远程弹道学基础

1、Long Range Shooting BallisticsInternal ballistic*External ballistics;the science of the bullet in flightTerminal ballisticsthe science of the motion and action of the bullet from the instant of initial impact until it stop5NEXTballistics弹道学internal ballistics内弹道学the science of projectile motion with

2、in the rifle步枪内弹道科学知识。external ballistics外弹道学the science of the bullet in flight子弹飞行科学知识。terminal ballistics终点弹道学包含创伤学科the science of the motion and action of the bullet from the instant of initial impact until it stops.子弹的运动从发射瞬间开始到结束科学知识。Internal BallisticsEverything that happens withui the rifle

3、from the instance the primer is ignited until the bullet leaves the muzzle of the barrel is important in terms of repeatability.Some components of internal ballistics.PrimerPowderPressureCartridgeBarrel nfhng and vibrationRecoilBulletAction, chamber dimensions, and other mechanical propertiesinterna

4、l ballistics内弹道学everything that happens within the rifle from the instance the primer is ignited until the bullet leaves the muzzle of the barrel is important in terms of repeatablity;枪射击过程中的内弹道循环包括击发到弹丸射出枪膛所经历的全部过程，击发是内弹道循环的开始。some components of internal ballistics内弹道的构成部分primer枪弹底火powder火药pressure

5、压力cartridge弹药筒barrel rifling and vibration线膛枪管以及其震动recoil后坐力bullet弹丸action,chamber dimensions动作，枪膛容积and other mechanical properties以及其他的机械性能。T erminal BallisticsThe science of terminal ballistics involves everything that tiappens from the moment the buBet impacts the target until it comes to a stop.

6、 When the target is living tissue, terming balhstics is also referred to as vwound ballistics.NEXTterminal ballistics终点弹道学创伤弹道学科the science of terminal ballistics involves everything that happens from the moment the bullet impacts the target until it comes to a stop ,when the target is living tissue

7、, terminal ballistics is also referred as wound ballistics终点弹道学科是研究枪炮弹，火箭弹以及导弹战斗部分对目标作用效应的一门学科，弹药设计和目标防护设计的理论基础。这里研究的是枪弹出膛到停止，目标为有生目标。External BallisticsOnce the bullet leaves the muzzle until the time it mts the target, rts p曰th is influenced by two external forces - gravity and the flow of air aro

8、und the bullet. A solid tinderstanding of externar ballistics is imperative for long range 与hooting.IIexternal ballistics外弹道学once the bullet leaves the muzzle until the time it hits the target.its path is influenced by two external forces-gravity and the flow of air around the bullet a solid underst

9、anding of external ballistics is imperative for long range shooting子弹脱离枪膛口到达击中目标，范畴内受到了重力和空气动力以及推力的影响，这个会在远程狙击体现明显。External BallisticsGravity Is a constant force that causes acceteration of a falling object at a rate of 32 feet per second squared1.重力是一个永恒的力，它会给这个物体下坠带来每秒32英尺的加速度。External BallisticsL

10、ine of departureIf there were no gravitation pull on the bullet it would travel ici straight "n£, This can be called trie line of departure.MR I Iline of departure发射线if there were mo gravitation pull on the bullet it would travel in straight line this can be called the line of departure如果不

11、受地球引力，子弹在直线中飞行，这就叫发射线。译者补充内容：发射瞬间枪管火身口轴线的延长线bullet trajectory子弹的轨迹gravity地心引力，重力gavity gives the bullet is trajectory its curving shape .the longer the bullet is in flight ,the faster its falling veloctity.弧形弹道的产生是地球重力的影响，子弹飞行的时间越长，受到其影响越大。External BallisticsLine of departureBullet drop trajectory Z

12、ro ,GravityP。1nt田 csL JThe line of sight Is a straight line from the sight to the target. This line is above the barrel or bore line. Bullet drop is the vertical distance between the bore line and the bullet path below it. The bullet crosses ttie line of sight twice. The second intersection with the

13、 hne of sight is the zeQ point.line of sight瞄准线bore line枪管轴线line of departure发射线bullet trajectory弹道bullet drop子弹下坠zero point归零点the line of sight is a straight line from the sight to the target, this line is above the barrel or boreline ,bullet drop is the vertical distance between the bore line and

14、the bullet path below it ,the bullet crosses the line of sight twice the second intersection with the line of sight is the zero point.瞄准线是从视线到目标的一条直线，这条瞄准线上方的是枪口射线。子弹下坠位于瞄准线和2个相交的点，第二个点就是称为归零点。垂直线之间的位置，弹头弹道和瞄准线有External BallisticsLine of departureIncrease elevation1 Bultettrajectory一.Un已3三事；1XtIf yo

15、u raise the angle of departure (increase elevation) the bulJet will travel farther and hit high.NEXT1if you raise the angle of departureincrease elevationthe bullet will travel farther and hit high如果你抬高枪口，提高你的枪械的仰角，这个子弹就会打的更远更高。Long Range Shooting External BallisticsLine of departureDecrease elevati

16、onBullet traiectory_ 二-_ 二. 1 11-fc l . r - f 七一一 If the elevation is decreased the angle of departure is less so the bullet does not travel as far and will hit low.NEXT |如果减少枪械仰角，子弹就会打近打低，这个是和前面讲的抬高仰角是相反的结果。lui iy rai iye oi iuulii ig 二External BallisticsTestlb zero the rifle would you increase or

17、decrease the elevation setting?INCREASE 口ECREASE|测试：步枪的归零数据需要提高仰角还是减少?Increase< 增力口 >Decreased少 >Long Kange bnootmg 4Any gun that is sighted-in on a levei range 凶ill shoot high f fired either upward or downward.The force of gravity works perpendicular to the lonzontal (horizon)* When a bull

18、et is fired at an angle, Its HORIZONTAL distance is less, so it spends less time being afFcctcd by gravitational force.；,- next Irange AA射程distance of range A = range BA射程距离=B射程rang BB射程gravity重力any gun that is sighted-in on a level range will shoot high if fired either upward or downward the force

19、of gravity works perpendicular to the horizontal <horizon>.when a bullet is fired at an angle it is horizontal distance is less ,so it spends less time being affected by gravitational force. 枪 械在水平射击中，由于弹头受到了地心引力作用，如果靠枪管轴线来对准目标射击，会导致弹丸打低和打近。所以要抬高枪口形成枪管于水平面的瞄准角，目标越远瞄准角越大。水平射击的时候，地心引力在弹道最上方于弹丸运动

20、方向成90度直角，弹丸的降落量大。而在仰俯角度射击的时候，会产生几个分力，导致重力影响变小，下降量比水平射击少。change in point of jmpact is significant,NEXT近距正负15度对子弹下坠数据影响比较小，但是在远距离射击中和超过这个度数的俯仰角 环境下需要考虑下坠量的影响，这个变化很大。air resistance空气阻力影响弹头飞行的第二个因素是空气阻力，阻力方向与子弹速度相反，速度越高，子弹受到的阻力就越大，相反就越小。low density低密度high density高密度空气密度会受到温度，大气压以及高度和湿度的影响。如果空气密度高，子弹受到的阻

21、力就 会增加，相反就会减少。External BallisticsYards叩 4002S 7.7260015.9480026.56100040.32As temperature3S 7.6815.8226.29如78 Elevation(mo)increases45 7.6415.7126.0339：26 decreases55 7.6015.5925.7838.76.55 7.5615.48253333.28.75 7.5215,3525,2937.80.85 7.4815.2725.0537349S 7,4415.1624.3136.88W5 7-4015.0524,5736.411 1

22、5 7.3614.94243235.94Air density decreases as temperature increases.As temperature increases, point of impact rises-NE)(T as temperature increases随着温度的增加elevation<moa>decreases仰角数据moa减少温度增加后空气密度就会降低，而温度增加后，弹着点就会升高。External BallisticsElevation (moa) decreases 可巾 albtud.SODISQD250035004500S5QQ650

23、075004。7.527.437347."7.187J17.046.97Range60。15.3815J31%8914.6714+4514.251407L3.89yardsBOO25.2924.7424.2323.7523.30工 2.8822.4322.11100037.8036.7B8234冉234.0333.*6.5631.S7Air density decreases at higher elevabons, therefore drag is less, The point of irnpact will Hsu wfth increasing eievation. As

24、m rule, slight corrections should be made with every 1000 feet of change in altitvde. Obviously, if you have sighted your rifle at a low attitude then go to a very high def your impact point wirti be significantly different at long rangesNEXT |altitude <feet>increases海拔英尺增加elevation<moa>

25、decreases with altitude仰角moa>随着海拔下降而减少空气密度会伴随海拔高度的增加而减少，阻力也会变小，子弹初速递减变慢，弹着点会随着海拔的上升而上升。一般来说海拔1000英尺变化就需要做一次修正，如果你在低海拔得到的弹道数据，来到非常 高 的 海拔去 射击， 会 导 致变化 加大。External BallisticsAltitude increasesBarornetnc pressure decreasesBarometric pressure, is a measure of air density.The higher the altitude the l

26、ower the barometric pressure.The barometric pressure published by weather bureaus has been adjusted for altitude so is not a true measure of the density of the air;The barometric pressures used to calcutdte tlie elevation and windage values For the simulations 15 the corrected standard barometnc pre

27、ssure for that altitude.NEXT Ialtitude increases海拔高度增加barometric pressure decreases大气压降低 空气密度数据可以通过大气压力来得出。海拔越高大气压力就越低, 模拟软件使用的是标准的大气压来实现调整仰角和风偏数据。Luny rditye oiluvcniy External BallisticsEnvironmental 匚QndJhcinAtr DensityPoint aif impactTemperature IncreasesDecreasesHrghAltitude increasesDecreasesH

28、ighBore metric pressure increasesIncreasesLowHumidity mcreasesDecreasesHigh (mtner)Believe it or not, humid air is less dense than dry air at the same pressure and temperature. However; humidity 自 minor effect on point of impact and has only a slight effect even if going from one extreme to another

29、and only at very long ranges.NEXTenvironmental condition环境条件air density空气密度point of impact弹着点temperature increasesdecreaseshigh温度升高减少高altitude increasesincreaseshigh海拔高度增加增加高barometric pressure increasesdecreaseslow大气压增加减少低humidity increasesdecreaseshigh <minor>湿度增加增加高轻微信小信由你，一样的气压和温度卜，空气的湿度对射

30、击影响比较小,仅仅在远程射击弹着点才会发生变化Long Range Shooting External BallisticsShock waves / .Another force which cau ses drag on the bullet is the speed of sound. Sou nd travel 破 112Q.27 fps tn standard midensity (-Q751When atravels faster thn the speed of sound, shock waves form around the buHet. The bullet must p

31、ush these shock waves and move the dia tong the surface of the wave front. This causes drag on the buHet slotng it down. A second shock wave occurs behind the bullet as air rushes In to fill a void left behind as the traveling bullet pushes the air aside.NEXT |shock waves冲击波导致弹头阻力的因素还有一个就是音速，声音的传播速度

32、为标准大气压环境下1120.27英尺每秒341.5米。如果弹头的飞行速度比声音快，在弹头的周围就有冲击波，弹头需要排开这些冲击波移动到冲击波的前端，这些因素就会影响弹头飞行速度变低。但是突破首障后， 会继续推动弹头前进。External Ballisticsdrag deceleration of the standard buhetC - drag deceleration of the actual bulletBallistic coefficient of a bullet ''C is equal to the drag deceleration of the sta

33、ndard bullet divided by the cka j deceieration of the actual bullet. The ballistic coefficient for the standard bullet is defined to be 1,000. Since the actual bullet usually slows dawn faster than the standard bullet, C is generally less than 1,0- The smaller the C value the faster the bullet slows down. See the Cibber dassroom for examples.The ballist