现在完成时被动语态小结和专项练习

1、学习必备欢迎下载现在完成时（ The present perfect tense）的用法小结一、构成：助动词have / has p.p（动词的过去分词）二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与 just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice （两次），many times（很多次），how many times （多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（ last） three years（

2、最近三年来）等连用。 副词的位置： just 常用于肯定句中，放在 have / has 后， He has just come . never 表示否定 , 放在 have / has 后 , He has never visited the Great Wall. ever 用于疑问句中 ,句型为 : Have / Has 主语 ever 过去分词？“曾经过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。 Have you ever been to the farm？ before 用于句末， The woman has never heard of that before. yet 用于句末或not 之后

3、 .Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet. already 用于肯定句 , have / has 之后或句末 .We have already finished it. so far 用于句首或句末 . So far, we have visited the moon.用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有： for表示一段时间的词语 I have taught English for 19 years。 since表示过去时间点的词语 He has been at this school since 1986.since表示过

4、去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born. since一段时间 ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for ， since， how long, all ones ）life连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know ，live ，work ，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk ， draw， wait ， wear，walk ， sleep， drive， write ， do， cle

5、an 等。I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在” 在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如 thismorning ， today， this week， these daysHe has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning（.说话时间在上午） He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时

6、间在下午或晚上）五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词” ，常见的有： come，go， arrive， reach， see， hear， close， open，leave， begin， start， lose， buy， fall ， join ，die， get up， become， borrow ， lend， find ， finish ， receive 等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long ，for ， since）连用。He has com

7、e back.（） He has come back for two hours.（×） 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如I haven t heard from my father for a long time. We haven t seen him since 1999.六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long ， since， for， all one改正错句的方法有如下几种:（ 1）用副词 ago 把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.s life）相矛盾时,He has come back for two weeks

8、.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago（.正）I have lost my bike for ten days.（错）改为:I lost my biketen days ago.（正）（ 2）用“ It is / has been时间 since一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has joined the League for 3 years. （错） It is 3 years since he joined the League.I have bought the book for 5 days.（错） It is 5 days since I bought t

9、he book.（正）He has died for 20 years. （错） It is 20 years since he died. （正）（ 3）用“时间has passed since一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has left home for 20 years.改为 :Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为 :Two days has passed since he lost his pen.（ 4）用系表结构来改写.He has died for 20 ye

10、ars. 改为 : He has been deadfor 20 years.The factory has opened since 1999. 改为 :The factory has been opensince 1999.How long has he left?改为 :How long has he been away?（ 5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。H e has bought the book for two weeks.改为 :He has had the book for two weeks.常见的相应转换形式如下:borrow / lend keep, buy h

11、ave, finish / end be over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start be on , open be open , close be closed, die be dead , leavebe away（ from ）,go to school 学习必备欢迎下载be in school / be a student, get up be up, fall asleep be asleep , fall ill be ill, get to

12、know know, lose be lost, become be, return / come back / get back be back, join be in / be amember, join the army be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter have a letter , catch / get a cold have a cold, begin to study study, 他参军已有三年 .He has joined the army for three years. （错）改为 :He has

13、been in the army for three years / since three years ago.He has been a soldierfor three years / since three years ago.He joined the army three years ago.It is three years since he joined the army.Three years has passed since he joined the army.七、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同 .

14、（ 1） 一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。如 :I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得 ,不是本句的内容）I have learnt ten English songs.（ learn 发生在过去 ,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago. （只说明“擦”和其发生的时间） I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）The teacher has written

15、 some new words on the blackboard （黑板上现在有单词）（ 2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如 :yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since ,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far,all one s等life,即在原形后加 ed（ d）。已学近80 个不规则动词的过去分词约八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下 ,利于记忆

16、 :原形中的元音字母有变化:get-got-got,sit sat-satwin-won-wonspit- spat- spatshine shone- shonefind- found- found hold-held-heldmeet- met-met stand- stood-stoodunderstand-understood-understoodfeed- fed-fedhang-hung-hung原形中的辅音字母有变化:make-made-madespill-spilt-spilthave/ has-had-hadbuild-built-builtsend-sent-sent le

17、nd- lent- lentspend-spent-spent在原形后加 t 或 d:spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learntmean-meant-meanthear-heard-heardpay-paid-paidsay-said-said lose-lost-lostlay-laid-laid原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:feel-felt-feltsmell-smelt-smeltspell-spelt speltkeep-kept-keptsleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-sweptleave-left-leftse

18、ll-sold-soldtell-told-told catch-caught-caughtteach-taught-taught buy-bought-boughtbring-brought-brought think-thought-thoughtwear-wore-worn与原形相同 :hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurtlet-let-letput-put-putread-read-readset-set-set shut-shut shutcost-cost-costcut-cut-cut还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆 ,也分类如下 :1) 原形

19、中的元音字母有变化 :ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk2) 在原形上加 en:eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written be-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten3) 在原形上加 n:see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-drive

20、n take-took-taken mistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown4) 在过去式上加 n:steal-stole-stolenbreak-broken brokenchoose-chose-chosenspeak-spoke-spokenwake-woke-woken6) 与原行相同 :come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-becom

21、e7) 原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的:do-did-donego-went-gonefly-flew-flownlie-lay-lain学习必备欢迎下载个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化:learnlearned-learnedshineshined-shinedsmellsmelled-smelledlearnt-learntshone-shonesmelt-smeltwakewaked-wakedspellspelled-spelledwoke-wokenspelt spelt现在完成时专项练习1. 现在完成时的结构： _2. 至少写出 10 个短暂性动

22、词和其对应的延续性动词：_典型例题解析一 . 选择填空1.() Mr. Dong _ actually _ in Kowloon Walled City since he was very young.A. have livedB. has livedC. have liveD. has living2.()-Do you know Yao Ming very well?-Of course !.I _a lot of news about him on TV so far.A. readB. am readingC. have readD. reads3.()- Now Nanjing is

23、 so beautiful that I can t recognize it whenk. I came bac-Yes. Great changes _ in the past ten years.A. has taken placeB. have taken placeC. took placeD. take place4.()-Where is my English book ? -I _it here but I can t find it now.A. puttedB. have just putC. was puttingD. am putting5.()It s 7:30. I

24、 can t believe you _ cooking dinner yet, Sandy.A. didn t start B. haven t startedC. don t startD. won t start6.() Mother _me a new coat yesterday. I _ it on. It fits me well.A. had made have triedB. made have triedC. has made triedD. made tried7.() “ He _to draw horses already” . “ When _ he learn?”

25、 “ Last year ”A.learned has B. learned did C. has learned has D. has learned did8.() Tom _up into the tree. Look, he _ high up there !A. has get is B. has climbed was C. got was D. climbed is9.() _ you _ the text _ ? Yes, we _ it two hours ago.A. Did copy yet didB. Have copied already haveC. Have co

26、pied yet didD. Did copy ever had10.() -Have you got the plan ready _?-No,_.A. already , not yetB. yet , not yet C. already , I havenD. evert , not yet二 . 用动词的正确形式填空1. We _(study ) in Little Star English since two years ago.2. - _Oxfam Trailwalker _(be) one of Hong Kong s biggest-raisingfundevents si

27、nce 1981?-Yes , it_.3. Tsunami _(not happen) in the south-east of China recently.4. My father _ (read) the novel twice.5.- The door is open. Who _ (open) it? Do you know?-Sorry, I don t know.6.- She _(buy) a Hello Kitty for you , hasn t she?-Yes, she _.She _(buy) it in Sanrio Puroland last summer.7.

28、 This is the nicest park I _(see).8. -Are you sure you_(lose) your dictionary?- Yes, I _(look) for it everywhere , but I still can t find it.9. The children _ (enjoy) themselves in the party last Sunday morning.10. They _ (study) English for a long time.三 . 对下列句子划线部分提问：1.Miss Brown has taught Englis

29、h for 15 years.(改为一般疑问句句，并作肯定回答）_2.The soldiers have already planted some trees on the river bank. （改为否定句）_3.He has planted some trees in front of his house._学习必备欢迎下载4.Daniel has collected some Chinese stamps._5.The two Australian teachers have visited that village twice._6.My friend has been away f

30、or about a month._7.Millie hasn't come because he is ill._8.She will be back in two days.( 用 for two days改写 )_四 .句型转换1.The dress is very beautiful. I want to buy it very much. ( 同义句 )The dress isbeautifulI want to buy it very much.2.He can help us because he has organized a charity show before.

31、(对划线部分提问 )_ _ he _ us?3.I wonder who can join in this party. ( 同义句 )I wonder who can _ this party.4.To join the Riding Club is fun. (用 it 改写 )_ is _ _ the Riding Club.5. We learnt Japanese last year. (同义句 )Japanese _ _ _ _ _ _ .6.I have known Sandy since three years ago. ( 对划线部分提问 )_ you _ Sandy?7.T

32、hey borrowed the book three days ago.（同义句）They _ the book _three days.8.He is watching TV now. (用 at that time 改写 )He _ TV at that time.9.I ll show my friend these photos when I come back同.(义句 )I ll show these photosmy friendI come back.10.Millie spent at least 50 yuan on the dictionary. ( 同义句 )Mill

33、ieat least 50 yuanthe dictionary.Millieat least 50 yuanthe dictionary.The dictionaryMillie at least 50 yuan.五 . 根据汉语提示完成句子1你最近收到你爸爸的来信了吗？_ you _ _ your father _ ?2. 我已经很长时间没有拜访过我姑姑了。3. Simon 曾经去过几次中国。Simon _ _ _ China for _ _ _.4. 他们已经去电影院了。5. Smith 夫妇还没有回来。The Smiths _ _ _ _.被动语态（ the Passive Voice

34、)用法小结一语态语态是表示主语和谓语的关系的。如果主语是动作的执行者，动词要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词就要用被动语态。二被动语态的基本结构be + 过去分词（人称 .数. 时态的变化都体现在助动词be 的变化上）三. 被动语态适用情况1 当我们不知道动作的执行者时； 2 我们不必提出动作执行者时； 3 要强调动作承受者时； 4 出于行文的需要四. 主动句与被动句的转换主动句的结构：主语+谓语+宾语+其它成分学习必备欢迎下载被动句的结构：宾语 +be +动词过去分词 +by +主语 (宾格 ) +其它成分可以省略e.g.People use English freely. 主(动句

35、）English is used (by people)freely. (被动句）五被动语态的几种时态（时态是表示行为动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式）一般现在时结构：主语 am / is / are +过去分词e.g.主动句： She cleans her room every day.被动句： Her room is cleaned (by her) every day. 肯(定句）否定句： Her room isn t cleaned (by her) every day.一般疑问句： Is her room cleaned (by her) every day?注意：被动句的 be

36、 助动词的变化应按被动句中新主语的人称和数而变化，其时态应与主动句的时态一致2.一般过去时结构：主语 was / were +过去分词e.g.主动句： The workers made the VCD last week.被动句： The VCD was made by the workers last week.肯(定句 )否定句 :The VCD wasn t made by the workers last week.一般疑问句： Was the VCD made by the workers last week?3. 一般将来时结构：主语 will be + 过去分词e.g. 主动句：

37、 My father will send me to America soon.被动句：肯定句： I will be sent to America by my father soon.否定句： I won t be sent to America by my father soon.一般疑问句： Will you be sent to America by your father soon?4. 现在完成时结构：主语 have / has +been + 过去分词e.g.主动句 : The boy has finished the work.被动句 :肯定句 : The work has b

38、een finished by the boy.否定句 :The work hasn t been finished by the boy.一般疑问句 :Has the work been finished by the boy?六. 被动语态中的特殊情况1.不及物动词带介词和介词宾语时，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。e.g. The students listen to the teacher carefully in class.被动句： The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.e.g. They lo

39、ok after the new students in the school.被动句： The new students are looked after by them in the school.2.当动词带有复合宾语 (有宾补 ), 并且宾补是省去 “ to的”动词不定式时， 在被动语态中应加上 “ to。”例如：使役动词（ make /let /have）或感官动词 （hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch,feel等）e.g. They make us do all the work.被动句： We are made to do all

40、 the work by them.e.g. We often hear her sing songs.被动句： She is often heard to sing songs by us.e.g. I saw him walk to school.学习必备欢迎下载被动句： He was seen to walk to school by me.当动词带有复合宾语 (宾补 )，其宾补是带有 “to的”动词不定式时，和一般的被动句变化一样。e.g. Lily asks me to help Lucy.被动句： I am asked to help Lucy by Lily.3.当动词带双宾语时

41、 (一个宾语是指人，一个是指物 )，将其中指人的宾语提前作被动句的主语时，另一个宾语按顺序照抄下来；如是将指物的宾语提前作被动句的主语，在被动句中则指人宾语前应加 “to或”“for ”。常见的动词有 teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy,tell e.g. They give me some apples.被动句： I am given some apples by them.Some apples are given to me by them.e.g. He told the child some stories.被动句： The child was told som

42、e stories by him.Some stories were told to the child by him.被动句： We are taught English by Jack.English is taught to us by Jack.e.g.She bought me a book.被动句： I was bought a book by her.语(法正确 ,不用 )A book was bought for me by her.没有被动语态的动词1.表示状态或特征的及物动词如cost, fit, have 等没有被动形式.2.大多数系动词：be , feel ( 摸起来

43、)， sound(听起来 )， look( 看起来 )， smell( 闻起来 ) ,taste（尝起来）等词无被动语态，它们的主动形式表示被动意义。 he skirt feels very soft.这件裙子摸起来很柔软。 Many changes have happened in our hometown. The film lasted for 3 hours.注意： growRice is grown in South China.The rice grows very well.sellAll the books were sold out yesterday.This kind o

44、f books sells well.被动语态专项练习请写出被动语态的基本结构：_+其它 +by sb.A. 一般现在时的被动语态结构：is /am/are + 及物动词的过去分词1 Football（ play） all over the world 。2 Many trees（ plant ） in North China.3 Rice（ grow ） in South China.4 A camera（ use） for taking photos5 Ioften（ ask） to do this work.B.一般过去时的被动语态结构：was /were+及物动词的过去分词其它 +by

45、 sb.1.The house（ build ） in 1978.2.All the students_(ask) to bring a kite with them last Sunday3.The car(clean)by Dad yesterday.4.I（ tell ） to wait for him right here.5.Whenthe present（ give） to him by his mother ？C. 含有情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词can / may / must / should + be +及物动词的过去分词+其它 +by sb.1. Chocolate

46、may(send) to him as a present.学习必备欢迎下载2.Computers should（ look ）after well.3.Can this kind of machine（ mend） by Uncle Wang?4.No stars can（ see） in the day-time by us.5.Must the old people _ (speak) to politely?D. 你能试着做一做含有其它时态的被动语态吗？1. The letter(write) by Lin Tao now.2. The bridge(finish) next mont

47、h.3. The CD-ROMs(sell) already.4. The blackboard(clean) when I came in.一、选择题()1._ a new library _ in our school last year?A. Is; builtB. Was; builtC. Does; buildD. Did ; build()2. An accident _ on this road last week.A. has been happenedB. was happenedC. is happenedD. happened()3.Cotton （棉花） _ in the southeast of China.A. is grownB. are grownC. growsD. grow()4.So far,