专业英语试题库

1、一、 选择题A（关键专业词汇5题以上）1. Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans, and reproduction is by binary fission. A. abruption; B. binary fission; C. break up ; D. divide2. The photosynthetic bacteria contain a range of bacteriochlorophylls and do not liberate free O2 during photosynthes

2、is. A. photosynthesis; B. photosynthate; C. breath; D. Reverse3. Conjugation involves the transfer of large portions of genetic material between donor and recipient cells in mating pairs. A. donor; B. donate; C. donation; D. endow4. The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes containing chlorop

3、hyll, and also phycobiliprotein pigments such as phycocyanin. A. peptidoglycan; B. crystal violet; C. chlorophyll ; D. algae5. Those using light as their energy source are termed phototrophic. A. chemotrophic; B. lithotrophic; C. organotrophic ; D. phototrophic6. Excessive extraction of water can lo

4、wer water-tables,which, in some inlands（内陆）,may lead to_. A.subsidence B.salt-water instrusion C.earthquake D.flooding7. But because of losses through _ and plant transpiration. A.evaporation B.environment C.evaporate D.evaporative8. Irrigation has allowed the expansion of agriculture into semi-arid

5、 and even _ environments. A.dry B.arid C.drought d. water9. The steady flows that dams cause alter the seasonal cycles of _ and riparian plants and animals. A. aquatic B. aquatics C.aquaculture D.aquation10. New landfills have complex bottom layers to trap contaminant-laden water, called leachate ,l

6、eaking through the buried trash A.wall B.leachate C.leader D.little11. A modern municipal solid waste landfill is typically constructed above an impermeable clay.A.impress B.impermeable C.improve D.impolite12. However, many incinerators were eliminated because of aesthetic concerns, such as foul odo

7、rs, noxious gases, and gritty smoke.A.grave B.gritty C.grove D.glass13. The buring waste heats water and the steam drive a turbine to generate electricity, which is sold to a utility.A.tool B.turbine C.troop D.type14. Selection of landfill sites is based on an understanding of local geology conditio

8、ns.A.geoblo B.geology C.condition D.location15. The paradox is that in its gaseous state_, abundant thought it is, is unavailable to most life. A. nitrogen B. oxygen C . hydrgen D. alcohol16. To be used, free molecular nitrogen has to be fixed. This _comes about in two ways. A. energy B. fixation C.

9、 paradox D. radiation17. This fixation is accomplished by _bacteria living in association with leguminous and root-noduled monleguminous plants, by free-living aerobic bacteria, and by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). A. together B. biological C. symbiotic D. none of above18. According to the autho

10、r, the energy needed for high energy fixations comes from_. A. cosmic B. meteorite C. lightning D. all above i. _is a biological process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and nitrate, yielding energy. A. ammonification B. denitrification C. bacterfiation D. nitrification19. 1 How volatile nitr

11、ogen is turned into _ for plants? 20. A. nutrient B.nitrate C.nitrite D.nitric21. 2 _ gases emitted during the first phase of waste treatment are harvested for use as fuel . 22. A green B warm C greenhouse D ignite23. 3 _ is the process in which soil bacteria oxidize ammonia(NH3) sequentially into n

12、itrite(NO2-) and then nitrate (NO3-).24. A respiration B denitrification 25. C photosynthesis D nitrification26. 4 But too much untreated wastes dumped directly into fishpond can rob the fish of _ ,and end up killing the fish .27. A nitrogen oxide B nitrogen 28. C oxygen D carbon dioxide 29. 5 The _

13、 farm typically consists of crops, livestock and fishponds. 30. A dream B intergrating C interva D integrated31.32. Ethanol is a good_ for gasoline in spark-ignition engines.A. reserve B. substitute C. replace D. shift33. As a summary, the long story was_into a few sentences. A. condensed B. condemn

14、ed C. concealed D. concentrated34. The problem with the country is how to lift its economy out of _. A. reservation B. recreation C. recession D. reversion35. Ethanol does_ less carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides than gasoline.A. release B. output C. set D. affranchise36. Alcohol can be obtained from

15、 _A. sugar crops B. starchy crops C. cellulose D. all of above37. The air which we breathe consists, by volume, of about 78 percent_. A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. carbon dioxide D. Argon38. Gaseous hydrogen, produced by the _of water, is another _to petroleum. A. electrolysis, choice B. hydrolysis, choi

16、ce C. electrolysis, alternative D. alternative, alternative.5.6.7.选择题B（关键短语5题以上）1. Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans, and reproduction is by binary fission. A. make up of; B. build up; C. are composed; D. constitute2. A species adapted to living under conditions

17、of a bountiful energy source is designated as K selected. A. living under; B. living in; C. living ; D. lived3. It would be exposed to selection pressures different from those affecting an r-selected organism living in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive environments. A. different from; B.

18、 different with; C. other than; D. differ with4. Some estimate place their number as high as 40% of the total plate-count population. A. as high as; B. is high as; C. high as; D. as high to5. The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwise uncrowded environment would place a

19、 premium on high growth increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness. A. place a premium on; B. place a premium to; C. place a premium into ; D. place a premium with6. Nowadays, governments in most OECD countries are _large programmers to develop irrigation. A. scale back B. scaled back

20、C. scaling back D. scales back7. In drier parts of the area, such as California, and the Murray Darlingbasin in Australia, agriculture accounts for well over 90% of consumptive use. A. accounts B. accounts up to C. accounts for D. accounts from8. We all want to know how OECD governments are respondi

21、ng to the increased demand for water in agricultural production. A. are responsible for B. are responding to C. are responsibility to D. response to 9. Land degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity and environmental regulatory capacity.(A.ability B.able C.capacity

22、 D.capacitly)10. Soil compaction is a worldwide problem.(A.compact B.compaction C.compactness D.degradate)11. Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation process. Similar to compaction.(A.erosion B.erosional C.degradation D.degradate)12. Nutrient depletion is another principal pro

23、cess of land degradation with severe economic impact on a global scale.(A.depletion B.deplete C.expand D.expanding)13. Despite the voluminous literature, land degradation remains a debatable issue.(A.degradation B.degradate C.gradate D.gradation)14. Land degradation, declines in land quality due to

24、natural processes and anthropic activities, is a major global issue for the 20th century and will remain high on the international agenda even for the 21st century. (A.because of B.due to C.although D.as if)15. 2. Land degradation can also be considered in terms of the loss of actual or potential pr

25、oductivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors.( A. in terms of; B. refer to; C. evolved from; D. simply stated)16. 3. High population density is not necessarily related to land degradation.(A.as though B.resulted in C.related to D.as well as )17. 4. Lands, depending on their inhe

26、rent characteristics and climatic conditions, range from highly resistant or stable to extremely sensitive and fragile.(A.relating to B.depending on C.so as to D.therefore)18. 5. Land degradation is a biophysical process driven by socioeconomic and political causes. (A.driven by B.resulted in C.beca

27、use of D.as well)19. As better waste-disposal technologies were developed and as values changed, more emphasis was placed on the environment and quality of life. A.are placed on B.was placed on C.locate in D.was located in20. The heat derived from the buring is converted into steam and electricity.

28、A.converted to B.converted into C.transform to D.being21. However, the landfill of today is far different from a simple hole in the ground into which garbage is dumped. A.different B.different from C.abstrict on D.refer to22. They currently cost up to $1 million per hectare to prepare. A.right B.up

29、to C.below D.about23. Until recently, the disposal of municipal solid waste did not attract much public attention. A.attemp B.attract C.absort D.eyes on24. Cosmic radiation, meteorite trails, and lightning provide the high energy _combine nitrogen with the oxygen and hydrogen of water. A. needed to

30、B. gotten to C. came to D. needing to 25. Fixation _molecular nitrogen(N2)_two atoms of ftee N. A. gointo B. o C. o D. o26. In nonagricultural systems some 12,000 species, from cyanobacteria to nodule-bacteria plants, _nitrogen fixation. A. be reponsible for B. being reponsi

31、ble for C. is reponsible for D. are reponsible for27. In terrestrial ecosystem nitrogen, largely in the form of ammonia or nitrates, _by plants, which convert it to amino acids. A. is taken up B. are taken up C. is broke down D. are broke down28. In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen cycles in a similar m

32、anner, except that the large reservoir in the soil _. A. is lacking B. lacked C. are lacked D.is lacked29. The integrated farm typically _ crops, livestock and fishponds. A. make up B. made up of C. is consisted of D. consists of 30. Both of winter wheat and summer corn has still great potential to

33、increase _. A. yell B. yields C. yield D. yells31. The small amount of residual nutrients left after tremendous losses that _ the environment have taken place. A destroy B damage C ruin D violate32. Officials also say a woman may _ a second attack in the northern part of the country. A. are respecti

34、ve for B. is possible for C. are responsible for D. are looking for33. Nearly all organs for transplant _ executed prisoners. A. are produced from B. are harvest of C. are harvested from D. are gotten from34. Liquid fuels_ the US economy.A. is indispensable to B. are indispensable to C. is projected

35、 to D. are projected to35. The production and use of ethanol fuel_ the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and to global warming.A. result in B. bring out C. as result D. contribute to 36. Changing her job like that_ giving her the sack. A. is equivalent to B. is equablet on C. is different from

36、D. is disparate to 37. Hydrogen has the potential to serve_ a renewable gaseous fuel for transportion vehicles.A. on B. for C. up D. as 38. _gasoline, both methanol and ethanol reduce the amount of carbon dioxide,which is good for our environment.A. compared to B. with regard to C. considering

37、D. in view of39. Mankind must take care not to_ the earth_ its natural resources. A. expend，of B. spend，on C. deplete，of D. defray，to 二、 配对题（核心专业词汇8题以上）1. Ethanol 乙醇，酒精2. Cellulose 纤维素3. Sugarcane 甘蔗4. Hydrolysis 水解（作用）5. Electrolysis 电解6. Photovoltaics 太阳能电池7. Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳8. Distillation 蒸馏

38、9. Livestock 家畜，牲畜10. Hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢11. fungi 真菌12. eukaryote 真核生物13. peptidoglycan 肽聚糖14. binary fission 二分裂15. autotrophic 自养的16. heterotrophic 异样的17. cyanobacteria 蓝细菌18. aerobic 好氧的、需氧的19. chlorophyll 叶绿素20. bacteriochlorophyll 细菌叶绿素21. transpiration 植物蒸腾22. semi-arid 半干旱23. aquifers 含水层

39、24. erosion 腐蚀，侵蚀25. replenish 补充，填满26. Degradation 退化27. Anthropology 人类学28. Eutrophication 富养化29. Contamination 污染30. Regulatory 调整的31. Compaction 板结32. Unsustainable 不可持续的33. Acidification 酸化34. Impermeable不透性的35. impermeable membrane非渗透性膜36. geologic地质的37. scavenge清除38. hectare公顷39. turbine涡轮40.

40、 mercury水银41. gritty有沙的42. Fixation 固定 43. Symbiotic 共生 44. Ammonification 氨化作用 45. Nitrification 硝化作用 46. Glucose 葡萄糖 47. Nitrogen 氮 48. Nitric acid 硝酸 49. Photosynthesis 光合作用 50. aerobically 需氧地，好氧性的51. nitrogen peroxide过氧化氮52. zero input and zero emission零输入和零排放53. plankton浮游植物54. decompose分解55.

41、non-arid不干旱的56. potable water饮用水57. manure粪肥58. by-product副产品 三、 是非题（重点专业知识句子3题以上）（F表示错误，T表示正确）1. Carbon monoxide is harmful to mankind's health. T 2. Ethanol can be obtained from oil crops. F 3. The oxygen can be combined with hydrogen in a fuel cell. T 4. Alcohol produced from corn is a renewa

42、ble energy source. F 5. A solar cell works mainly based on the optoelectronics effec. T 6. Bacteria are termed prokaryotic because they lack nuclear membranes. T 7. Chemoorganotrophs are referred to as autotrophs. F 8. A species surviving in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive environments

43、 is designated as K-selected. F 9. The numerically predominant bacteria in soil are Streptomycetes. F 10. Throughout most of the world, industry is the leading consumptive user of water. F 11. Withdrawals for agricultural purposes currently account for over two thirds total abstraction in all OECD c

44、ountries. F 12. The practice of exploiting underground water for agriculture is essential for the protection of natural resources. F 13. Land degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity and environmental regulatory capacity. T 14. Land degradation is a physical proce

45、ss driven by socioeconomic and political causes. F 15. Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation process T 16. In ancient times, the disposal of municipal solid waste attracted much public attention F 17. Nowadays, none of countries of areas dumps solid wastes outside of the cit

46、y or village F 18. Landfills had been the primary method of waste disposal because of the lowest cost and the simplest technology until the threat of groundwater contamination was recognized. T 19. High energy fixation is the main way of nitrogen fixation. F 20. According to the text the second step

47、 of biological fixation is that the free N atoms combine with oxygen to form two molecules of nitrate. F 21. Nitrogen is directly absorbed by plant roots and incorporated into amino acids,which pass through the food chain. T 22. Nitrosomonas bacteria and nitrobacter are two groups of microorganisms

48、that involved in the process of nitrification. T 23. According to the text, nitrogen cycles in aquatic systems in a similar manner with terrestrial ecosystem. F 24. Forests are important to the environment because they take in carbon dioxide and release another gas oxygen. T 25. Livestock manure con

49、tains large amounts of ammonia gas that must be turned back into stable nitrate before it can be absorbed as nutrient by plant. T 26. Abundantly productive farms with zero input and zero emission are powered by waste-gobbling bugs and human ingenuity. T 四、 句子翻译题（重点难、长句子3题以上）1. Various raw materials

50、can be used for methanol production, including natural gas, coal, wood, and municipal solid wastes. 许多种原料可用于甲醇生产，包括天然气、煤炭、木材和城市固体废物。 2. Methanol can be obtained from wood or woody crops by means of a wood gasification process followed by compression and methanol synthesis. 甲醇可以由木材或木本作物经过气化、压缩、合成三个阶段

51、制得。3. Part of the reason for this difference is that the volume of hydrogen fuel is about four times greater than that for the same energy content of gasoline. 这种差异的原因之一是：在能量相同的情况下，氢燃料的体积约为汽油的四倍。4. The major limitation in using biomass for methanol production is the enormous quantities needed for a

52、plant with suitable economies of scale. 利用生物质生产甲醇主要的局限性就在于一个具有相当经济规模的工厂对于生物质的巨大需求量。 5. Essentially the same differentiation given in the terms lithotrophic and organotrophic is provided by the terms autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively.实际上，“无机营养型”和“有机营养型”这两个词间的区别可以分别用“自养型”和“异养型”这两个词来表达。6. The

53、 obligate chemolithotrophs use the same basic physiological pathway (the Calvin Cycle) found in most other organisms in metabolizing their own cell constituents. . 专性化能无机营养菌采用与其他大多数相同的基本的生理途径（即Calvin循环），这些生物都利用这种途径代谢自身细胞成分。7. A designation G+ is given to cells that retain crystal violet following su

54、bsequent exposures to KI solution, alcohol, and counterstain, and G- for cells from which the crystal violet readily destains. 那些浸泡在碘溶液、酒精和革兰氏试剂后细胞内含有结晶紫的细菌为革兰氏阳性菌，反之，细胞内结晶紫消褪的为革兰氏阴性菌。8. The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwise uncrowded environment would place a prem

55、ium on high growth increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness, as would be the case of a K-selected organism. 当r选择性微生物处于营养丰富而且其他竞争性微生物不多的环境时，它们会更加倾向于利用好现在的食物来快速繁殖，而不是像K选择性微生物那样倾向于增强其竞争力。9. Water-use in agriculture has marked effects on the environment, not all of them adverse. 农业用水对环境有显著的影响，但这些影响并不全是负面的。10. How are OECD governments