《高能物理导论》课程教案

1、高能物理导论课程教案目 录一、教学目的 通过课程学习，使学生掌握高能物理的基本理论、基本知识，了解高能物理基本应用和发展趋势等内容，从而对高能物理的知识体系和国内外的发展现状有一个整体的了解和认识。本课程的任务是培养同学们的近代物理发展兴趣。培养学生的自主学习、阅读原版专业书籍的能力，从而起到专业选修课所应有的扩展知识面的导向和方法的作用。通过吸取国外原版物理教材所具有的内容丰富多彩、知识面广而新的优点, 增加教学信息量,扩大学生的视野，结合课程内容有意识地指导学生开展科研活动。  通过接受国际先进的教学思想，教学体系，提高教学质量，激发学生的探索和创新精神、增强学生与国际接轨的适应

2、能力、造就具有高科学素养的新型人才。二、课程性质与地位物理学的专业选修课程，它系统地介绍高能物理的基本理论、基本知识等内容。是一门介绍近代物理前沿发展的课程。培养学生对高能物理和高能核物理的专业兴趣，为准备在相关方向发展的学生打下专业基础，扩展为准备从事中学教育的学生的知识面。三、教学方法教学原则： 教学相长、学问结合、师生互动。教学形式：  （ 1 ）教师讲授与课堂讨论相结合，适当开展启发讨论点评，师生互动，尝试探索研究型教学；（ 2 ）课堂教学、翻译练习、前沿讲座相结合，理论与实践紧密联系；教学手段与课堂形式：  主要采取多媒体课件、与作业等形式；对学生的要求：

3、60;做到课前预习、课后复习，按时完成作业，参加前沿讲座，多上网浏览。四、教学内容设计（说明：每一章包括该章的主要内容、教学目标、关键专业术语、网络资源及站点，参考文献和总结。其中，按每一节列出节目标、重点、主要内容和小结）Chapter 1：Quarks and leptons （第一章 夸克与轻子）Main Contents of Chapter 1（本章主要内容）：1.1 Preamble. 1.2 The Standard Model of particle physics 1.3 Particle classification: fermions and bosons 1.4 Par

4、ticles and antiparticles 1.5 Free particle wave equations 1.6 Helicity states: helicity conservation 1.7 Lepton flavours 1.8 Quark flavours 1.9 The cosmic connection Objectives（本章教学目标）：In this chapter, you will learn about:(1) What is high energy physics. The history and recent developments in eleme

5、ntary particle physics, as well as its connections with cosmology(2) Brief introduction of Standard Model of particle physics (3) The concept of antiparticle.(4) The property of lepton and quark(5) Particle physics in cosmology Key Terms（本章专业术语）:Standard Model 标准模型：粒子物理中描述电弱相互作用的成功理论。Pointlike 类点：没有

6、已知结构relativistic invariant. 相对论不变量：在相对论变换下保持不变的量Quark,lepton夸克、轻子: 组成物质世界的最小单元。Flavour 味道： 表示不同种类的夸克与轻子。Colour 颜色： 每种味道的夸克有3个、用于区分它们引入的自由度。Antiparticle 反粒子：反粒子与粒子有相同的质量和寿命，相反的电荷与磁矩。Helicity螺旋度： 粒子的自旋在动量方向投影的符号1.1 Preamble 1.1.1 Why high energies?1.1.2 Units in high energy physics1.1.3 Relativistic t

7、ransformations1.1.4 Fixed-target and colliding beam acceleratorsObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) The history and recent developments in elementary particle physics, (2) Why we need high energy(3) The units of length and energy in high energy(4) Fixed-target and in colliding-beam accelerators Focus（本节重点）:(1) T

8、he reason of particle physics need high energy(2) 4-momentum transfer in a reaction,(3) The relation between fixed-target and colliding-beam accelerators Main contents（本节主要内容）:1.1 Preamble1.1.1 Why we need high energies? (1) whether the particle is pointlike is depends on the spatial resolution of t

9、he 'probe' used to investigate possible structure. resolution (2) many of the elementary particles are extremely massive and the energy mc2 required to create them is correspondingly large.1.1.2 Units in high energy physics (1) femtometre 1 fm=10-15m , 1 GeV=10-3MeV=10-9eV(2) fine structure

10、constant 1.1.3 Relativistic transformations (1) relativistic relation betwen total energy E, the vector 3-momentum p and the rest mass m for a free particle E2=p2+m2(2) spacelike and timelike.1.1.4 Fixed-target and colliding beam accelerators The cms energy in Fixed-target and colliding beam system

11、1.2 The Standard Model of particle physics 1.2.1 The fundamental fermions1.2.2 The interactions1.2.3 Limitations of the Standard ModelObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) Learn the basic idea of Standard Model and its limitations(2) Know what are fundamental fermions(3) what are four types of fundamental interact

12、ion Focus（本节重点）:(1) lepton and quark(2) quark has fractional charges and colour(3) relative magnitudes of the four types of interaction, Main contents（本节主要内容）:1.2.1 The fundamental fermions lepton flavour , 6 leptons, quark flavour , 6 quarks, fractional charges and colour 'anomalies'1.2.2 T

13、he interactions Strong interactions, binding the quarks in hadron, gluon.Electromagnetic interactions: interactions are mediated by photon exchange.Weak interactions: ,-decay, W±: and Z0 bosons,Gravitational interactions: graviton.Strengths and mean lifetime of different interactions1.2.3 Limit

14、ations of the Standard Model 17 arbitrary parameters, Neutrinos masses; 1.3 Particle classification: fermions and bosons Objectives（本节教学目标）:Particle classification Focus（本节重点）:(1) fermions and bosons (2) spin-statistics theorem, (3) relative magnitudes of the four types of interaction, Main contents

15、（本节主要内容）:1.3 Particle classification: fermions and bosons fermions : half-integral spin, obey Fermi-Dirac statistics,bosons : integral spin, obey Bose-Einstein statistics spin-statistics theorem: wavefunctionunder exchange of identical bosons + is symmetric under exchange of identical fermions

16、- is antisymmetric Pauli principle: two or more identical fermions cannot exist in the same quantum state.1.4 Particles and antiparticles Objectives（本节教学目标）:Understand what is antiparticlesFocus（本节重点）:(1) negative energies and ideas of antiparticles(2) Dirac's original picture of antimatter Main

17、 contents（本节主要内容）:1.4 Particles and antiparticles relativistic relation between the total energy , momentum and rest mass of a particlenegative energies infinite stream of particles plane wavefunctionantiparticles: exactly equal but opposite electrical charge and magnetic moment, and otherwise ident

18、ical. Dirac sea: Discover antiparticles1.5 Free particle wave equations Objectives（本节教学目标）:Study free particle wave equationsFocus（本节重点）:(1) quantum relativistic wave equation(2) Dirac equations and Weyl equations Main contents（本节主要内容）:1.5 Free particle wave equations Klein-Gordon wave equation: sui

19、table for describing spinless (or scalar) bosonsreplace the quantities E and P by the quantum mechanical operators from relativistic relation between the E , p and m Dirac equations : set out to formulate a wave equation symmetric in space and time, which was first order in both derivatives. Weyl eq

20、uations: massless particles, matrices,1.6 Helicity states: helicity conservation Objectives（本节教学目标）:Understand what is helicityFocus（本节重点）:(1) Weyl equations(2) helicity states: Main contents（本节主要内容）:1.6 Helicity states: helicity conservation Helicity H：the sign of the component of spin of the parti

21、cle in the direction of motion Lorentz-invariant quantity for a massless particle,H = + 1 right-handed (RH), RH particle or a LH antiparticle state.H = -1 left-handed (LH)，LH particle or a RH antiparticle state,.Dirac equation,：finite mass term, not pure helicity eigenstates ，admixture of LH and RH

22、functions.Helicity conservation: in strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions,1.7 Lepton flavours Objectives（本节教学目标）:Learn the property of leptonFocus（本节重点）:(1) lepton flavour numbers, neutrinos(2) lepton number conservation,: Main contents（本节主要内容）:1.7 Lepton flavours Charged leptons：e , , under

23、go both electromagnetic and weak interactions,Neutrinos; left-handed, only weak interactionsAntineutrino: right-handed.lepton numbers conservation 1.8 Quark flavours Objectives（本节教学目标）:Learn the property of quarkFocus（本节重点）:(1) quark flavour(2) hadron: baryon and meson,: (3) hadron property Main con

24、tents（本节主要内容）:1.8 Quark flavours Baryon: three quark state , meson : quark-antiquark pairHadron: baryon and mesonQuark quantum number: S.C,B,Tquantum chromodynamics (QCD). theory of interquark forces,Baryon numbers conservation: can only be created or destroyed in pairs, History of discover quark1.9

25、 The cosmic connection 1.9.1 Early work in cosmic rays1.9.2 Particle physics in cosmology Objectives（本节教学目标）:(1) Know the history of particle discoveries in cosmic rays (2) Know particle physics in cosmologyFocus（本节重点）:(1) 'soft' and 'hard'component of the cosmic rays.(2) , and Yukaw

26、a particle(3) cosmological aspects of particle physics Main contents（本节主要内容）:1.9.1 Early work in cosmic rays The history of find , , and their lifetimeelectron-photon cascades Yukawa particles and 'strange particles',1.9.2 Particle physics in cosmology evolution of the universe and 'Big

27、Bang'.'dark matter'.Chapter 2：Interactions and fields （第二章 相互作用与场）Main Contents of Chapter 2（本章主要内容）：2.1 Classical and quantum pictures of interactions2.2 The Yukawa theory of quantum exchange2.3 The boson propagator2.4 Feynman diagrams2.5 Electromagnetic interactions2.6 Renormalisation

28、and gauge invariance2.7 Strong interactions2.8 Weak and electroweak interactions2.9 Gravitational interactions2.10 The interaction cross-section2.11 Decays and resonancesObjectives（本章教学目标）：In this chapter, you will learn about:(1) The boson propagator.(2) How to draw Feynman diagrams? (3) Renormalis

29、ation and gauge invariance.(4) Four elementary interactions: strong, weak, electroweak, gravitational interactions(5) How to calculate the interaction cross-section(6) Whats resonances?Key Terms（本章专业术语）:Propagator传播子: 传递粒子与场之间作用的粒子.Feynman diagram费曼图: 用来描叙粒子与场之间相互作用的一种图形表示.Strong interactions强作用: 作用

30、于强子之间的力, 距离最短(大约10-1510-10m).Weak and electroweak interactions 弱作用与电弱作用.Jet喷注：气(液)体由喷口喷出的过程及其形成的气(液)柱.Interaction cross-section相互作用截面: 粒子之间发生相互作用概率大小.Resonances共振态:两(多)个粒子结合成一个具有极短寿命的复合粒子.2.1 Classical and quantum pictures of interactions2.1.1 Classical picture of interactions2.1.2 quantum picture o

31、f interactionsObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) Know the classical picture of interactions(2) Know the quantum picture of interactions(3) Why introduce the virtual quanta？ Focus（本节重点）:(1) Classical picture of interactions(2) Quantum picture of interaction（3）Virtual photons Main contents（本节主要内容）:2.1.1 Classical

32、 picture of interactionsa potential or field due to one charged particle acting on anotheran exchange interaction2.1.2 quantum picture of interactionsthe exchange being of a specific quantumEth virtual transient quanta electromagnetic interaction exchange (emission and absorption) virtual photons 2.

33、2 The Yukawa theory of quantum exchange2.2.1 The Yukawa theory2.2.2 Strong nuclear chargeObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) Whats exchange of masiive quanta?(2) The Yukawa theory(3) Whats the “strong nuclear charge” g0？ Focus（本节重点）:(1) The Yukawa theory(2) Quantum exchangeMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.2.1 The Yukawa

34、theoryThe interaction for nuclear forces was due to exchange of massive quanta 2.2.2 Strong nuclear charge g0 constant，the strength of the point source.2.3 The boson propagator2.3.1 The boson propagator2.3.2 Virtual ParticlesObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) How to descried the potential U(r)?(2) Whats the cou

35、pling strength?(3) Whats the propagator? (4) Whats the virtual particles?Focus（本节重点）:(1) The boson propagator(2) Quantum exchange(3) Virtual ParticlesMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.3.1 The boson propagatorboson exchange a propagator term (q2+m2)-12.3.2 Virtual Particles unobservable, not the physical mass

36、m, q2=|p|2-m22.4 Feynman diagrams2.4.1 Feynman diagrams2.4.2 AntimatterObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) How to draw a Feynman diagrams?(2) How to calculate the matrix element?(3) Whats antimatter?Focus（本节重点）:(1) Feynman diagrams(2) the matrix elementMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.4.1 Feynman diagramsThe rulesSome si

37、mples2.4.2 Virtual Particles Feynman-Stückelberg interpretationSome simples2.5 Electromagnetic interactions2.5.1 The fine structure constant2.5.2 The electromagnetic vertex2.5.3 The coupling constant for higher order diagramsObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) Whats the coupling constant?(2) Whats and how t

38、o describe the electromagnetic Vertex(3) Whats the magnetic moment of the 'Dirac' electron ?Focus（本节重点）:(1) Coupling constant a(2) Electromagnetic interactions(3) Coupling constant for higher order diagramsMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.5.1 The fine structure constantcoupling constant for electroma

39、gnetic interactionsSome simples2.5.2 Electromagnetic VertexSome simples2.5.3 The coupling constant for higher order diagrams (g - 2)/2 , g = 2 in the Dirac theory 2.6 Renormalisation and gauge invariance2.6.1 Renormalisation2.6.2 Gauge invariance2.6.3 Running of aObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) Whats and why

40、 introduce the renormalisation?(2) Whats gauge invariance?(3) Whats the running of a?Focus（本节重点）:(1) Renormalisation(2) Gauge invariance(3) Running of aMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.6.1 RenormalisationAs a simple : a single electron emitting and reabsorbing a virtual photon2.6.2 Gauge invariancenecessary

41、for renormalisability2.6.3 Running of a a is NOT a constant. Give a simple 2.7 Strong interactions2.7.1 Single-gluon exchange2.7.2 Strong interaction potential2.7.3 Colored Quarks/Gluons and Color FieldObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) Whats colour charges and exchanges?(2) Whats strong interaction potential U

42、?(3) Whats color and color field?Focus（本节重点）:(1) Single-gluon exchange(2) Strong interaction(3) Color fieldMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.7.1 Single-gluon exchangeSome simples. ee scattering and gluons self-interaction2.7.2 Strong interaction potential, confinement at large r, as12.7.3 Colored Quarks/Gluon

43、s and Color Field Color-charged quarks are confined in hadrons Baryons and mesons are color-neutral just as red-green-blue makes white light2.8 Weak and electroweak interactions2.8.1 Weak Interaction2.8.2 Electroweak theoryObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) What character has the weak interaction?(2) Study muon

44、 decay(3) Know the electroweak theoryFocus（本节重点）:(1) Weak interaction(2) Electroweak theoryMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.8.1 Weak InteractionaW/a10-5, muon decay and the neutrino in the neutron decay processsome examples of weak boson exchanges2.8.2 Electroweak theory aW0.03 MW,Z 90GeV2.9 Gravitational in

45、teractions2.9.1 Gravity2.9.2 Gravitational interactionsObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) Know the Gravity(2) Know the effect of Gravitational interactionsFocus（本节重点）:Gravitational interactionsMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.9.1 Gravity Not effect in paticle physics. The Gravitational coupling is negligibly small. GN2.

46、9.2 Gravitational interactions In planck scale, it is important. Gravity is cumulative.2.10 The interaction cross-section2.10.1 Matrix element2.10.2 Normalization2.10.3 Cross-section2.10.4 Spin effect2.10.5 Crossed reactions Objectives（本节教学目标）:(1) To calculate the matrix element between initial and

47、final states(2) To calculate the cross-section of the interactions(3) Know the crossed reactionsFocus（本节重点）:(1) Matrix element(2) Cross-sectionMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.10.1 Matrix elementMif include coupling constants propagator, angular dependence of reaction rate2.10.2 Normalizationnormalization fa

48、ctors V-12.10.3 Cross-sectionA simple (a+b->c+d)2.10.4 Spin effectmultiplying by the factor gf /gi.2.10.5 Crossed reactionsGive a simple (a+b->c+d)2.11 Decays and resonances2.11.1 Decays2.11.2 ResonancesObjectives（本节教学目标）:(1) To calculate the lifetime, decay rate (2) know the Breit-Wigner form

49、ula for resonancesFocus（本节重点）:(1) Decays(2) Breit-Wigner formula for resonancesMain contents（本节主要内容）:2.11.1 Decaysthe lifetime, decay rate2.11.2 Resonances Breit-Wigner formula, calculate the cross sectionSummary（本章总结）：(1) Quantum theory, action at a distance is indeed viewed in terms of an exchange

50、 interaction, the exchange being of a specific quantum,associated with the particular type of interaction (2) Yukawa theory describe nuclear forces due to exchange of massive quanta. (3) Particle scattering can be described the ex-change boson propagator.(4) The sum of all time orderings are represe

51、nted by Feynman diagrams(5) Quantum electrodynamics (QED), prototype quantum field theory. characterised by two crucial properties, renonnalisability and gauge inariance (6) Four interactions: strong, weak, electroweak, gravitational interactions (as>aW,Z)(7) The interaction cross-section describ

52、ed the strength of a particular interaction between two particles.(8) Resonances broad states formed by collision between the particles into which they decay.Chapter 3：Invariance principles and conservation laws （第三章 不变性和守恒律）Main Contents of Chapter 1（本章主要内容）：3.1 Translation and rotation operators 3

53、.2 The parity operation 3.3 Pion spin and parity 3.4 Parity of particles and antiparticles 3.5 Tests of parity conservation 3.6 Charge conjugation invariance 3.7 Charge conservation and gauge invariance 3.8 Baryon and lepton conservation 3.9 CPT invariance 3.10 CP violation and T violation 3.11 Neut

54、ron electric dipole moment 3.12 Isospin symmetry 3.13 Isospin in the two-nucleon and pion-nucleon systems 3.14 Isospin, strangeness and hypercharge Objectives（本章教学目标）：In this chapter, you will learn about:(1) The symmetry or invariance of the equations describing a physical system under an operation

55、, such as a translation or rotation in space, is a very important concept in physics.(2) What is the parity operation? The concept of parity conservation.(3) The concept of charged conjugation invariance.(4) The concept of charge conservation and gauge invariance.(5) The concept of baryon and lepton

56、 conservation.(6) What is CPT invariance? Why it is important? The concept of CP violation and T violation.(7) The concept of isospin symmetry and its application.Key Terms（本章专业术语）:parity conservation宇称：a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion.Charge conjugation invariance 电荷对称不变性：Charge conjugation invariance states that the rate of a process is identical to the rate of a similar process with all particles replaced by their antiparticl