英语考试内容

1、Unit 1 Die and Mold Materials and Heat Treatment模具和模具材料及热处理 1.1.1 Steels Steels (first made in China and Japan around 600-800 A.C.) are generally divided into the categories of carbon steels and alloy steels (including tool steels). 钢 (第一次在中国和日本各地取得 600-800 交流），通常分为碳钢的类别及合金 （包括工具钢） 的钢。Carbon Steels

2、碳钢 Carbon steels are used extensively in tool construction. Carbon steels are those steels which only contain iron and carbon, and small amounts of other alloying elements. Carbon steels are the most common and least expensive type of steels used for tools.碳钢工具建设中广泛使用。碳钢是那些只含有铁、 碳和少量的其他合金元素的钢。碳钢是最常见

3、和最便宜的工具用钢的类型。The three principal types of carbon steels used for tooling are low carbon, medium carbon and high carbon steels. Low carbon steel contains between o.o5% and o.25% carbon. Medium carbon steel contains between o.25% and 0.60% carbon. High carbon steels contains between o.60% and 1.70% ca

4、rbon. 用于模具的碳钢的三种主要类型是低碳、 中碳和高碳钢。低碳钢包含 o.o5%和 o.25%的碳之间。中碳钢包含 o.25%和 0.60%碳之间。高碳钢包含 o.60%和 1.70%碳之间。 As the carbon content is increased in carbon steel, the strength, toughness, and hardness also increase when the metal is heat treated.随着碳含量碳钢中的增加，强度、 韧性及硬度也增加当金属热处理。 Low carbon steels are soft, tough

5、 steels that are easily machined and welded. Due to their low carbon content, these steels cant be hardened except by case hardening. Low carbon steels are well suited for the following applications: tool bodies, handles, die shoes and similar situations where strength and wear resistance arent requ

6、ired. 低碳钢是软、 强硬的钢，是轻松机械加工和焊接。由于其低的碳含量，这些钢不能由硬化硬化除外。低碳钢非常适合以下应用程序： 工具机构、 手柄、 鞋模和强度和耐磨性不是必需的类似情况。 Medium carbon steels are used where greater strength and toughness are required. Since medium carbon steels have higher content, they can be heated to make parts such as studs, pins, axles, nuts. steels i

7、n this group are more expensive as well as more difficult to machine and weld than low carbon steels.更大的强度和韧性都需要使用中碳钢钢。由于钢中碳含量更高，他们可加热，使螺柱、 针脚、 车轴、 螺母等零件。在此组中的钢是更昂贵，以及更难机和焊接比低炭钢。 High carbon steels are the most hardenable type of carbon steel and are used frequently for parts where resistance is an

8、important factor. Other applications where high carbon steels are well suited include drill bushings, locators and wear pads. Since the carbon content of these steels if so high, parts made from high carbon steel are normally difficult to machine and weld.高炭钢是最最可淬硬的碳钢类型和常用部件阻力在哪里的一个重要因素。高碳钢在哪里适合其他应用

9、程序包括钻轴套，定位器和戴上护垫。自这些钢的碳含量如此之高，如果从高炭钢制造的部件很机和焊缝通常难。 Alloy Steels合金钢 Alloy steels are basically carbon steels with additional elements added to alter the characteristics and bring about a predictable change in the mechanical properties of the alloyed metal. Alloy steels are not normally used for most

10、tools due to their increased cost, but some have found favor for special applications. The alloying elements used most often in steels are manganese, nickel, molybdenum and chromium.合金钢基本上是碳钢与添加来改变特征和带来的合金金属的力学性能可预测变化的附加元素。合金钢通常不用于大多数工具由于其增加的成本，但在一些特殊应用发现青睐。在钢中最常使用的合金元素有锰、 镍、 钼和铬。 Another type of al

11、loy steel frequently used for tooling applications is stainless steel. Stainless steel is a term used to describe high chromium and nickel-chromium steels. these steels are used for tools which must resist high temperature and corrosive atmosphere. Some high chromium steels can be hardened by heat t

12、reatment and are used where resistance to wear, abrasion and corrosion are required. 合金钢经常用于模具的应用程序的另一种类型是不锈钢。不锈钢是一个术语，用于描述高的铬和镍-铬钢。这些钢用于必须抵抗高温和腐蚀性大气的工具。一些高铬钢可以通过热处理硬化和用于耐磨性、 磨损和腐蚀是必需。 Typical applications where a hardenable stain-less steel is sometimes preferred are plastic injection molds: here t

13、he high chromium content allows the steel to be highly polished and prevents deterioration of the cavity from heat and corrosion. 可淬硬的不锈钢钢有时是首选的典型应用是注塑模具： 这里高铬含量允许进行高度抛光的钢，并防止因热和腐蚀腔的恶化。1.1.2 Selection of Typical Mold Steels典型模具钢的选择 The processes developed for molding plastic and the different proces

14、sing properties of the plastics lead to different loads, which must be taken into consideration not only in the design but also in the selection of the materials required for molds. 流程制定成型塑料和塑料部件的不同加工性能导致不同的负荷，必须考虑到不仅在设计中所需的模具材料的选用。Steel has the ideal qualifications, because its properties can be mo

15、dified by alloying elements, special production processes, and heat treatment, and it can be adjusted to various requirements.钢具有理想的资格，因为合金化元素、 特殊的生产过程和热处理，可以修改其属性，它可以被调整到的各种要求。The most important requirements for the mold steels are:high compressive strength expected even at high temperaturewear res

16、istanceGreat toughnessCorrosion resistance and good thermal conductivity模具钢的最重要要求是： 即使在高温耐韧性大腐蚀耐磨性和导热性好预期的抗压强度高 Also, the mold maker expects the following properties:此外，模具制造商期望以下属性： good machine ability好的机器能力 good hobbing capabilities (where required) 良好的挤压能力 dimensional stability during heat treatm

17、ent在热处理尺寸稳定性 good polishing properties良好的抛光性能 surface texturing without difficulties(where required) 表面纹理没有困难(必需)Finally, the mold steel should be readily available, and should be have a requirement that demands standardization of sizes and universally suitable types of steels.最后，模具钢应随时可用，并应该是有要求的规模

18、和普遍适合类型的钢，他们要求的标准化。 Considering the various stresses to which the mold material is subjected, it is understandable that not all conditions can be met with one grade of steel. The experience of many years and the close cooperation between steel producers and consumers have led to the development of m

19、old steels that can be divided into the following groups: nitriding steels, case-hardened steels, pre-hardening steels, fully hardening steels, corrosion-resistant steels, garaging steels and hard metal alloys.考虑到模具材料经受的各种应力，这是可以理解，并非所有的条件可以得到满足的一个等级的钢。多年的经验和钢铁生产商和消费者之间的密切合作，导致模具钢的发展可分为以下几组：氮化钢，渗碳钢，

20、预硬化钢，完全硬化钢，耐腐蚀，耐热钢，马氏体时效钢，硬质金属合金。 1.1.3 Heat Treatment of Die and Mold Materials模具的热处理 Many of the roughcast or products made in the workshop can not be used until they are heat-treated. Heat treatment can also be done on many of the nonferrous metals such as aluminum, copper and brass. The way of h

21、eat treatment of metal parts include hardening, tempering, annealing, normalizing, spheroidizing, stress relieving and case hardening.许多毛坯或在车间制成的产品不能使用直到他们热处理。也可以对许多铝、 铜和铜等有色金属热处理。金属零件热处理的方法包括硬化、 回火、 退火、 正火、 球化、 应力和硬化。 Hardening硬化 Hardening is a process of heating a piece of steel to a temperature w

22、ithin or above its critical range and then cooling it rapidly to increase its hardness and tensile strength, to reduce its ductility, and to obtain a fine grain structure. As steel is heated, a physical and chemical change takes place between the iron and carbon. The critical point, or critical temp

23、erature, is the point at which the steel has the most desirable characteristics.硬化是加热一块钢到或超过其关键性范围内的温度和它迅速以提高其硬度和拉伸强度，以降低其延展性，并获取一个细粒结构，然后冷却的过程。当钢加热时，物理和化学的变化铁和碳之间发生。临界点或者临界温度是钢在最理想的特性的点。When steel reaches this temperature( some-where between 1400°F and 1600°F ) the change is ideal to make

24、 for hard, strong materials if it is cooled quickly. If the metal cools slowly, it changes back to its original state. By plunging the hot metal into water, oil or brine( quenching), the desirable characteristics are retained. The metal is very hard and less ductile than before.当钢达到这一温度 (约-where 140

25、0 ° F 至 1600年 ° F) 变化是理想，使硬、 强材料，如果它迅速冷却。如果金属冷却缓慢，它更改回其原始状态。由热金属陷入水、 油或盐水 (淬火），保留理想的特性。这种金属是很难和较前的韧性。 Tempering 回火 Steel that has been hardened by rapid quenching is brittle and not suitable for most uses. By tempering, the hardness and brittle-ness may be reduced to the desired point for

26、service conditions. Tempering is done by reheating the metal to low or moderate temperature, followed by quenching， or by cooling in air. As the metal is heated for tempering, it changes in color. These colors are called temper colors. You can watch these colors to know when the correct heat is reac

27、hed.已经硬化迅速冷却的钢是脆性和不适合大多数用途。由回火，硬度和脆性岬都可能沦为服务条件所需的点。回火是通过加热到低或中度的温度，然后由淬火或冷却空气中金属。当金属加热的回火时，它更改颜色。这些颜色被称为脾气的颜色。你可以看到这些颜色要知道何时达到正确的热。 Annealing退火 The major purpose of annealing is to soften hard steel so that it may be machined or cold worked. The metal is heated above the critical temperature and coo

28、led slowly. The most common method is to place the steel in the furnace and heat it thoroughly. Then turn off the furnace, allowing the metal to cool slowly. Another method is to pack the metal in clay, heat it to the critical temperature, remove it from the furnace and allow it to cool slowly.退火的主要

29、目的是软化硬钢，使其可加工或冷工作。这种金属是临界温度以上加热和冷却较慢。最常见的方法是在炉中放置钢和彻底加热。然后关闭炉、 允许的金属来慢慢冷却。另一种方法是粘土中装金属、 加热到临界温度、 从炉中删除，使它慢慢冷却。 Normalizing正火 Normalizing involves heating the material to temperature of about 55-100°C above the critical range and cooling in still air. This is about 55°C over the regular har

30、dening temperature.规范涉及加热 55-100 ° C 以上临界范围和冷却中仍然空气的温度约为材料。这是常规淬火温度过高约 55 ° C。 The purpose of normalizing is usually to refine grain structures that have been coarsened in forging. With most of the medium-carbon forging steels, alloy, normalizing is highly recommended after forging and bef

31、ore machining to produce more homogeneous structures, and in most cases, improved machinability.High-alloy air-hardened steels are never normalized, since to do so would cause them to harden and defeat the primary purpose.正火的目的是通常是细化晶粒粗大化的结构，已在锻造。随着大部分的介质 - 碳锻造钢，合金钢，正火强烈建议锻造后加工前，以产生更均匀的结构，并且在大多数情况下，

32、改进的可加工性。高合金空气硬化钢从来没有正常化，因为这样做会导致硬化和失败的主要目的。 Spheroidizing球状化退火 Spheroidizing is a form of annealing which, in the process of heating and cooling steel, produces a rounded or globular form of carbide the hard constituent in steel.Steels are normally spheroidized to improve machinability. This is acco

33、mplished by heating to a temperature of 749-760°C for carbon steels and higher for many alloy tool steels, holding at heat one to four hours, and cooling slowly in furnace. 是球化退火的加热和冷却钢，过程中产生的硬质合金圆角或球状的窗体的窗体 中钢硬成分。钢都正常球化改善加工性能。这是完成对碳钢 749 760 ° C 的温度下加热和高许多合金工具钢、 举行热一到四个小时，和在炉中慢慢冷却。Stress

34、relieving去应力退火 This is a method of relieving the internal stresses set up in steel during forming, cold working and cooling after welding or machining. It is the simplest heat treatment and is accomplished merely by heating to 649-732°C followed by air or furnace cooling.这是纾缓成形、 冷加工和焊接或加工后冷却过程钢

35、中设置的内部压力的方法。这是最简单的热处理，仅仅通过加热到 649 732 ° C 的空气或炉冷却后完成。Case hardening表面硬化 Case hardening is a process of hardening the outer surface or case of ferrous metal. By adding a small amount of carbon to the case of the low-carbon steel, it can be heat-treated to make the case hard. At the same time, th

36、e center or core remains soft and ductile. There are many methods of case hardening. In industry, molten cyanide is used. Another industrial method is carburizing. This is a case-hardening procedure in chich carbon is added to steel from the surface inward by one of the following methods: pack metho

37、d, gas method or liquid-salt method. 硬化是黑色金属的硬化的外表面或案例的过程。通过添加少量的碳低碳钢的情况，它可以热处理，使案件硬。同时，中心或核心仍然是软和韧性。有许多方法的硬化。在行业中，用熔融氰化物。工业的另一个方法渗碳。这是硬化添加会签碳中的过程，从表面向内钢通过以下方法之一： 包装方法、 气方法或液体盐。Unit 5 Die Manufacturing Processes模具制造过程5.1.1 An Introduction to Machining加工简介 In terms of annual dollars spent, machining

38、is the most important of the manufacturing processes. Machining can be defined as the process of removing material from a workpiece in the form of chips. The term metal cutting is used when the material is metallic. 从年度美元花,加工是最重要的生产流程。加工可以被定义为过程去除材料的从一个工件在形式的芯片。术语金属切削时使用的材料是金属。Most machining has ver

39、y low set-up cost compared to forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.大多数加工已经非常低的设置成本而形成、成型、和铸造工艺。然而,加工高卷昂贵得多。加工是必要的,严格的公差尺寸和完成是必需的。 The Machining sectio

40、n is divided into the following categories: drilling, turning, milling and grinding.加工部分分为以下几类:钻孔、车削、铣削、磨削。 5.1.2 Drilling钻孔 Drilling is easily the most common machining process. One estimate is that 75% of all metal-cutting material removed comes from drilling operations.钻孔是容易最常见的加工过程。有人估计,75%的所有的金

41、属切削材料去除来自钻孔作业。Drilling involves the creation of holes that are right circular cylinders. This is accomplished most typically by using a twist drill, something most readers will have seen before. The Fig4.1 illustrates a cross section of a hole being cut by a common twist drill. 钻孔涉及到创建圆形气缸孔,是正确的。这是完

42、成大多数通常是通过使用一种麻花钻的东西,大部分读者都已经见过的。在图1演示了一个截面的一个洞被削减了一个共同的麻花钻。 The chips must exit through the flutes to the outside of the tool. As can be seen in the fig4.1, the cutting front is embedded within the work piece, making cooling difficult. The cutting area can be flooded, coolant spray mist can be appli

43、ed, or coolant can be delivered through the drill bit shaft.芯片必须退出通过长笛以外的工具。可以看到在图1,切割前是嵌入在工件,使冷却困难。切割区域可以被淹没,冷却液喷雾雾可以应用,或者冷却剂可以经由钻头轴。5.1.3 Turning车削Turning is another of the basic machining processes. Turning products solids of revolution which can be tightly tolerance because of the specialized na

44、ture of the operation. Turning is performed on a machine called a lathe in which the tool is stationary and the part is rotated. Lathes are designed solely for turning operations, so that precise control of the cutting results in tight tolerances. The work piece is mounted on the chunk, which rotate

45、s relative to the stationary tool. Turning refers to cutting as shown in Fig5.2车削是另一个基本的加工过程。车削产品固体的革命可以操作的专门性质是紧紧地容忍。车削是在调用其中的工具是固定和旋转部件车床一台机器上执行的。车床设计只用于车削操作，使切割精确控制结果紧公差中。工件装载上的区块，其中固定刀具的相对旋转。指切割 Fig5.2 中所示的车削5.1.4 Milling铣削 Milling is as fundamental as drilling among metal cutting processes. Mil

46、ling is versatile for a basic machining process, but because the milling set up has so many degrees of freedom, milling is usually less accurate than turning or grinding unless especially rigid fixturing is implemented.铣是作为基本金属切削过程中作为钻井。对于一个基本是多才多艺的铣削加工过程,但是因为铣设置有这么多自由度、铣削通常是不准确比转弯或磨除非特别是刚性夹具是实现。 Fo

47、r manual machining, milling is essential to fabricate any object that is not axially symmetric. There is a wide range of different milling machines, ranging from manual light-duty BridgeportsTM to huge CNC machines for milling parts hundreds of feet long. Below (Fig.5.3 ) is illustrated the process

48、at the cutting area.对于手工加工、铣削制造任何对象是至关重要的,不是轴对称。有许多不同的铣床,从手动轻型BridgeportsTM巨大数控机器铣削部件数百英尺长。下面(图5 3)说明了这个过程在切削区。5.1.5 Grinding磨削 Grinding is a finishing process used to improve surface finish, abrade hard materials, and tighten the tolerance on flat and cylindrical surfaces by removing a small amount

49、 of material.In grinding, an abrasive material rubs against the metal part and removes tiny pieces of material. The abrasive material is typically on the surface of a wheel or belt and abrades material in a way similar to sanding. On a microscopic scale, the chip formation in grinding is the same as

50、 that found in other machining processes. The abrasive action of grinding generates excessive heat so that flooding of the cutting area with fluid is necessary.磨削是一个整理过程用于改善表面光洁度,擦伤硬质材料,并紧缩公差在平面和圆柱表面通过移除少量的材料。在磨削、研磨材料摩擦的金属部分和删除小片的材料。这个研磨材料通常是表面上的轮或带和abrades材料在某种程度上类似于喷砂。在微观层面,形成的芯片在磨削是一样的,发现在其他加工专业

51、Unit 2 Basic Knowledge of Die模具的基本知识 2.1.1 Sheet-Metal Stamping in Comparison with Other Metal Fabricating Processes 板料成形与其他金属加工工艺的比较 In todays practical and cost-conscious world, sheet-metal parts have already replaced many expensive cast, forged, and machined products. The reason is obviously the

52、relative cheapness of stamped, or otherwise mass-produced parts, as well as greater control of their technical and aesthetic parameters. That the world slowly turned away from heavy, ornate, and complicated shapes, and replaced them with functional, simple, and logical forms to enhanced this tendenc

53、y. Remember old bathtub?在注重实际而成本的今天，板料成形制作的零件已经取代了许多由铸造、锻造和机加工生产的昂贵的零件。这个原因是很明显的：以冲压或其他大规模生产方式加工的零件会相对便宜，而且制造过程中的技术和美学参数更加控制。这个世界渐渐地远离了笨重、华丽而复杂的形状，取而代之的是实用、简单而且合乎逻辑的零件。而这些更加剧了采用冲压这一技术的趋势。是否还记得老浴盆们？They used to be cast and had ornamental legs. Today they are mostly made of coated sheet metal, if not

54、plastics. Manufacturing methods for picture frames, chandeliers, door and wall hardware, kitchen sinks, pots and pans, window frames, and doors were gradually replaced by more practical and less costly techniques. 这些浴盆过去式用铸造来制造出来的，具有装饰用的腿。今天，这些浴盆几乎都是由涂层钢板或塑料制造。画框、吊灯、门和墙的五金件、厨房水槽、壶和平底盘、窗框以及大门的制作方法已经被

55、更加实用和低廉的技术渐渐取代。 But, sheet-metal stampings can also be used to imitate handmade ornamental designs of previous centuries. Such three-dimensional decorations can be stamped in a fraction of time the artist needed. 而且，板料加工技术也可以用来模仿以前的手工装饰设计。这种三维装饰可以在艺术家所需的一部分时间内冲压出来。 Metal extrusions, stampings, and f

56、orgings, frequently quite complex and elaborate , are used to replace handmade architectural elements. Metal tubing, metal spun products, forming, and drawn parts are often but cheaper substitutes of other, more expensive merchandise.金属挤压、冲压和锻压，用来取代手工建筑元素非常复杂和繁琐。金属管成形、施压成形的零件，成形和拉深的工件经常是其他贵重金属商品的廉价替

57、代品。 Metal stampings, probably the most versatile products of modern technology, are used to replace parts previously welded together from several components. A well-designed sheet-metal stamping can sometimes eliminate the need for riveting or other fastening processes . 金属冲压件，可能是现代技术中最多样化的零件，可以用来取代

58、那些以前需要通过多个部件焊接在一起的零件。一个设计良好的钣金件有时可以取消铆接或其他紧固方式。Stampings can be used to improve existing designs that often are costly and labor-intensive. Even products improved upon, with their production expenses cut to the bone, can often be further improved, further innovated, further decreased in cost.冲压可以用来改进目前的昂贵而需要人力密集劳动的设计。当产品制造成本削减时，即使产品已经改善，也可以被再进一