选项）5. destruction; graduation; question; intention （ C选项）词类一一名词、数词（一）词类一一名词名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词。名词有种类的划分、数与格的变化一、名词的种类1 .普通名词和专有名词。Water、China/Smiths/Monday2 .可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词如a child; two groups.不可数名词如water; work（有些单 词既可以作可数名词又可以作不可数名词，但意义有区别，如hair; light; noise; room; work）3 .简单名词和复合名词：mother-in-law岳母，婆婆；goldfish金鱼二、名词的数1 .名词的数的变化：通常指单、复数的变化-s或-es或变形。要注意复合名词的复数形式有 几种不同情况需要记忆：第一，最后的部分变为复数形式traffic lights第二，主要部分变为复数形式mothers-in-law第三，以man或woman为第一部分的复合名词变复数时，前后都变复数，men-workers2 .名词的数的特殊情况：第一，单复数相同的名词Chinese; sheep; means第二，形式是单数，实际含义是复数的名词people; police; youth.在某些这类名词前加定冠 词the表示某一群体的总称，如the youth第三，-s结尾，但是是单数含义的名词news； physics；某些专有名词the United Nations 词类一一名词3 .名词的数的特殊情况：第四，必须以复数形式出现的名词clothes; glasses; shoes;这些词需要用量词修饰，如a pair of shoes第五，加词尾-s,意义不同的名词：water水waters水域第六，特殊变化的名词：child-children; foot-feet; woman-women三、名词的格名词有三个格，主格、宾格和所有格。主格指名词在句中作主语时的形式。宾格指名词在句 中作宾语时的形式。所有格则是表示所属关系的表达形式。所有格有两种表示法，用of或s. the name of the city; Jimr s book,特殊情况包括：1 .复数名词以s结尾时只加。Workers tools2 .复合名词或短语的所有格是将s加在最后一词的词尾，mother-in-law, s house四、名词的量英语中常用可数名词和单位词搭配来表示名词的量；不可数名词一般没有单、复数形式，不 可以以个数计算，但也用单位词1 .表示个数、片数、块数、件数的单位词：a piece of cake; a block of stone2 .表示形状的单位词：a drop of water; a bar of chocolate3 .表示容积、重量的单位词a bottle of milk4 .表示行为状态的单位词a flash of lightening5 .表示成双成群的单位词a bunch of flowers第五、名词作主语时与谓语动词的一致性L谓语动词用单数形式的情况复数名词前有 one of; either of; neither of 时用单数:One of the books is old.2 .谓语动词用复数形式的情况表示群体的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数：The youth are cute.3 .谓语动词与部分主语一致的情况：就近原则4 .谓语动词依据主语的变化而变化的情况：一旦用量词来修饰复数名词时，根据量词的单复 数来决定自身的单复数,a pair of shoes is集体名词作主语时，表整体用单数；表个体用复数，如a new family词类一一名词、数词（二）词类一一数词数词分为基数词和序数词，基数词通常表示的是基本数目、年月日、分数和小数等；序数词主要 表示数目的顺序或年代等数词的单复数：表示确切数字时，基数词如ten, hundred, thousand, million等只能用单数形 式，不能加-sSix thousand eight hundred workers 6800 名工人但在某些概数的习语中，如“成百上千、成千上万、数千、数万”等，基数词要加-s,谓语 动词用复数Hundreds of soldiers 数百名士兵+aredozen, （1 , 12个）score （20） , gross （12打）等量词表示精确数字时不用复数形式, 但在表示不确切数字时要用复数Two dozen bottles of beer 24 瓶啤酒Five gross of knives 60 打小刀Scores of students 很多学生序数词，第一，第二，第三，第四First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth.以-ty结尾的基数词变为序数词时，需将y改成i,再加-eth,如,twenty-twentieth, thirty-thirtieth表示“几十几”的两位数的基数词变为序数词时;只需将个位数变成序数词，十位数不变, 如，twenty-onetwenty-firstSixty-fivesixty-fifth序数词的缩写：由对应的阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母构成，如first-1st;second-2nd;third-3rd; eightieth-80th.分数词分数由基数词和序数词共同构成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，作分母的 序数词要用复数形式1/4, one-fourth; 2/3, two-thirds此外,还有一些特殊表示法,1/2, one half%, one quarter%, three-quarters分数作主语时，谓语动词根据后面的名词决定。40 percent of workers are from south.小数小数中小数点读作point，零读作zero或naught6.4, six point four习题训练Was the teachers clear?A. explainingB. explainedC. explainD. explanation网校答案：D动词种类(一)动词种类动词的种类1 .实义/行为动词一一及物动词+宾语、双宾语、复合宾语 不及物动词2 .系动词：be, seem, turn, become 等+表语3 .助动词be + doing/donehave + done/been doingdo/does/didwill/shall/would/should4 .情态动词： may, can, must, might, couldL行为动词/实义动词(1)及物动词(vt):后面可以接宾语的动词。包括“主+谓+宾”结构、“主+谓+双宾”结 构、“主+谓+宾补”结构。(2)不及物动词(vi):后面不可以加宾语的动词，只能用于“主+谓”结构。若干不及物动 词要跟宾语，必须先在其后面添加某个介词后方可以跟上宾语。这类词数量不是很多，比如 说：come(come to school), go(go to school)等。(3)不及物动词和及物动词:两者都可以,例如：begin, start, answer, say等Our game begins.(不及物动词)Let us begin our game .(及物动词)2、系动词系动词本身是有词义的，但必须和表语在一起构成谓语。(1)状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如，He is a teacher. (is与表语一起 说明主语的身份)(2)持续系动词：He always keeps silent at meeting.This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。(3)表象系动词：He looks tired .He seems (to be) very sad .(4)感官系动词：feel,smell,sound,taste,例如This kind of cloth feels very soft .这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。(5)变化系动词，例如She grew rich within a short time .她没多长时间就富有了。(6)终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove ,turn out,表达“证实”、“变成”之 意，例如The rumor proved false.这个谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证据很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。(终止性结果)3、助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词，被协助的动词称作主要动词。最常见的助动 词有基本助动词be ,have, do和情态助动词shall,will.do可用来构成否定式、各种疑问句、倒装结构、强调句、替代等。be可用来构成进行时和被动语态have可用来构成完成时注意：助动词具有加强语气的功能：放在实义动词前面，强调这个动作，比如: I do like apples .动词种类（二）动词种类4、情态动词情态动词要和主要动词一起使用，一般放在谓语动词之前，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 上“not”。有的情态动词有过去式和现在式两种形式，例如，can-could ; may-might;（注意：在表示推测之意的时候，might和could不一定和过去时相 关,而表示可能性弱,与他们的现在时相对应,例如，This may/might be done by her.这个可 能是由她干的。语气逐渐变弱）mustmust住观上必须）have to-had to （客观上必须）；need-needed ; shall-should ; will-would ;ought to -ought to ; dare-dared（敢于）情态动词的考点透视（1）表示必要性：must+动词原形”表示现在或将来必须，表示现在或将来不必做某事时， 用 dont have to do 或dont need to do”或 neednt do ;mustnt 表示不允许禁止”& （2）表示“宁愿做什么”的表达（一定熟记句式）would rather do sthwould rather do sth than do sthwould do something rather than do somethingwould rather somebody did somethingprefer to do somethingprefer to do something rather than do somethingprefer doing something to doing something（3）情态动词+have done ,有两种含义：对过去情况的猜测。表示对过去事实的主观设想。有轻微的责备、后悔之意。must have done想必，准是一定做了could/couldnt have done本来可以做某事的（却没有），否定表示“不可能”should have done本该做某事，而实际上未做，用在否定句中则表示不该做的事反而做了。had better have done 当时做了某事就好了一You had better have started earlier.would rather have done 当时宁愿做 了某事一I would rather have taken her advice .would like /love to have done表示愿意做某事，但未做成。(4) cannt but+do sth不得不、只好做某事I cannot but choose to sleep .(5 ) may well 和 may as wellmaywell+动词原形，“完全可能，很可能，大可做什么”He may well be proud of his daughter.may as well +动词原形，“最好，满可以，倒也不错”You may as well do it at once .(6) can not /can never 与 enough/too 连用表示“再也不为过”The doctor can not be too careful when operating on patients.医生给病人做手术时越仔细越好/再怎么认真也不为过(7) need 和 dare可做情态动词+动词原形，也可做实义动词+带to的不定式，有时态、人称和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare to do sth在否定句和疑问句中，dare后面可以加上to或者是不带to的不定式。Idare say基本上已是固定用法。动词时态(一)动词时态动词的时间有现在、过去、将来这三个主要部分；动作方面则有一般、完成、进行这三种主 要形式。将这些时间和动作方面分别结合在一起，就构成了英语的16种时态，不同的时态 用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。重点介绍以下几种1 .一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。例如： always ,once a week, often, sometimes ,usually, every day, every week,seldom(极少地)。有时候 时间状语会省略。一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数作主语时谓语动词后面要加-s或-es,另 外，be和have有特殊的人称形式。如：一般动词 know： I know it; You know it; He/she knows it;We/You/They know it.be 动词：I am a teacher; You are a student;He/she is a student; We/You/They are students.动词 have： I have a car; You have a car;He/She has a car; It has a handle; We/You/They have一般现在时的基本用法：表示客观事物或普遍真理。如：The earth is round.一般现在时代替一般将来时。Then he comes back,well go shopping together.The next train leaves at 12:00.在下列情况下即使主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词仍用原形：在一些虚拟语气的句子里，省略了 shouldI suggest that he （should） take a book with him,2 .一般过去时一般用动词的过去式，没有人称和数的变化。用助动词did构成行为动词的否定和疑问句， 谓语动词变为原形。be-was（第一、第三人称单数）-were（其它人称）have-had（没有人称和数的变化）do-did（没有人称和数的变化）行为动词的过去式有两种，一种是规则动词，另一种是不规则动词。一般过去时的用法在虚拟语气中常用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设：If I were you ,1 would help him.情态动词的过去式如：could, would, should, might可用于现在或将来表示-种委婉的语气。并不是真正发生在过去Could you lend me a book?表示过去经常发生的动作可用used to后接动词原形表示He used to walk after supper, didnt he ?3 .一般将来时一般将来时常用的状语有：from now on （从现在开始，从此，从今以后，往后），in a month,in the future.表示将来动作的形式be going to+动词原形be to do +动词原形，表示吩咐、命令、约定、计划中，或者是要求、命令某人去做的事情。You are not to bring any books to the exam-room.be（not） about to do，表示即将要发生的事情be doing限于某些非延续性动词（如go,come,stay,move,leave,start,finish等）的进行时表将来。动词时态（二）动词时态4 .过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将来要发生的事情。would do也可表示过去习惯性的动作（此时不 管什么人称都要用would）He said he would go to work next week.主句是过去将来时，时间和条件状语从句中一般用过去时代替过去将来时。She said （she would pay us a visit when she had time.）5 .现在进行时重要词汇举例：get on well with sb和某人相处愉快constantly, continuously持续的，连续不断的envy羡慕，嫉妒owe欠，propose提议注意：系动词turn, get, become ,grow,go用进行时表示由一种状态转入另一种状态。如：The rich man is becoming poorer and poorer.6 .过去进行时描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.某些动词的过去进行时可以表示过去将要发生的动作He told me that he was leaving for Shanghai soon.7 .将来进行时8 .现在完成时现在完成时常用的状语有up to now,so far, ever since （从那时到现在，自从，自以后，从起）,in the last/ in the past few years 等Great changes have taken place in the last ten years.注意：现在完成时强调对现在的影响，是现在时态，因此不能和表示具体的过去时间连用， 如：yestereday, last month, three days ago ,in 1960等，但可以和表示模糊的过去时间的before 连用。表示到目前为止多少次或第几次干某事Its the third time that I have seen the film.主句用一般现在时或一般将来时，从句用现在完成时；主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成 时It is the best film that I have ever seen.It will be the second car that I have bought.It was the second time that I had been hurt by his words .9 .过去完成时had+过去分词”,过去的过去，常用的状语有by 1966, by the time,by the end of,two years before, before 等。By the end of I960, we had built 100 schools.在表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中，一般用过去完成时If you had come with me ,you would have seen him.在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, scarcelywhen句式中主句用过去完成时，且常采用倒装（否定词提前），从句用一般过去时，译为“一就”Hardly had i come back when the phone rang.10 .将来完成时主要表示将来某一时刻已完成的事情，有时用来表示一种推测。By the end of next month, I shall have learned 100 texts.IL现在完成进行时uhave(has) been doing ” ,翻译为“一直”What have you been doing all the morning?不规则动词分类记忆(参考自己的课本)动词语态动词语态英语的语态有两种，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语时动作的执行者，被动语态 表示主语是动作的承受者。此处主要讲被动语态。一般说来，只有及物动词(短语)才有被动语态。结构为“动作承受者+助动词be+过去分 词+by+动作执行者+with+工具”。被动语态的时态是通过be动词变化的。被动语态的使用场合：强调动作的承受者；动作发出者未知或不便说出。(The man was killed) 被动语态共有十种时态常用时态只有8种，外加情态动词句式的被动语态1 .一般现在时English is widely spoken in the world.2 .一般过去时The house was destroyed in the earthquake.3 .一般将来时The baby will be taken to the hospital soon.4 .过去将来时He said he would be criticized for what he did.5 .现在完成时He has been given a chance.6 .过去完成时By 1960,100 schools had been set up.7 .现在进行时The building is being built.8 .过去进行时When I went to the city, a high building was being built.注意：有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，也有被动语态如Women are not looked down upon now.含情态动词的被动结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”The thing must be handed in .被动语态的其他表达形式1 .get+过去分词：He got wounded in a battle .注意：这种被动语态句型的否定和疑问要借助do构成Did you get scolded yesterday?你昨天挨批评了吗2 .become+过去分词：强调动作的全过程He became seized with a deep sorrow.他陷入了深深的忧伤之中被动语态的变异：见主动语态表达被动意义1 .某些表状态特征的连系动词如smell .taste ,feel, sound ,look, prove等，用主动形式表达被动 意义。The fish tastes good.His theory proved correct.2 .某些不及物动词（其主语大多为事物）可以表达被动意义，这些不及物动词有下列几种：The cloth washed well.（易洗）Wood burns easily.（易燃）what happened to you?Work began at 7 this morning.3 .不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情况You have a lot of work to do.（不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，但逻辑主语又是句子 的主语或宾语）I have some clothes to wash.He is to blame for the accident.对于这次事故，他应该受到谴责。4 .主动式动名词表被动The flower wants watering=The flower wants to be watered.5 .有些结构形式上是被动的，但意义却是主动的，如He is engaged in research.be faced with , be devoted to （投身于）、be located in6 .” with+宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式用主动表被动With two exams to worry about,! have to work hard this weekend.7 .介词短语表被动：under examination在审查中；beyond belief难以置信；out of control失 控；in the charge of 受制于;8 .There be句型中作定语的不定式可用主动式表达被动，用被动不定式也可。There are still five trees to cut.虚拟语气虚拟语气语气：陈述语气、祁使语气、虚拟语气1 .条件句中的虚拟语气：条件句有两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。混合时间的虚拟语气:条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生虚拟条件句的几种情况：1.与现在事实相反If I were you, I would accept his apology.特殊词：wish后面的虚拟语气：“可惜”、就好了”、“悔不该”、但愿” （be不分人称均为were）I wish I were as slim as you.I wish I knew the key to the answer.（对现在事实的虚拟，动词用一般过去时）2 .与过去事实相反If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.（对过去事实的虚拟，用过去完成时）3 .与将来事实相反，对将来可能发生的事实的假设She won t come tomorrow. But if she should come, I would ask her to ring you.（should,万一） He wishes that we would visit the school对将来事实的虚拟，动词用情态动词的过去式,如 would, might, could + 动词原形）4.if的省略省略if的虚拟语气倒装：条件句中含有情态动词、助动词、be或have时，如含有 were/should/had,这些词前置。If it should happen,what would you do?=Should it happen,what would you do?If he had recognized me,he would have come over.=Had he recognized me,he would have come over.含蓄虚拟条件句：利用介词短语、连词或其他形式委婉地表示虚拟，如without,with,but for（要 是没有otherwise,or,butWithout your help（=lf we had not had your help）, we could not have succeeded.虚拟语气在if only （要是就好了”）引导的句子中的应用If only we knew the telephone number!would rather与虚拟语气：would rather后接动词原形，但接从句时要用虚拟语气（宁愿，但 愿）Id rather he didnt now.Id rather you hadnt done it.as if与虚拟语气在It is （high/about） time that句型中也用虚拟语气（“该是做的时候了”）表示早该做而没做It is time that we went /should go home.（不可以省略）虚拟语气用在名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句中，表示命令、建议、愿望、决定等 主语从句：It was suggested（ desired） that he （should） join the club. /It is strange / It is pity宾语从句：The teacher ordered（ ask,advise,beg,command, insist,propose,reguest） that all the books （should） be handed in on time.（注意：当suggest表示“暗示、说明”之意,insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”之意时,从 句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气）The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.表语从句:My suggestion is that the meeting （should） be canceled.定语从句（表示到什么时候了）： It is high time that we should make a decision, （should 不能 省略）状语从句与虚拟语气：It looks as if it was /were going to rain.天看起来要下雨Take it in case it should rain.2016年真题第8题If you_ stayed at home, this would never have （）happened.A. HaveB. HadC. will haveD. would have网校答案：B非谓语动词（一）非谓语动词不能用作谓语，但是可以担任其他句子成分的动词形式，叫做非谓语动词（除了谓语，什么 成分都可以作）非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式（to do），动名词（V-ing），分词（过去分词V-ed和现 在分词V-ing）1 .非谓语动词的特点它有动词的性质，即有时态和语态的变化Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（完成时态）This theater being bulit is very great语态）它有名词、形容词和副词的性质，即能在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。它没有人称和数的变化它可以带宾语、状语或者是修饰成分，构成相应的短语I am used to getting up early.它可以有自己的逻辑主语Weather peimitting ,we will go fishing .2 .非谓语动词的用法（1）不定式的用法不定式不可作谓语，但它可以有自己的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语，在句中可以做主语、 宾语、表语、定语（表用途）、状语或补足语作主语To say is a thing ,but to do is another.不定语短语较长时，为了避免头重脚轻，通常放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语It is/was +adj+of/for sb +to doIt is very kind of you to help me.（形容人的品质）It was necessary for him to get some advice before the job interview做某事对某人来讲怎么样）It is/was +n +to doIt is a pity to have to go without you.It takes/took（sb） +time/money+to doIt takes me two hours to finish the homework.作宾语He refused to help me.主语+动词+it+adj+to do不定式作宾语时，如果还带宾补，且不定式短语过长时，则用it作形式宾语，而将不定式 放在宾补之后I think it important to learn English well in college.在某些介词（如except,besides,but）后面做介词宾语，此时介词为“只有，只能，若谓语 动词为did/do,则介词后省略to.He has no choice but to wait.She did everything except clean the floor.“特殊疑问词+不定式to do”结构具有名词特征，可作宾语不定式与疑问词what,which ,who,whom,how等构成动词的宾语。I do not know how to do it.作表语不定式作表语放在be和其他系动词后，说明主语的内容My job is to sweep the floor.不定式作主语时，表语也必须为不定式，结构必须保持一致。To see is to believe.如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实义动词do的某种形式，那么作表语的不定式可 以省略toThe first thing to do is find her.The only thing he could do was tell the truth.作定语不定式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。somgthing important to tell you（被动关系）His wish to be an artist has never come true.（同位关系）She has no friends to play with.（主动关系）（注：若不定式为不及物动词，其后需加上相应的 介词）作状语不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果，可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗 号隔开。We set off early to catch the bus.（目的）He worked hard only to fail.（结果）不定式表结果常和。nly连用，往往表示出乎意料的、意想不到的、不愿得到的结果He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.“形容词+enough+不定式”和“too+形容词或副词+不定式”（太而不能）也可作结 果状语He is old enough to go to school.He is too weak to raise the stone.作补语不定式作补语表示动作的完成。宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系She wanted me to arrive there early.动词不定式可作感官动词和使役动词（let,make zhave）后面的宾补时，不定式符号to要省 略，但如果句子变被动结构，必须还原to表示动作的完成He made them climb the hill.They were made to climb the hill.动词不定式可作形容词的补足语，句型为：主语+系动词+表语iin+find/think/consider/believe 等+宾语+adj+to doHe is easy to fool.The woman is hard to work with.He finds the job difficult to do.（2） .动名词的用法具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式，可作主语、宾语、表语和 定语。否定形式在其前面加not.作主语Driving a car on the crowded road is boring .作宾语She managed to escape being punished.以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语：insist on, be devoted to,I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.非谓语动词（二）非谓语动词（3） .动名词的用法具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式，可作主语、宾语、表语和 定语。否定形式在其前面加not.作主语Driving a car on the crowded road is boring .作宾语She managed to escape being punished.以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语：insist on, be devoted to, I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.作表语His hobby is painting.作定语He often studies in the reading room.（表用途和功能）（4） .分词（分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语）作定语单个分词作定语放在所修饰的词前面，如果是分词短语作定语，则放在被修饰的词后面 The sleeping boy is my son.The horse tied to the tree is white.作状语分词作状语，其逻辑主语和主句是一致的Not receiving any letter from him ,1 gave him a call.（逻辑主语I和receive之间是主动关系。所以用现在分词）Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.（逻辑主语the trees和give之间是被动关系。所以用过去分词）作表语The film is touching（现在分词对应主语的特征）The glass is broken.（过去分词对应主语的状态）作宾语补足语I smell something burning.I cant make myself understood in English.作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语taking all things into consideration 全面看来Judging from his face ,he must be ill.Generally speaking,dogs can run faster than pigs.3 .非谓语动词中应弄清楚的几点区别（1）分词作表语时，现在分词指“令人样的”，过去分词指“感到的” delighting令人高兴的；delighted感到高兴的（2）某些动词后面既可以接不定式作宾语又可以接动名词作宾语，但是意义却不相同如stop to do停下来去做另一件事；stop doing停下手中的事forget to do忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（己经做过或发生）（3） demand Reserve ,need require,want后面可以接动名词表示被动意义，也可以接不定式 的被动式作宾语。Johns house in the country wants painting =wants to be painted,翻译成“要”（4）动名词的复合结构动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的。但是也有不一致的，如果不一致时，要用到 动名词的复合结构。His coming makes us happy.独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。这种结构与主句不发 生句法上的联系，二者之间不能使用任何连接词，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句 Winter coming ,it gets colder and colder（名词/代词+分词）A lot of work to doj cant go with you.（名词/代 词+不定式）with,without引导的独立主格结构with/without+宾语（名词、代词）+宾语补足语The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was .He walked into the room,with a book under his arm.词类一一形容词、副词词类一一形容词、副词词类一一形容词一、形容词形容词修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征等一、形容词的构成L简单形容词:old; good; red2.分词作形容词，包括现在分词和过去分词，如interesting; interested3,复合形容词，即两个或两个以上的词构成，如light-hearted轻松的，快活的，无忧无虑的； hard-to-please很难伺候的；难以取悦的由分词转化而来的形容词一般情况下，当主语是人时，表语用过去分词；当主语是物时，表语用现在分词。作定语时， 一般情况下，如果所修饰的是人，用过去分词；如果所修饰的是物，用现在分词Exciting-excited; tiring-tiredInteresting-interested; moving-movedDisappointing-disappointedSuprising-surprised; pleasing-pleasedThis film is exciting这部电影令人兴奋I was excited after seeing this film.看完这部电影我很兴奋This is an interesting book.这是一本有趣的书He is interested in this book.他对这本书感兴趣常见形容词的用法与比较近形词Considerate体谅人的，体贴的，考虑周到的be considerate of sb （not） to do sthConsiderable相当大的,相当多的Economic经济的，与财政有关，经济因素Economical强调节约Sensible明智的，切合实际的，理智的Sensitive敏感的,神经过敏的，灵敏的近义词Alive; living; live这三个形容词都可表示“活着的、有生命的，alive多用于形容人，living可人可物 live还可表示（广播、电视）现场直播的，实况转播的Priceless无价的；极其珍贵的Precious贵重的，宝贵的2 .形容词在句子中的位置形容词作定语时通常在所修饰的名词前。Beautiful girl; bright light但当形容词修饰某些复合不定代词时.，形容词则应置于这些复合不定代词之后Something special happened last night.昨晚发生了特别的事情3 .形容词的顺序两个或两个以上的形容词在修饰同一个名词时，它们的顺序应按其与所修饰的名词之间的远 近关系而定。关系越密切，与名词的距离也就越近，基本顺序如下：限定（冠词、代词）+数（序数词在前，基数词在后）+描绘（大小、长短、高低等）+特征（新 旧、年龄）+颜色+类属（专有、材料质地）+名词性定语+名词The expensive bright red Italian leather purse.昂贵的亮红色的意大利真皮钱包词类一一副词二、副词副词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等，表示时间、地点、方式及程度。1 .副词的种类副词分为时间副词，如now, after等地点副词,如there; somewhere等方式副词,如fast; kindly程度副词，如 much; very; lightly频率副词，如seldom; often疑问副词，如why, when等2 .副词在句子中的位置 副词修饰动词时，在所修饰的动词之后You can do it nicely.你可以把这件事情做好。（nicely置于do之后）副词修饰形容词或副词时，修饰词在前，被修饰词在后The problem and answer are very simple,非常简单They work terrifically fast.他们干活干的极快。频率副词应置于实意动词前，但要置于be、情态动词、第一个助动词后She frequently goes to see her grandmother.She is always happy.He might seldom do this.3 .副词的顺序两个或两个以上的副词同时使用时.顺序是：程度+地点+方式+时间。另外，同类副词同时 使用时，小单位在前，大单位在后，短的词在前，长的词在后，需要时可用and或but连 接。Get together in front of the Main Building at 7:30 am the coming Sunday.这个周日上午 7 点半在 主楼前集合4 .特殊用法的副词Enough作为副词时，置于动词、形容词、副词之后，但作为形容词时，置于名词之前。r ve had enough. Thanks.我已经足够了，谢谢（作副词，放在动词后）Have you got enough books?（作形容词，放在可数名词复数前）very作副词时，可以修饰形容词、副词和短语，但不能修饰动词，It s very kind of you .Else置于不定代词、疑问词之后What else can I do?Anyone else wants to go with me besides these two?常见副词及副词短语的用法与比较近形词：hard努力地，沉重地hardly几乎不，几乎没有，很难（半否定词）We must work hard.The old man could hardly work.Short用作副词时，表示“突然地”Shortly表示“不久（等于soon）；简要地（等于briefly）常见副词及副词短语的用法与比较近义词，四个“也”Also位于句中As well位于句尾too常位于句尾，有时也可放在句中，但需要用逗号与句子隔开，I, too, have made up my mind to work the answer out.我也已经下定决心要找到答案。Either常用于否定结构，没有，也没有Karen is rich;her cousin Kate is poor.A. thereforeB. otherwiseC. howeverD. Afterwards网校答案：c形容词、副词的比较等级词类一一形容词、副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级有三种：原级、比较级和最高级一、形容词和副词的原级将两个人或两个事物进行比较时，肯定式用as+原形+as,表示同等或同样，否定式用not as/so+ 原形+as,表示不一样She works as hard as he does.Marys handwriting is as good as Peters.This mountain is not so high as the one.表示同级的比较方法还有the sameas, likeHe has the same feeling as I do.Like many girls today, she tries to be slim.二、形容词和副词的比较级比较级是指二者之间的比较。表现形式为：比较级+than,有时than可省略She works more carefully than the new comer.This bottle has less water than the other one.可以修饰比较级的词：a bit; a great deal; a little ; a lot; any; by far; even; far; many; much; still 这些词通常置于所修饰的比较级前Jim is much more interesting than Tom.The coat is only a bit smaller than what I requested.词类一一形容词、副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较级，什么时候前面加more,什么时候单词后面直接+er?（最高级同理）主要是看有几个音节：由几个元音构成，就有几个音节一般单音节词或双音节词，后面直接+er,如cheaper; smaller; higher; fatter比较长的多音节词（有2个以上音节），前面加more,如，more expensive; more important; morebeautiful； more difficult （特例，more famous）三、形容词和副词的最高级最高级指三者或三者以上的比较。表现形式为：the+最高级This book is the most difficult one to read.He works the hardest among the three.可以修饰最高级的词，almost; by far; far; mostly; much; nearly这些词通常置于所修饰的最高 级的定冠词前；very置于定冠词后面He is almost the tallest in the school.This is the very best chocolate cake Ive ever tasted.四、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化good, well-better- best bad, badly, ill-worse-worst many, much-more-most little-less-leastfar-farther, further-farthest, furthest old-older; elder- oldest, eldestlate-latec latter-latest五、倍数的表达方式A+倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than + B,表示“A比B大（长、高、宽等）多少倍This rope is twice longer than that one .这根绳子比那根绳子长两倍（这根绳子的长度是那根绳子的三倍） This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍（这个大厅是我 们教室的六倍）2.A+倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+B,表示“A是B的多少倍”Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲的面积是欧洲的四倍The big stone is three times as heavy as that one.这块大石头的重量是那块的三倍The plane flew ten times as high as the kite,那架飞机的飞行高度是那只风筝的十倍六、其他比较的表现形式越来越，表现形式为more and more+原形，或比较级+and+比较级More and more people want to be volunteers.This city is more and more beautiful.You should study harder and harder.越就越，表现形式为the+比较级，the+比较级The harder you work, the more you get.你工作越努力，得到的就越多2016年真题第20题My daughter runs faster than_ in her class. She runs the fastest.A. a boyB. any boyC. some boysD. most boys网校答案：BYour sister doesn/t study as as you do.A. hardB. hardlyC. harderD. Hardest网校答案：A词类一一代词（一）词类一一代词一、代词的种类代词通常起名词或形容词的作用1 .人称代词I; he; they2 .物主代词 my; his ; theirs3 .指示代词 this ; those; so4 .反身代词 myself; yourself; themselves5 .疑问代词、关系代词 which; what; who; whom; whose6 .不定代词:all; both something7 .相互代词 each other; one another二、一些代词的区别1 .同属于疑问代词和关系代词：who; whom; whose; what; which当它们作疑问代词时，引导特殊疑问句，通常在句首，在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语Who won the first prize?（疑问代词,作主语）Whom did you choose to work with?（疑问代词,作宾语）What is your problem?（疑问代词，作表语）当它们作关系代词时，引导的是从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语The man who sits there is my friend.（关系代词,从句中作主语）I lost the book which you just sent to me.（关系代词，从句中作宾语）He likes to make friend with the man whose hobby is sport.（关系代词，从句中作定语）2 .名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的区别形容词性物主代词：my; your; his; her ;its ; our; their,在句中只能作定语。名词性物主代词：mine; yours; his; hers; its; ours; theirs,在句中可作主语、宾语和表语 Your speech is always full of humor, （your 作定语）=Yours is （yours作主语）They haven* t got their books=got theirs（作宾语）.词类代词（二）词类代词三、一些代词的不同用法l.some和some of,修饰可数和不可数名词Some people like reading./ Some of the books are lent to new students.（修饰可数名词复数时, 谓语动词用复数形式）Some one suggests that（修饰可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数形式）有人建议There is some water in the glass./Some of the dish has been eaten.（修饰不可数名词时，谓单）3 .no; no one ;none ;none ofNo修饰不可数名词和可数名词的单、复数：I have no idea/There are no people.No one表示单数，作主语时，谓语动词用单数：No one knows how to treat her.None作主语，如果指代的是可数名词的复数，谓复；如果指代的是可数名词的单数或不可 数名词，谓单：None have failed in the test/ I want to drink some water but none is left.None of作主语时，如果后接复数名词或代词，谓语可单可复，如果后接物质名词或抽象名 词，谓单：None of us have/has that book.4 .no; no one ;none ;none of四个代词之间的区别No只能作定语，修饰名词时，所修饰的名词前不能有东西，如果有则应用noneof;none 通常回答 how many/how much/ there be 引导的问句。No one主要指人。回答who引导的问句时,用no one或nobody.如 Who told you that?一 No one.none既可以指人又可以指物。Is there any water ?None at all.一点儿都没有。5 .Each ; every ;allEach用于两者或两者以上，后接可数名词单数作主语时，谓语动词单数形式。Each computer has been tested. Each of必须+人称代词复数，谓单Every用于三者或三者以上，但强调的是整体中的个体，还可以表示“每隔”、每 rl4(They have a get-together every two months),后接可数名词单数作主语时，谓语动词 单数形式All强调的是整体，后接可数名词复数作主语时，谓复，但当all表示整体或抽象意义时，谓 语单数Every和all前可用not部分否定，表示“不是所有的”，each不能：Not all of us hand inour homework.6 .both of; either of ;neither ofBoth, both of(后接复数名词时of常可省略，后接复数代词时则不能省略)表示二者都，作主 语时，谓复，Both of them are bank clerk.常用于“bothand”结构，连接两个结构平行的人或物Either, either of 表示二者中的一个，谓语动词单数:Either of them is a bank clerk.Neither, neither of 表示二者都不，谓语单、复均可:Neither of them is a bank clerkEitheror、neithernor都是常用的结构，谓语动词根据“就近原则”和所连 接的名词或代词的单复数保持一致。Either Jim or Mary was here./ Neither Jim nor the girls were here.7 .few, a few ; little ; a littleFew表示很少几个，几乎没有，a few表示有几个，一些，修饰或代替复数可数名词Little表示很少，几乎没有；a little表示有一些，修饰或代替不可数名词A few 和 a little 表示肯定意义:l know a little about psycis.Few 和 little 表示否定意义：Few have such a chance.8 .much ,manyMuch,用来修饰或代替不可数名词much waterMany用来修饰或代替复数可数名词,many books9 .复合不定代词由两部分组成，any, every, no, some + body, one, thing两部分复合成 anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody 等。这类词要注意的是，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，修饰这类复合代词的形容词的位置是 在所修饰词之后。Somebody has been working all night in the office.W ASomeone patient is helpful for this job.有耐心的人四、某些代词词组Not many不多，只有几个 All day,整天All night,整夜All day long 一天到晚All the year round 整年All this 所有这些All the time 一直Nothing but只不过是；anything but根本不是，一点也不，绝不Everything but 每一,除了All but 一切，除了，几乎Such 后面跟名词:Such + a(n)+(adj)+可数名词，such an interesting book/ such interesting books So 后面跟形容词=so +adj+ a(n)+可数名词,so interesting a book/ so interesting books习题训练man, woman, and child in the US should wear a seat belt.A. AllB.Each ofC. NoD. Every网校答案：D词类一一冠词冠词(一)、冠词的基本用法用在名词前，表示名词的特指、泛指。单数名词：a/an泛指单一、每一、任一事物the特指一一上文提到的事物或者是人一一被限制性修饰语所限定的人或者是事物双方默认的事或者是人一一世界上独一无二的事物复数名词和不可数名词：the特指一一被限制性修饰语所限定的人或者是事物一一双方默认的事或者是人上文提到的事物或者是人零冠词(1)不定冠词a/an用在单数名词前.，表示某一类人或事物中的一个an honest person; a useful book; an old mana notebook指一个人、动物或一件事物的某一类Give me a pen,please.指任何一个人、动物或一件事物A triangle has three angles,三角形有三个角。指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物A car stopped in front of the gate.不定冠词可指“事物的单位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等4 yuan a kilo. three times a day(2)定冠词the特指某(些)人或某(些)物This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.The book on the desk is an English dictionary.指说话人与听话人所默认的人或物The Manager is in his office.Lets meet at the railway station.重复上文提过的人或物Last week I read a story and a pl ay.The story is about表示在世界上独一无二的事物the sun ,the moon,the earth ,the sky, the world.the用于单数可数名词前或者在形容词前，表示某一类人或事物The favourite fast food in the United States is the hamburger.The poor always live harder than the rich .(poverty、prosperity)乐器的名称前也常用the阶级、党派的名称前需用the.the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前，常用thethe biggest city, the first month z in the east习惯用法：专有名词前一般不用冠词，Shanghai. Britain但在下列几种场合中，却常要用定冠词1 .在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛的名称前：the Yellow Riverthe Pacific Ocean 太平洋2 .在含有普通名词的专有名词前。如某些国名前工某些机关团体等组织名称前(the UnitedNations联合国）、朝代时代的名称前、在某些建筑物的名称前（the Great Wall长城）、在报 纸杂志、旅馆等名称前（the People! Daily人民日报）、在姓名复数形式前，指一家人（the Greens）（3）不用冠词的场合专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前，一般不用冠词。Canada, Japanese, love, hatred （恨），glass 玻璃名词前己有作定语用的 this,that,my,your,whose,some,any, no,each,every等代词时，不用冠词。I enjoyed every minute of it.季节、月份、星期几等名称前，一般不用冠词。Her little daughter was born on Monday in April 1987.复数名词表示某一类人或事物时，不用冠词Books are my best friends.称呼语前面不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前常不用冠词。Mrs. Johnson is director of the office.在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词in danger, in fact（actually）事实上三餐饭的名称前，常不用冠词had breakfast, after lunch,have sth for supper.但指一特定的餐食时则需用定冠词，如:Come on ,or the dinner will be getting cold .球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。play table tennis, play chess节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词New Years Day （元旦）例题分析2015年真题第9题I wonder if there is university in your hometown.A. theB./C. aD. an网校答案：c词类一一连词连词（-）连词的定义及分类用来连接词、短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词 可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子，常见的并列连词有：表并列关系的 and ,bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor 等表选择关系的or .eitheror等表转折关系的but,while等表因果关系的for, so ,because等从属连同用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：引导时间状语从句的 after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as 等。引导条件状语从句的if, unless等引导原因状语从句的because, as ,since等引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等引导结果状语从句的so that, sothat, suchthat等引导比较状语从句的than, asas等引导名词从句的that, ifwhether等（二）常用连词的用法辨析while ,when ,as这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。while, when,as都可用来引导表示“背景”的 时间状语从句。As/when/while I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.当两个反动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while.While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework. 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as.As children get older; they become more and more interested in things around them,当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示“一边一边”时，最常用as.Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.She looked behind from time to time as she went away. 当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when,例如 When John arrived I was cooking lunch .as, because ,since ,for这四个词都表原因，但用法有区别如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because.因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。I stayed at home because it rained .如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as或since, since比as稍微正式 一点。这两者引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。As he wasnt ready ,we left without him.Since I have no money ,1 cant buy any food.for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。for引导的句子不 放在句子的开头。I decided to stop and have lunchfor I was feeling quite hungry.if zwhether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾语从句时一般可互换。I wonder whether(if) you still study in that school.I dont know whether(if) he likes that film.在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if:引导主语从句时Whether he will come to the party is unknow.引导表语从句时，The question is whether I can pass the exam.在不定式前I havent made up my mind whether to go there or not.sothat, suchthatsothat中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副词,而suchthat中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语Im so tired that I cant walk any farther.It was such a warm day that he went swimming.eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要随相邻的 主语变化(就近原则)Either you or he is wrong.Neither he nor his children like fish.Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy it.although, but这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.He is over sixty zbut he works as hard as others.because zso这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.John was ill ,so I took him to the doctor.词类一一介词介词（一）介词的基本用法介词是用来表示词与词之间、词与句之间关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作成分。用法如下：1 .表示地点位置的介词：at, in, toat表示在小地方或表示“在附近，旁边”in表示在大地方或表示“在范围之内”t。表示“在范围之外”，不强调是否接壤或者是“到”above, over, on （完形填空）above指在上方”,不强调是否垂直，与below相对over指垂直的上方，与under相对，并且over与物体是有一定的空间，不直接接触。on表示在某物体上面与之接触。2 .表示时间的介词at, in ,onat表示某一时刻或者是短暂的时间，或者泛指圣诞节，复活节等，如：at 6:00, at the beginningof, at the end of ,at this time of year ,at this moment, at the age ofin表示时间较长，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指的）早中晚等。如；in the 21st century, in the 1950s, in 1987, in winter, in the morning ,in spring ,in Julyon表示具体的某一天、星期及其早、中、晚on May 1st, on Sunday, on a cold night in winterfrom ,since ,aftersince表示动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。表示自从3 .表示运动方向的介词across,throughacross表示“横过”，即从物体表面通过，与。n有关，为二维through表示“穿过”，即从物体内部穿过，与in有关，为三维4 .表示“在之间”的介词between, amongbetween指在两个人或者是两个事物之间among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间表示“除了”的介词except ,beside 除之外except表示不包括前面提到的,besides包括前面提到的例如：除了我刚才点到名的同学要留下之外，其它可以走了 （except）除了我刚才点到名的同学要留下之外，其它同学也要留下（besides）注意：介词在考试中，考点一般是在固定的搭配，下面总结了一些重要的介词搭配用法介词to的常见用法L动词+toagree to赞同，refer to参考，涉及，occur to想起动词+sth/sb+to+sth/sbdevote to致力于，leave to委托给，reduce to下降至例：we should devote ourselves to the future career.我们应该把我们自己投入到未来的事业当 中去。2 . be+形容词/过去分词+tobe awake to 知晓，be exposed to 暴露，遭受be fair to对公平，be familiar to对某人来说熟悉be grateful to对某人心存感激be relative/relevant to 与有关，be used to 习惯3 .to+名词构成的词组to a degree在某种程度上，to ones mind照看来to ones suprise 使吃惊at的常见用法冏构成的词组比较多，要细心区分1 .动词+atgalanceat瞟一眼，glare at怒目而视，stare at凝视(完形填空)，grieve at忧伤2 .be+形容词/过去分词+atbe alarmed at对保持警觉be astonished at 对吃惊3 .at+名词构成的词组at a loss不知所措at once马上介词。n的常见用法bring on促使，导致，insist on坚持be impressed on对印象深刻on holiday 度假介词in的常见用法bring in引起,产生,带来，call in下令收回involve in 涉及，succeed in 成功，result in导致，turn in归还当局spare(spend/waste) time/money in 花时间、花钱做某事be absorbed in 专心致志be engaged in 忙碌 be excellent in 在优秀句子成分和英语基本句型（一）句子成分和英语基本句型（一）句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、 状语和补足语等。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分，表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等是句子的相对 次要部分。主语：是谓语动作或状态的执行者，常用的作主语的有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定 式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。The students are learning grammer.（名词）He likes playing tennis.（代词）Six is my favourite number数词）To learn English well is important.（不定式）It is not easy to remember all rules.（不定式）Going fishing is interesting.（动名词）What we cant get seems better.（主语从句）谓语：用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数、和 时态的变化。简单谓语动词：He bought me a bike yesterday.动词短语：He is looking after his sister.复合谓语系动词+表语：We are young.情态动词+动词原形：You may be wrong.动词+不定式： We have to do something important.宾语：是动作的承受者。英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语等。可以充当宾语的词有如下几类：Ive boght a dictionary1名词）They promise him anything.（代词）I enjoyed talking with you .（动名词）I want to buy a book,（不定式）He asked if he might go there.（宾语从句）句子成分和英语基本句型宾语的类型有如下几种：1 .单宾语（直接宾语）I can hardly hear the radio.Do you understand what I mean?2 .双宾语：指动词后面接两个宾语，一般是一人一物，（指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾 语叫直接宾语，其结构为：主语+及物动词（短语）+sb+sth.）Please tell me how the accident came about.（me 为间接宾语，how 从句为直接宾语）注意：当直接宾语与间接宾语的位置调换时，需在间接宾语前加介词to/for等。如：would you like to do me a favor?=would you like to do a favor for me ?3 .复合宾语：宾语+宾语补足语构成了复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系We all find him a nice boy.（him 为宾语,a nice boy 为宾语补足语）I saw a stranger waving to me .（a stranger 为宾语，waving to me 为宾语补足语）句子成分和英语基本句型（二）句子成分和英语基本句型表语：表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。 充作表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。Mr. Brown is a farmer.（名词）Its something that we have to keep in mind .（代词）The classroom is large.（形容词）He is there.（副词）We are in the park .（介词）My job is teaching.（动名词）The film is interesting.（分词）Time is so pressing that we can not finish this task,（分词）My job is to clean the window.（不定式短语）All I can do is to appologize.（不定式短语）He looks as if he knew this guy.（表语从句）The suggestion is that we should go out and wait.（表语从句）同位唐：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同等地位的句子 成分叫做同位语。同位语常被置于被说明的词之后。Mr. Zhang, our grammar teacher is humorous）名词）humor sense 幽默感He himself did it.（代词）We two will go shopping this afternoon.（数词）My task, looking after these children is important.（动 名词）My job, to teach them grammar is hard.定式）I had no idea that you were here.（同位语从句）The suggestion that we should recite more words is useful.（同位语从句）（一般而言，句子结构完整的是同位语从句，用that连接，相当于等号结构词；不完整的是定语从句，用关系 代词连接。） 定语：用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。前置定语：He has bought a grammar book.（名词）Nothing can stop our advance.（代词）Please read the first paragraph数词）This is a desk.（冠词）He gave me a vivid description of the battle.（形容词）The swimming pool is wonderful.（动名词）后置定语：The buildings around are of modern construction.（副词）The students in the classroom are good.（介词）I have a lot of homework to do.（不定式）The students who are in the classroom are good.（定语从句）There are some boys playing outside.（分词： 现在分词）The horse tied to the tree is white.（分词： 过去分词）句子成分和英语基本句型（三）句子成分和英语基本句型状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比 较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等。英语中有十大状语：1 .时间状语He is to fly to London tomorrow.2 .地点状语The meeting was held in Harbin.3 .方式状语The workers there are paid by the week,not by the month.4 .比较状语He worked as fast as a skilled worker.5 .程度状语He loves his son very much.6 .原因状语Because of the warm and sunny weather,oranges grow very well here.7 .目的状语We do it in this way so as to save time .8 .结果状语He returned home to find his father dead.9 .条件状语Without plants ,animals could not live in the world.10 .让步状语In spite of all his efforts ,he failed.补语：用来说明宾语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。主语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。 注意：补足语力求句义的完整，根据语意，不能随意拿掉。We call her Master名词）The news made him sad.（形容词）We consider her as our friend.（介词短语）Ill make him come in.（不定式短语受到动词的制约省略to）The teacher made us recite the words.注：若改为被动则宾补中的to得加回来。如：He is made to come in by me .We are made to recite the words by the teacher.I ll make him in .（副词）I saw her crossing the street1分词）独立成分：与句子没有关系或关系很松，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。1 .感叹词：感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。Well, lets end the discussion!2 .称呼语：称呼语作独立成分可置于句首、句中或句尾。Hurry up,children!（名词）You,stand up!（代词）Tom,come here.（人名）3 .插入语（碰到这种结构，如果句子过长，大家先把这部分不要看，先分清句子的主干部分， 然后再看这部分的补充信息）To be frank（frankly）J dont quite agree with you .（不定式）Judging from your accent,you must be from Japan.（分词）Thisjn my opinionjs only one of the mino门ssues.（介词短语）Sure enough,buses came again the next day.（形容词）Generally speaking Jittle boys are naughty.（副词）The peformancej think ,was both interesting and instructive1句子）（二）英语基本句型英语中有五种基本句型，而这五种基本句型主要是由谓语动词的性质和特点决定的。1 .主语+谓语这种结构中的谓语动词为不及物动词，其后即使不带其他句中成分（如宾语），意义也完整 （当然可以带状语等修饰成分）My recent book sells very well.2 .主语+谓语+宾语 这种结构中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语），后必须接宾语John likes music.3 .主语+系动词+表语这种句型结构主要是指谓语动词为系动词，常见的有：be, look, seem, appear 等。This is my English book.4 .主语+谓语+双宾（间接宾语+直接宾语）这种结构中，谓语动词是带有双宾语的及物动词，常见的双宾的动词有： give,ask,bring,send,offer,pay,lend,tell,show,buy 等They have offered us 50000yuan for the house.5 .主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语这种结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，其后接宾语和宾语补足语（又称复合宾语）。We all think him an honest boy.句子分类（一）句子分类（按用途和结构分类）句子分类句子分类1句子按用途分类，包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句，其中，疑问句又分为一般疑问句、 特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句。这里只对反义疑问句和感叹句作一比较细致的讲解。反义疑问句：前部分为陈述部分，后一部分为疑问部分。中间用逗号隔开，句尾是问号。肯 定回答用yes,否定回答用no。前后两部分互为相反。You dicin t go to the library, did you?Yes, I did.或No, I didn t.（陈述部分是否定式，疑问部分是肯定式）You sent a book to him, didnt you?Yes, I did.或No, I didn t.（陈述部分是肯定式，疑问部分是否定式）反义疑问句的特殊情形1 .如果陈述部分带有否定意义的词，这个部分则被认为是否定式，疑问部分则应为肯定式。 带有否定意义的词有:few ,hardly, little, never, no ,nobody, nothing, rarely, scarcely, seldom 等 These volunteers have little nursing experience, have they?这些志愿者没有什么护理经验，对 吧？You found nobody to help you, did you?你没有找到任何人帮你，对吗？2 .如果陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分应是may+主语I wish to do something for you, may I?感叹句l.what或how起始的感叹句2 .句尾加感叹号强调语气的感叹句3 .词或词组加感叹号的感叹句重点，将what或how起始的感叹句加以比较What,修饰名词How,修饰形容词、副词或动词What+ （a/an） +形容词+名词（单数、复数、不可数）+陈述语序What a cute little boy he is !What pretty flowers they are IWhat dirty water it is !How+形容词+ （a/an） +名词（单数、复数、）+陈述语序How wise a man he is !How difficult problems they have !How fast he runs!句子分类（二）句子分类句子分类2英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句：只有一个完整的主、谓结构的句子。The woman arrived at the house.The woman arrived at the house and knocked at the door.The woman and the man arrived at the house and knocked at the door.大家在判断简单句与否时，一定要参照定义，而不能简单看句子的长短。并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。常见的 并列词有and,but,so,yet等。（参见连词部分知识）注意：英语中，通常不用逗号连接两个主谓结构，这点大家在写作文时尤其要注意，不要错 句子。We fished all day ,but we didnt catch a thing错误）如果非要用标点符号连接可以改为，We fished all day； we didnt catch a thing.（不能用逗号，只能用分号连接）注意：当几个分句并列时，如果它们之间都是并列关系，只在最后两个分句之间加并列连词 and,其余分句用逗号隔开，即“A,B,CandD”结构。I found a bucket, put it in the sink ,and turned the tap on.我找到一个水桶,把它放在水槽里， 然后打开了水龙头。复合句：又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。主句为句子的主体，从句不 能独立，只能用作主句的一个成分。主句和从句之间通常由连接词引导。How the book sells depends on its author.（主语从句）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time.（宾语从句）Thats because he didnt understand me .（表语从句）The question that you should come with me has not been settled同位语从句）He has a friend whose father is a doctor.（定语从句）By the time I graduate next year,I will have lived here for 5 years.（状语从句）复合句（一）复合句（名从定从状从）复合句复合主从句复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。复合句可以分为三大类，即： 名词性从句、定语从句（形容词性从句）和状语从句。复合句：名词性从句一一主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句定语从句状语从句（-）名词性从句1 .主语从句在复合句中，充当句子主语的从句叫做主语从句。由连词that,whether引导的主从，在从句中不充当任何成分，但是不能省略。That the earth travels around the sun is a truth.Whether she will come or not depends on the weather.由连接代词（关系代词）who,which等及关系副词when,why ,where等引导主语从句，在从 句中关系代词充当主语，宾语或者是状语，不能省略。What you need is a good rest.fwhat 在从句中作 need 的宾语）Whichever（of you） comes in first will receive a prize（主语）2 .宾语从句是指整个宾语从句都作前面的及物动词、介词和少数形容词的宾语，就像宾语本身一样。I know that you are right作及物动词的宾语）I was surprised at what he said to his ex-lover.（作介词后的宾语）I am sure that he will come .（作形容词后的宾语）由连接词that引导的宾从，在从句中不充当任何成分，没有意义，一般情况下可以省略。但是如果从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可以省略。We know （that） we can make our best to finish the tasks and that （不能省略）we must do so.由who,what,whom,wh-ever等连接词引导的宾语从句，从句要用陈述语序。I want to know what you have talked about.（what 在宾从中作 about 的宾语）I cannot tell which one is true.（which 在宾从中作主语）3 .表语从句表语从句和表语一样位于系动词之后The fact is that he doesnt like you.That is just what I want to say.4 .同位语从句同位语从句通常是由that来引导，并且不可以省略，一般是紧跟着名词之后。The news that we have won the game makes us happy.We cannot accept the fact that we lose the game.注意，同位语从句有时不是紧跟名词，而是被其他的词隔开了，一定要看仔细，尤其是在做 完形填空题时。The rumor spread that a new hospital will be built here.The story goes that they are divorced.复合句（二）复合句补充名词性从句重要知识点：it作形式主语的几种情况it+be +形容词+that从句It is necessary/ important/ obvious thatit+be+ed分词+that 从句It is believed /known to all /has been decided thatit+be+名词+that从句It is common knowledge /a surprise / a fact thatIt +不及物动词+that分句It appears /happened /occurred to me that （二）定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句The man who lives next to us is a policeman.You must do everything that I do.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词 的后面，引导定语从句的词有：关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose关系副词：where, when, why1 .由关系代词引导的定语从句选用原则是看它指人还是指物，以及在从句中担任什么句子成分The boys who/that are playing football are from Class 1.（关系代词指代先行词人boys,在从句中作主语，所以who和that都可以）Mr. Liu is the person （whom/that） you talked about.（关系代词指代先行词人 person,在从句中作 宾语）This is the pen （which/that） he bought yesterday.（关系代词指代先行词物体pen,在句子中作宾 语）I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in =1 lived in a house the roof of which has fallen in.（关系 代词指代先行词物体house,在从句中作定语，所以用所有格形式）由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，通常用“介词+关系代词”的形式，此时关系代词 只能是which.whom,whose.关系代词that和who不能作介词宾语，介词的确定取决于上下文 的意思。This is the farm on which his father works.The residents, all of whom had been damaged by the fire, were given help by the Red Cross.2 .关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词在从句中充当状语的成分，引导的从句修饰表示时间、地点和原因的先行词。when二介词+which, where二介词+which, why=for whichI will not forget the days when we got together.The reason why I am late is the heavy traffic.I never forget the village where my grandparents lived.复合句（三）复合句定语从句其他重要知识点限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的组成部分，不用逗号同主句隔开。非限制性定语从句是整个句子相对较为独立的一部分，是对主句中的先行词进行补充说明, 缺少了也不会影响整个句子的意思，可以用逗号同主句隔开。This is the house which/that she bought last year.（限制）My father sent me a gift,which made me happy.（非限制）that和which的区别有些情况下只能用关系词that,而不宜用which.有些情况下只能用which而不用that.定语从句和同位语从句的区别根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判断that在定语从句中一般要作主语或者是宾语，而同位语从句中的引导词that被称为连接词, 不担任任何成分，只起连接作用。The news that we won the game inspired everyone,（同从）What is the news that made him so happy.（定从）（三）状语从句1 .状语从句常用引导词引导状语从句的词语叫从属连词2 .各类状语分类时间状语从句一般性的： When i went into the room,he was reading.I will tell you after they leave.注意：在时间状语从句中，不能用一般将来时、过去将来时或将来完成时表示将来，而要用 相应的一般现在时态、一般过去时态或现在完成时态来代替：Ill telephone you as soon as I get there.She said she would phone me as soon as she got there.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped .跟time有关的从属连词表示“一就”的从属连词I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.注意：如果hardly,scarcely或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有supposing(that)/provided/providing(that)假如on condition that(在的条件下)He will do the work providing you pay him.Well let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.目的状语从句Take the raincoat in case it rains .Be careful lest you fall from that tree.免得，以防He walked fast for fear that he should be late.以免、唯恐结果状语从句She is so good a teacher( such a good teacher) that all the students like her.原因状语从句Seeing that youre already at the dooa suppose I must invite you inside.Given that youre interested in children, I am sure 例题分析【例-单选题】(2016年真题第18题)Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?A.whatB.whereC.thatD.When网校答案：c倒装结构、强调句型、主谓一致（一）倒装结构、强调句型、主谓一致倒装结构全部倒装：只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。常见的结构有1 .here, there, now ,then ,thus 等副词置于句首There goes the bell.Here is the bus.2 .表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。There sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Here he comes / Away they went.部分倒装：只是谓语中的一部分（如助动词、情态动词或系动词be等）放在主语前面，其 余部分仍放在主语后面。部分倒装是考试重点。1.用于否定意义的词放在句首not, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner等词或词组位于句首，句子用部分倒装No sooner/ Hardly had i got home than/ when it began to rain.Seldom / Hardly / Scarcely do i go to work by bus.Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.倒装结构、强调句型、主谓一致（二）倒装结构2.only+状语或状语从句置于句首，句子用部分倒装Only in this way can you solve this problem.注意：如果only后面接的不是状语，而是其他部分不用倒装。如：Only you can understand your mother.3.so/suchthat结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so/such和that之间的部分。So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.吏大吃惊）Such a noise did he make that his father scolded him seriously.4.as/though引导让步状语从句时，一般需用部分倒装。如Old as/though he is, he works like a young man.例题分析【例单选题】（2017年真题第15题）Not until the game had begun at the sports ground.A. should he have arrivedB. would he have arrivedC. did he arriveD. had he arrived网校答案：CIt的用法（了解强调句之前）it的用法可以指代动物或者是未知性别的婴儿They got a baby and it was a ten-pounder.it用于看不到人，只是猜测的情况The bell is ringing. It must be my father.it作形式主语，代替主语从句、动词不定式或动名词短语，被代替的是句子的真正的主语。It delighted me that I could go to the college that I liked.（作形式主语代替主语从句）代作形式宾语I think it very important to learn English well.（代替动词不定式）强调句型强调句是一种修辞手段，通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调。只有一般现在时和一 般过去时，如It was not until the teacher came in that students stopped talking.They did give me some help.This is the only book that I am interested in.倒装结构、强调句型、主谓一致（三）强调句型l.it is /was +被强调部分+that/ who +原句其他成分可以用来强调主语、宾语、状语。如果强调的主语或宾语是指的人，则that可以由who来 代替。如果强调的是状语，则不能用when,where来代替，只能是由that来引导。如：It is us who/that are taught by Miss Wang.（强调宾语）It is in the class 9 that Miss Wang teaches us.（强调状语）2 .用助动词“do/does/did” +动词原形来表示强调He does like playing basketball.3 .用形容词very, simply, only, last等表示强调，加强语气。主谓一致主语跟谓语之间的数量一致，英语主谓一致的三个原则形式一致一一主单谓单，主复谓复（一般情况下）意义一致一一有些名词或代词形式上是单数，而意义上可能是复数。谓语动词由实际意义决 定Our class are working hard to make ours a good class.邻近一致一一有并列主语时，谓语动词的形式由与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定。There is a desk and five chairs in his room.要点归纳1 .不定式短语、动词-ing形式或名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。Who will do the job hasnt been decided yet.注意：what引导主语从句时，如果其表语是复数形式，谓语动词也是复数。What he took with him were two books.2 .名词或代词+由with,together with, as well as except, including等引起的短语时，谓语动词 与前面的名词或代词的数一致。Mr Li together with his two sons has gone to the cinema.No one except the two boys was late for class.3 .more than one/ many a +单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。More than one person has known it.Many a worker was killed in the accident.4 .当两个名词表示同一人、同一事物、同一概念或一个完整的东西时（其特征是and后的名 词前无任何冠词），谓语动词用单数形式The teacher and writer has come.（老师兼作家，同一个人）The teacher and the writer have come.（两个人）5 .在定语从句中，当关系代词who, which或者that做主语时，从句中的谓语动词应该与先 行词保持一致The teacher who teaches us English is from England.6 .某些集体名词作主语时，如果被看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果指的是里面的 成员，谓语动词用复数形式。如：My family are all fond of going to the cinema.The family is rather big,with twelve people in all.7 .在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的单复数形式应与其后的主语一致。如：Between the two rows of trees stands the teaching building.例题分析【例单选题】（2015年真题第14题）The old man, together with his neighbors, the performance when it began to rain.A. have enjoyedB. has enjoyedC. was enjoyingD. were enjoying网校答案：c英语构词法（一）英语构词法（）转化法英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性 而词形不变的方法叫转化法。1 .动词转化为名词go out for a walk.（词义不变）He is a man of strong build.（体格健壮,词义改变）have a swim.（一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一动作）2 .名词转化为动词book a seat（物件）、hand me the book.（身体部位）He fathered many inventions（某类人）、3 .形容词转化为动词（少数）We will try our best to better our living conditions.4 .副词转化为动词（少数）Murder will out.（谚语）恶事终将败露。5 .形容词转化为名词You should be dressed in black at the funeral.某些形容词如old ,young ,poor ,rich ,wounded ,injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。例如：The old in our willage are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。（二）派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫派 生法。前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义 的变化。1 .表示否定意义的前缀有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir- ,mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构 成与该词意义相反的新词。例如appear-disappear, correct-incorrect, lead-mislead, stop-non-stop2 .表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-（多构成表语形容词），anti-（反对，抵抗），auto-（自动），co-（共同）,en-（使）inter-（互相），re-（再,又），sub-（下面的，次要的，小）alone, antigas（防毒气的），autochart（自动图表），cooperate, enjoy internet, reuse, subway（地铁）英语构词法（二）英语构词法后缀后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原 来词义相反的新词。1 .构成名词的后缀常用的用-ence, -（e）r/or, -ese, -ess（雌性）ian（精通的人），-ist（专业人员），ment, ness, tion例如：differ-difference, write-writec Japan-Japanese, act-actress（女演员）， music-musician2 .构成动词的后缀常用的有（e）n （多用于形容词之后），-fy（使化），-ize（使成为）。例 如：wide-widen 力口宽，beauty-beautify 美化，pure-purify 提纯real-realize, organ-organize 组织3构成形容词的后缀常用的有，al,-ab电-ern（方向的），-矶-ish, -ive, -less, -ous,-y（表示天气等） 例如 nature-natural, reason-reasonable, gold-golden, east-eastern, child-childish（孩子气的），snow-snowy4 .构成副词的后缀有ly（主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度），-ward（s）（主要用于表示方位 的词之后表示方向）例如 angry-angrily, to-towards ,east-eastward （向东）（三）合成法即两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词。outbreak（爆发），face-to-face（面对面的），man-made 人造的，two-year-old 两岁的，high-class 高级的,noble-minded 高尚的,hard-working 勤劳的,widespread,广泛的。part-time,兼职的 well-known 著名的As is well-known to all of us.overthrow 推翻，beforehand 事先，within 在之内（四）截短法（缩略法）即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。telephone-phone, kilogram-kilo, influenza-flu（流感）（五）混合法（混成法）即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体，前半部分表示属性。 news broadcast-newscast 新闻广播helicopter airport-heliport 直升飞手L场英语构词法首位字母缩略法：即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词，例如：very important person-VIPTesting of English as a Foreign Language-TOEFL 托福掌握一些英语构词法，对单词的记忆和理解有很大的帮助！完型填空（一）完形填空综合运用所学过的词汇、语法知识，选择最佳答案填补空缺。空缺处的单词可以是语法结构 词和与上下文内容密切相关的实义词，即动词、名词、形容词和副词，但是完形填空中的连 接性词语（如连词、介词）也直接与短文理解相关，也应包括在实义词之中。题型设计1 .语境词汇题同义词或近义词复现：指相同或相近的单词、短语在原文中反复出现，以达到文章衔接的目 的。The way you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually save you money or can add to the cost Before you buy an expensive item （条款，项 目，商品，物品）， or a service ,docheck the price. 完形填空 反义词复现：和前文中词义相反的单词在原文中出现Forcing yourself to recall never helps because it doesnt loosen your memory ;it only tighens it.2 .固定搭配题主要考察对动词短语、名词短语、形容词短语、介词短语的掌握情况，因此多积累，例如， become familiar with his voice.3 .语法结构题常考的语法项目有：动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、从句、虚拟语气、倒装结构等几个重 要的语法部分。If all these cards are forgotten or lost, how can we prove who we are ?（本题考查宾语从句的用 法，填入的应和身份有关）There are the basis on which the computers can distinguish his voice from.（定语从句中 which 指代空白处，还应和on搭配，得出答案。）4 .逻辑推理题逻辑关系主要包括因果关系、列举关系、解说关系、分类关系、比较关系、对照关系等，需 要理顺要填入的逻辑关系词前后文的语义，从中判断两句话之间的关系。Two thirds cannot correctly lock the Civil War between 1850 and 1900. Even when they get the answers right, some are just guessing.（即使他们说出了正确答案，一些人也仅仅是猜测）完型填空（二）【例完形填空题】2015年真题Where do cars get their energy from? For most cars, the answer is petrol. 21 somecars use electricity. These cars have 22 motors that get their power from large batteries. In 23 , there are even cars that have 24 an electric motor and a petrolmotor. These types of cars are 25 hybrid（混合）cars.Most people tend to think of electric cars as a new 26, but they have been around for a long time. In the 27 19th and early 20th centuries electric cars were commonbecause the technology for petrol engines was not very advanced. But 28 the petrolengine became easier to make and more powerful, this type of engines became the most 29 .Interest in electric cars was high in the 1970s and 1980s because 30became very expensive. Recently, electric cars have again become well-liked because people want cars that pollute 31.Electric cars are better than petrol cars 32 several ways. The biggest benefit is reduced pollution. In areas 33 there is a high percentage of electric cars, pollution isnot that serious. The second benefit of electric cars is a 34 in the dependence onforeign oil. Several countries don t want to 35 on oil from other countries. Sinceelectric cars can run on electricity from coal or nuclear power stations, there is less need to import oil.21. A. ButB. NorC.OrD. And22. A. traditionalB. commonC. sameD. special23. A. summaryB. detailC. timeD. addition24. A. allB. bothC. eitherD. neither25. A. describedB. regardedC. calledD.known26. A. inventionB. influenceC. instrumentD. intention27. A. lastB. beginningC. recentD. late28. A. unlessB. afterC. beforeD. until29. A. popularB. comfortableC. diflicultD. dangerous30. A. motorsB. powerC. carsD. oil31. A. muchB. moreC. lessD. few32.A. byB. inC. atD. on33. A. whenB. whereC. whatD. which34. A. startB. needC. reductionD. rise35. A. pulB. holdC. relyD. keep网校答案：21-25： ADDBC26-30： ADBAD31-35： CBBCC阅读理解（一）阅读理解阅读文章以说明文、议论文为主，其次是记叙文；题材则有社会文化、时事政治、科普知识、 经济贸易等，而其中又以社会和科普类文章为主。4选1解题思路1 .先把每篇短文的问题浏览一遍，弄懂题意，然后带着问题通读全文。2 .仔细阅读短文每段的第一句话，尤其是第一段的第一句和最后一段的结尾句一定要读懂， 有可能是短文的中心句和短文的结论句。3 .读短文时要记住文中提到的时间、地点、年代、人名、数字、事件、论点、定义等，最好 在这些地方做上记号。4 .遇到生词，不要着急。不影响理解的直接略过，如果是关键词那就运用技巧把词义猜出来。5 .根据短文的内容和作者的观点来回答问题，切勿主观臆断，凭个人观点和常识答题。内容讲解1 .主旨题考试特点：此题型要求考生在理解全文后归纳短文要点，概括中心思想。如：The passage mainly tells us.The best title for this passage might be 等等。答题技巧：有不少考生没有通读全文而匆忙寻找答案，很容易选中以偏概全的干扰项。所以， 应通读全文，寻找或归纳出主题句。在英语文章中，主题句往往出现在段首和段尾，也有出 现在段落中间的。所选的选项应准确，即不能有任何违背原文的地方。要注意有时句法本身就有错误（与问题 的答案处搭配有语法错误），这样的选项可以直接排除。尽量避免选择有绝对词的选项，如all, completely, only, absolutely, definitely等。这些词使句 子过于绝对化，而不够准确。仔细比较意义相近的选项中词义的细微差别，一般有两个选项意义相近，其中之一便是干扰 项。例What is the theme for the passage?A.Luck is something bornB.Luck is not all down to chanceC.Luck is a matter of blind chance.D.Luck and age.网校答案：B2 .推断题考试特点：要求学生在理解事实的基础上进行推理判断，找出文章字里行间的意思.还要注 意把握作者的态度和语气，例如：What can you conclude from this passage?We can infer from the passage that.答题技巧：要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深 层含义。对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、 观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力。例 What can be inferred from the passage?A.The news of the mad cow disease death has no effect on Canadian economy.B.We can decide whether a person was contracted mad cow disease by the symptoms of uncontrolled shaking,dementia and paralysis.C.Some cows in Canada contracted mad cow disease.D.The mad cow disease is not completely known to the scientists yet.网校答案：D3 .细节题考试特点：要求考生根据短文所提供的直接信息选择正确答案。一般在通读短文后可直接找 出答题依据，难度较小，属浅层理解题。做题方法是找准关键词，明白其暗示作用。此类题 型以what, who ,which, when ,where ,how或者why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具 体细节进行提问。答题技巧：明确题意，顺藤摸瓜按照要求，寻找答案来源多读课文，正确使用排除法例 Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. The survey described in the passage is conducted by UKs National Union of Students.B. Most of the subjects are from universities in London.C. Most college students pay the rent by themselves.D. Students think that communal areas should be cleaned regularly by cleaners rather than themselves.网校答案：D阅读理解(二)阅读理解4 .词汇题考试特点：要求考生正确理解短文中个别关键词句的含义。其中部分试题属于用词汇替换或 句型转换手段对短文原句释义，也有些试题要求联系全文意义来判断有关词句的含义及寓意。 答题技巧：首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。另外，还可以从含有生词句子的上下文以及句子 和段落之间的关系来判断、理解生词，以求获得其真正含义。猜测生词的另一种方法是，根据构词法推测。【例】The word notorious” (Line 3, Para.l) is closest in meaning to.A.well-knownB.unheard-of.C.surprising.D.Amusing：A5 .作者观点态度题考试特点：主要检测考生对文章的语气或对作者态度的分析能力。作者态度大致分为三种： 支持或赞同；中立或客观；怀疑、批评或反对。其常见提问方式为What is the authors opinion of?What seems to be the authors attitude towards?Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards?答题技巧：通读全文，找到文中带有感情色彩的词，根据这些词的词性（贬义还是褒义）可 以大致推断作者的意图与观点态度。【例】The author thinks that TV advertisements.A.are not reliable on the whole.B.are useless to people.C.are a good guide to adults .D.are very harmful to the young.网校答案：A2016 年真题，passage 2Generations of Americans have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast is essential to ones life. Eating breakfast at the start of the day, we have been told, and told again, is as necessary as putting gasoline in the family car before starting a trip. But for many people, the thought of food as the first thing in the morning is never a pleasure So despite all the efforts, they still take no breakfast.Between 1977 and 1983, the latest year for which figures could be obtained, the number of people who didnt have breakfast increased by 33%from 8.8 million to 11.7 million-according to the Chicago-based Market Research Corporation of America. For those who dislike eating breakfast, however; there is some good news.Several studies in the last few years have shown that, for adults especially, there may be nothing wrong with omitting breakfast. Going without breakfast does not affect work/ said Arnold E. Bender; former professor of nutrition at Queen Elizabeth College in London, nor does giving people breakfast improve work. Scientific evidence linking breakfast to better health or better work is surprisingly inadequate（不充分）,and most of the recent work involves children, not adults. The literature, says one researcher, Dr. Earnest Polite at the University of Texas, is poor.4O.Which of these is mentioned in the second paragraph?A.The number of the people who skip breakfast has
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