Carbon Emission Offsets th Katoomba Group碳排放补偿卡通巴组

1、carbon emission offsetsgary bullfaculty of forestry, university of british columbiavancouver, canadaseptember 19, 2005bull2carbon sequestrationcarbon markets 2004carbon dealscarbon actors intermediaries challenges people, processbull3does carbon sequestration matter?bull4carbon markets potential 200

2、6international pre-complianceretail marketregional markets- eu national markets japan, canada, australiaus marketsub-national marketsmassachusettsnew hampshirenswnational market denmarknational marketunited kingdombull5share of emission reductionbull6market buyersbull7deals canada belizebull8canada-

3、chile? hog farmagricola super ltd, chileo 400 thousand tonnes annual reductiono 10 years - 4 million tonnes credit$20 million technology investment to reduce methanetransalta, canadao releases 30 million tonnes co2e annuallyo not sure what its obligations are under kyotoo purchased 1.75 million tonn

4、es co2e for 9 million $usbull9canada voluntary marketbull10belize reforestation - cdm8000 ha planted50 000 ha in totalbull11belizebull12belize project - net greenhouse gas removal by sinksbull13belize forest nurserybull14belize carbon ownershipbull15actors international institutions governments buye

5、rs sellers brokers intermediaries transactions costsbull16intermediaries lawyers accountants resource consultants insurers engineers researchersbull17transaction costssummary of the mark-up on product pricing bamboo flooringplayeroriginal costadded cost/markupsale pricemarginflooring manufacturer$15

6、 - $17/m2-$18 20/m215 20%importer and wholesaler$18 20/m2$2/m2 (handling)$12 13/m2 (markup)$32 35/m260 70%retailer$32 35/m2$15 25/m2 (markup)$47 60/m240 70%consumer$100/m2source: bull 2004bull18types of transaction costsbull19transaction costsmilne 1999 - ciforbull20projects examplesbull21challenges

7、processpeople manage the mad scientists! recognize the limits to bureaucratic intelligence! beware of the lawyers, insurance salesman, consultants and accountants! shady sellers and ignorant buyersbull22conclusions forest and agriculture need inclusion deals are diverse - wild west mentality transac

8、tion costs will kill many deals people in the process can also kill dealsbull23challengesbull24key challengesprocess mixed motive problem accounting tools leakage, baseline, permanence risks learning curvebull25kinds of offsets landfill gas, methane reduction, bioenergy, etc. forest carbon sequestra

9、tion afforestation, reforestation, deforestation (article 3.3) management intensification (article 3.4) avoided losses - (article 3.4)bull26key questions why do we want forest carbon sequestration included in the current global dialogue on climate change?to find money: basic forest management e.g. p

10、art of ftg costs institutional reform costs e.g. carbon pooling mgmt plans multiple objectives management strategy e.g green-up alleviate poverty ? - unknownbull27what are the opportunities? planting degraded or barren areas intensify management on existing forests conserving or manage differently f

11、orests which have large carbon stockbull28what are the challenges? risks (fire, insect and disease) measurement tools (all the carbon pools) reluctance to allow sequestration to trade off against emission reduction property rights are new transaction costs income distributionbull29solutions to the c

12、hallenges risk build risk models create carbon pools buy insurance measurement use the best available science make sure the measurement is cost effective invest in new r and d. use biological models sensitive the marketplacebull30solutions to the challengessequestration vs. emission team up with the

13、 agriculturalist help people get the perspective e.g. fire use good science on the measurement side bull31kinds of offsets landfill gas, methane reduction, bioenergy, etc. forest carbon sequestration afforestation, reforestation, deforestation (article 3.3) management intensification (article 3.4) a

14、voided losses - (article 3.4)bull32key questions why do we want forest carbon sequestration included in the current global dialogue on climate change?to find money: basic forest management e.g. part of ftg costs institutional reform costs e.g. carbon pooling mgmt plans multiple objectives management

15、 strategy e.g green-up alleviate poverty ? - unknownbull33what are the opportunities? planting degraded or barren areas intensify management on existing forests conserving or manage differently forests which have large carbon stockbull34what are the challenges? risks (fire, insect and disease) measu

16、rement tools (all the carbon pools) reluctance to allow sequestration to trade off against emission reduction property rights are new transaction costs income distributionbull35solutions to the challenges risk build risk models create carbon pools buy insurance measurement use the best available sci

17、ence make sure the measurement is cost effective invest in new r and d. use biological models sensitive the marketplacebull36solutions to the challengessequestration vs. emission team up with the agriculturalist help people get the perspective e.g. fire use good science on the measurement side bull3

18、7solutions to the challengesdeveloping new markets clarify ownership strengthen the weak institutions deal with the specifics leakage, contract period, permanence experiment make sure you deal with the distribution of income issuebull38solutions to the challengesresearch1.transaction costsa. efficie

19、nt regulatory frameworkb. efficient markets2.income distributiona. collect data householdb. analyze bull39carbon activities article 3.3 cdm project proposals in belize, china and uganda non spatial and spatial forest risk models transaction costs analysis institutional analysis for small farmers art

20、icle 3.4 fertilization impact assessment develop new forest planning model carbon conservation in canadian old growth avoided deforestation in other contextbull40other activities biodiversity measurement in the kootenays iso 14064bull41carbon emission offsets payment systems actors deals challenges

21、links to poverty reductionbull42tools for creating dealsbull43area:610 000 ha (1 549 400 acres)current harvest:900 000 m3biogeoclimatic zones: at, bg, essf, ich, idf, ms, sbps, sbsmajor tree species: black cottonwood, trembling aspen, douglas-fir, sub-alpine fir, white birch, lodgepole pine, engelmann sprucered-listed species: american white pelican, peregrine falcon, prairie falcon, brewers sparrow, yellow breasted sparrow, lake whitefish, giant pygmy whitefishbull44carbon balance50000000550000006000000065000000700000