2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一)

1、谢谢观赏2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一)SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AsformercolonistsofGreatBritain,theFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesadoptedmuchofthelegalsystemofGreatBritain.Wehavea“commonlaw”,orlawmadebyco

2、urts1amonarchorothercentralgovernmental2likealegislature.Thejury,a3ofordinarycitizenschosentodecideacase,isan4partofourcommon-lawsystem.Useofjuriestodecidecasesisa5featureoftheAmericanlegalsystem.FewothercountriesintheworldusejuriesaswedointheUnitedStates.6thecenturies,manypeoplehavebelievedthatjuri

3、esinmostcasesreachafairerandmorejustresult7wouldbeobtainedusingajudge8,asmanycountriesdo.9ajurydecidescasesafter“10”，ordiscussionsamongagroupofpeople,thejurysdecisionislikelytohavethe11frommanydifferentpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds,whomustasagroupdecidewhatisright.Juriesareusedinbothcivilcases,whic

4、hdecide12among13citizens,andcriminalcases,whichdecidecasesbroughtbythegovernment14thatindividualshavecommittedcrimes.JuriesareselectedfromtheU.S.citizensand15.Jurors,consistingof16numbers,arecalledforeachcaserequiringajury.Thejudge17tothecase18theselectionofjurorstoserveasthejuryforthatcase.Insomest

5、ates,19jurorsarequestionedbythejudge;inothers,theyarequestionedbythelawyersrepresentingthe20underrulesdictatedbystatelaw.1 .AotherthanBratherthanCmorethanDorrather2 .AagencyBorganizationCinstitutionDauthority3 .ApanelBcrewCbandDflock4 .AinnateBintactCintegralDintegrated5 .AdiscriminatingBdistinguish

6、ingCdeterminingDdiminishing6 .AInBByCAfterDOver7 .AthatBwhichCthanDas8 .AalikeBaloneCaltogetherDapart9 .AAlthoughBBecauseCIfDWhile10 .AdeliberationsBmeditationsCreflectionsDspeculations11 .AoutlineBoutcomeCinputDintake12 .AargumentsBcontroversiesCdisputesDhostilities13 .AfellowBindividualCpersonalDp

7、rivate14 .AassertingBallegingCmaintainingDtestifying15 .AsummonedBevokedCralliedDassembled16 .AsetBexactCgivenDplaced17 .AallocatedBallottedCappointedDassigned18 .AadministersBmanagesCoverseesDpresides19 .AinspectiveBirrespectiveCperspectiveDprospective20 .AbodiesBpartiesCsidesDunitsSectionHReadingC

8、omprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextOneItsplaincommonsensethemorehappinessyoufeel,thelessunhappinessyouexperience.Itsplaincommonsense,butitsnottrue.Recentresearchrevealsthathappinessandunh

9、appinessarenotreallytwosidesofthesameemotion.Theyaretwodistinctfeelingsthat,coexisting,riseandfallindependently.Peoplemightthinkthatthehigherapersonslevelofunhappiness,thelowertheirlevelofhappinessandviceversa.Butwhenresearchersmeasurepeoplesaveragelevelsofhappinessandunhappiness,theyoftenfindlittle

10、relationshipbetweenthetwo.Therecognitionthatfeelingsofhappinessandunhappinesscanco-existmuchlikeloveandhateinacloserelationshipmayoffervaluablecluesonhowtoleadahappierlife.Itsuggests,forexample,thatchangingoravoidingthingsthatmakeyoumiserablemaywellmakeyoulessmiserable,butprobablywontmakeyouanyhappi

11、er.Thatadviceisbackedupbyanextraordinaryseriesofstudieswhichindicatethatageneticpredispositionforunhappinessmayrunincertainfamilies.Ontheotherhand,researchershavefoundhappinessdoesntappeartobeanyonesheritage.Thecapacityforjoyisatalentyoudeveloplargelyforyourself.Psychologistshavesettledonaworkingdef

12、initionofthefeelinghappinessisasenseofsubjectivewell-being.Theyhavealsobeguntofindoutwhoshappy,whoisntandwhy.Todate,theresearchhasntfoundasimpleformulaforahappylife,butithasdiscoveredsomeoftheactionsandattitudesthatseemtobringpeopleclosertothatmostdesiredoffeelings.Whyisunhappinesslessinfluencedbyen

13、vironment?Whenwearehappy,wearemoreresponsivetopeopleandkeepupconnectionsbetterthanwhenwearefeelingsad.Thisdoesntmean,however,thatsomepeopleareborntobesadandthatsthat.Genesmaypredisposeonetounhappiness,butdispositioncanbeinfluencedbypersonalchoice.Youcanincreaseyourhappinessthroughyourownactions.21.

14、Accordingtothetext,itistruethatA unhappinessismoreinheritedthanaffectedbyenvironment.B happinessandunhappinessaremutuallyconditional.C unhappinessissubjecttoexternalmorethaninternalfactors.D happinessisanuncontrollablesubjectivefeeling.22. TheauthorarguesthatonecanachievehappinessbyA maintainingitat

15、anaveragelevel.B escapingmiserableoccurrencesinlife.C pursuingitwithonespainstakingeffort.D realizingitscoexistencewithunhappiness.23. Thephrase“Todate”(Para.4)canbebestreplacedbyA Asaresult.B Inaddition.C Atpresent.D Untilnow.24. Whatdoyouthinktheauthorbelievesabouthappinessandunhappiness?A Onefeel

16、sunhappyowingtohismiserableorigin.B TheyareindependentbutexistingconcurrentlyC Onefeelshappybyparticipatinginmoreactivities.D Theyareactionsandattitudestakenbyhumanbeings.25. Thesentence“Thatsthat”(Para.5)probablymeans:SomepeopleareborntobesadA andthesituationcannotbealtered.B andhappinessremainsina

17、ccessible.C buttheydontthinkmuchaboutit.D buttheyremainunconsciousofit.TextTwoWhatarethecharacteristicsofamediator?Foremost,themediatorneedstobeseenasarespectedneutral,objectivethirdpartywhoiscapableofweighingoutfairnessintheresolutionofaconflict.Themediatormustbetrustedbybothpartiestocomeupwithasol

18、utionthatwillprotectthemfromshame.Whilethecentralissueisjustice,theoutcomeneedstobewin-win,nolosers.Theabilitiestolistenimpartially,suspendjudgment,andaccuratelygatherandassessinformationareotherimportantcharacteristics.Finally,tofunctioneffectivelythemediatormusthavepower(financial,status,position)

19、,sothatbothpartieswilltakeseriouslyandabidebythemediatorsjudgment.Ifonepartyrefusedtocooperate,heorsheshouldfearthepossibilityofbeingshamedandlosingfacebeforethemediatorandthewholecommunity.Ifthatrealpossibilitydoesnotenterthemindsofbothparties,themediatorwillbeineffective.Inseveralcountriesmediator

20、sarestillusedtofindabrideforaman.Usuallythisisajobfortheparents,andtheyinturnemploytheservicesofamediator.Becausethiseventtakesmuchplanning,theparentswilltrytoidentifythemediatorwellinadvance.Sincetheseservicessometimesrequirereward,moneymustbesaved.Orinsomecasesparentstrytodoanumberoffavorsfortheme

21、diatorsothatheorshewillfeelindebtednessandperformtheserviceasakindofrepayment.Theparentswilltrytogetthemostinfluentialmediatorpossible,toboosttheirchancesofbeingapprovedbythepotentialbridesparents.Theyoungwomansparentswillnotwanttoriskshamebyturningdownarequestfromsuchanimportantpersonsothereasoning

22、goes.Ofcourse,thehigher-rankedthemediator,thehigherthecostoftheservices.Complicatingtheprocessisthefactthatturningdownthemediatorisalsoaslightofthepotentialgroomandhisparents,whichwilllikelygenerateconflictbetweenthefamilies.Ifthepartiesarenotcareful,theentirecommunitycantakesides.Onewaytoalleviatet

23、hiseventualityisfortheyoungwomansfamilytoidentifyaflawthatwouldmakeheralessdesirableprospect.Theymightsay,“Sheissickly.”or“Shemaynotbeabletobearchildren.”Althoughnoneofthesestatementsmaybetrue,andprobablyeveryoneknowstheyarent,theydoprovideawayfortheyoungmansparentstowithdrawtheirrequestforaperfectl

24、ylegitimatereason.Everyonesavesface,atleastatthesurface,andpeaceispreserved.26. ThecharacteristicsofamediatorincludeallofthefollowingexceptA unbiasedjudgmentofarguments.B hardprudenceindecision-making.C impartialtreatmenttoaconflict.D remarkableinsightintocontroversies.27. Theauthordeemsitimportantf

25、oramediatorA tobequitewealthyandconsiderate.B tobepowerfultoshameeitherparty.C tojustifythesolutionofaconflict.D tohavehighstatustofeararguers.28. Insomecourtiers,youngpeoplesmarriageA isindependentoftheirparentswill.B needscarefulvaluationinadvance.C costsasmallfortuneoftheirfamily.D isusuallyfacil

26、itatedbyamediator.29. TherequestofthegroomsparentsmaybeturneddownunlessA theymanagetohireaqualifiedmediator.B theymaketheirbestchoiceatallrisks.C theyoungwomansparentswanttoloseface.D thebridesparentsdaretooffendthemediator.30. ItmaybethebestwaytoresolveaconflictforA theentirecommunitytooffersupport

27、.B amediatortobeidentifiedbybothsides.C theoutcomeofmediationtobeacceptable.D avalidexcusetosparebothsidesblushes.TextThreeTheInternet,likeitsnetworkpredecessors,hasturnedouttobefarmoresocialthantelevision,andinthisrespect,theimpactoftheInternetmaybemorelikethatofthetelephonethanofTV.Ourresearchhass

28、hownthatinterpersonalcommunicationisthedominantuseoftheInternetathome.ThatpeopleusetheInternetmainlyforinterpersonalcommunication,however,doesnotimplythattheirsocialinteractionsandrelationshipsontheInternetarethesameastheirtraditionalsocialinteractionsandrelationships,orthattheirsocialusesoftheInter

29、netwillhaveeffectscomparabletotraditionalsocialactivity.WhethersocialusesoftheInternethavepositiveornegativeeffectsmaydependonhowtheInternetshapesthebalanceofstrongandweaknetworktiesthatpeoplemaintain.Strongtiesarerelationshipsassociatedwithfrequentcontact,deepfeelingsofaffectionandobligation,wherea

30、sweaktiesarerelationshipswithsuperficialandeasilybrokenbonds,infrequentcontact,andnarrowfocus.Strongandweaktiesalikeprovidepeoplewithsocialsupport.Weaktiesincludingweakonlineties,areespeciallyusefulforlinkingpeopletoinformationandsocialresourcesunavailableinpeoplesclosest,localgroups.Nonetheless,str

31、ongsocialtiesaretherelationshipsthatgenerallybufferpeoplefromlifesstressesandthatleadtobettersocialandpsychologicaloutcomes.Peoplereceivemostoftheirsocialsupportfrompeoplewithwhomtheyareinmostfrequentcontact,andbiggerfavorscomefromthosewithstrongerties.Generally,strongpersonaltiesaresupportedbyphysi

32、calproximity.TheInternetpotentiallyreducestheimportanceofphysicalproximityincreatingandmaintainingnetworksofstrongsocialties.Unlikeface-to-faceinteractionoreventhetelephone,theInternetoffersopportunitiesforsocialinteractionsthatdonotdependonthedistancebetweenparties.PeopleoftenusetheInternettokeepup

33、withthosewithwhomtheyhavepreexistingrelationships.Buttheyalsodevelopnewrelationshipson-line.Mostofthesenewrelationshipsareweak.MUDs,newsgroups,andchatroomsputpeopleincontactwithapoolofnewgroups,buttheseon-line“mixers”aretypicallyorganizedaroundspecifictopics,oractivities,andrarelyrevolvearoundlocalc

34、ommunityandclosefamilyandfriends.Whetheratypicalrelationshipdevelopedon-linebecomesasstrongasatypicaltraditionalrelationshipandwhetherhavingon-linerelationshipschangesthenumberorqualityofapersonstotalsocialinvolvementsareopenquestions.EmpiricalevidenceabouttheimpactoftheInternetonrelationshipsandsoc

35、ialinvolvementissparse.ManyauthorshavedebatedwhethertheInternetwillpromotecommunityorundercutit.Muchofthisdiscussionhasbeenspeculativeandanecdotal,orisbasedoncross-sectionaldatawithsmallsamples.31. ThetextismainlyaboutA thedominanceofinterpersonalcommunication.B strongandweakpersonaltiesovertheInter

36、net.C thedifferencebetweenoldandmodernrelationships.D anempiricalresearchontheInternetanditsimpact.32. ItisimpliedinthetextthatA theInternetinteractionscanrivaltraditionalones.B televisionisinferiortotelephoneinsocialeffect.C stronglinksarefarmorevalidthanweakones.D theInternetfeatureseveryhomeandco

37、mmunity.33. Theword“buffer”(Para.2)canprobablybereplacedbyAdeviate.Balleviate.Cshield.Ddistract.34. Accordingtotheauthor,theInternetcanA eliminatethehindranceofthedistance.B weakentheintimatefeelingsamongpeople.C providepeoplewithclosephysicalcontacts.D enhanceourabilitytoremovesocialstresses.35. Fr

38、omthetextwecaninferthatA theevidencefortheeffectoftheInternetseemsabundant.B thesocialimpactoftheInternethasbeenbarelystudiedenough.C somediscussionsareconclusiveaboutthefunctionoftheInternet.D randomsampleshavewitnessedthepositiveinfluenceoftheInternet.TextFourLeadershipishardlyanewareaofresearch,o

39、fcourse.Foryears,academicshavedebatedwhetherleadersarebornormade,whetherapersonwholackscharisma(capacitytoinspiredevotionandenthusiasm)canbecomealeader,andwhatmakesleadersfail.WarrenG.Bennis,possiblythepossiblytheworldsforemostexpertonleading,has,togetherwithhisco-author,writtentwobest-sellersonthet

40、opic.Generally,researchershavefoundthatyoucantexplainleadershipbywayofintelligence,birthorder,familywealthorstability,levelofeducation,race,orsex.Fromoneleadertothenext,theresenormousvarianceineveryoneofthosefactors.Theauthorsresearchledtoanewandtellingdiscovery:thateveryleader,regardlessofage,hadun

41、dergoneatleastoneintense,transformationalexperiencewhattheauthorscalla“crucible”(severetest).Theseeventscaneithermakeyouorbreakyou.Foremergingleaders,theydomoremakingthanbreaking,providingkeylessonstohelpapersonmoveaheadconfidently.Ifacruciblehelpsapersontobecomeleader,therearefouressentialqualities

42、thatallowsomeonetoremainone,accordingtotheauthors.Theyare:an“adaptivecapacity”thatletspeoplenotonlysurviveinevitablesetbacks,heartbreaks,anddifficultiesbutalsolearnfromthem;anabilitytoengageothersthroughsharedmeaningoracommonvision;adistinctiveandcompellingvoicethatcommunicatesonesconvictionanddesir

43、etodotherightthing;andasenseofintegritythatallowsaleadertodistinguishbetweengoodandevil.Thatsoundsobviousenoughtobecommonplace,untilyoulookatsomerecentfailuresthatshowhowvalidthesedictums(formalstatementsofopinion)are.TheauthorsbelievethatformerCoca-ColaCo.ChairmanM.DouglasIvesterlastedjust28monthsb

44、ecause“hisgraspofcontextwassorrowful.”Amongotherthings,IvesterdegradedCokeshighest-rankingAfrican-Americanevenasthecompanywaslosinga$200millionclassactionbroughtbyblackemployees.Procter&GambleCo.ex-CEODurkJagerlosthisjobbecausehefailedtocommunicatetheurgentneedforthesweepingchangeshewasmaking.It

45、sstriking,too,thattheauthorsfoundtheirgeezers(whoseformativeperiod,astheauthorsdefinethem,was1945to1954,andwhowereshapedbyWorldWarII)sharingwhattheybelievedtobeacriticaltraitthesenseofpossibilityandwondermoreoftenassociatedwithchildhood.“Unlikethosedefeatedbytimeandage,ourgeezershaveremainedmuchlike

46、ourgeeks(whocameofagebetween1991and2000,andgrewup“virtual,visual,anddigital”)open,willingtotakerisks,hungryforknowledgeandexperience,courageous,andeagertoseewhatthenewdaybrings”,theauthorswrite.36. ThetextindicatesthatleadershipresearchA hasbeenacontroversialstudyforyears.B predictshowaleadercomesto

47、be.C definesthelikelihoodtobealeader.D probesthemysteriesofleadership.37. AccordingtoBennis,thetraitsharedbyleadersconsistsofA toplevelsofintelligenceandeducationanddevotion.B remarkableabilitytoencouragepeoplewithloyaltyandhope.C strikingqualitiesofgoingthroughserioustrialsandsufferings.D strongper

48、sonalitiesthatarouseadmirationandconfidence.38. ThefavorableeffectofacrucibledependsonwhetheraleaderA proveshimself/herselftobeanewlyemergentone.B acceptsitasausefulexperienceforprogress.C shrinksbackfromtiringandtryingexperiences.D drawsimportantlessonsforhis/herfollowers.39. Aleadercanhardlymainta

49、inhis/herpositionunlesshe/sheA fulfilsallnecessaryqualityrequirements.B helpspeopletopreventdefeatsandsorrows.C failstoattractpeoplewithcommonconcerns.D lacksappealingandstrengthofcharacter.40. TheauthorsdictumscanbejustifiedbythefactthatA DouglasIvesterdefeatedahighest-rankingblackemployeeinasuit.B

50、 DurkJagerwasdismissedowingtohispoorcommunicatingability.C Geezerscouldnterasethebrandsstampedinchildhood.D Geeksaresensibleenoughtomeetdangersandchallenges.PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandl

51、astparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A PhysicalChangesB LowSelf-EsteemC EmergingIndependenceandSearchforIdentityD EmotionalTurbulenceE InterestintheOppositeSexF PeerPressureandConformityThetransitiontoadulthoodisdif

52、ficult.Rapidphysicalgrowthbeginsinearlyadolescencetypicallybetweentheagesof9and13andthoughtprocessesstarttotakeonadultcharacteristics.Manyyoungstersfindthesechangesdistressingbecausetheydonotfullyunderstandwhatishappeningtothem.Fearsandanxietiescanbeputtorestbysimplykeepinganopenlineofcommunicationa

53、ndpreparingforchangebeforeitoccurs.Themainissuesthatariseduringadolescenceare:(41)Achildsselfworthisparticularlyfragileduringadolescence.Teenagersoftenstrugglewithanoverwhelmingsensethatnobodylikesthem,thattheyrenotasgoodasotherpeople,thattheyarefailures,losers,uglyorunintelligent.(42)Someformofbodi

54、lydissatisfactioniscommonamongpre-teens.Ifdissatisfactionisgreat,itmaycausethemtobecomeshyorveryeasilyembarrassed.Inothercases,teensmayacttheoppositeloudandangryinanefforttocompensateforfeelingsofself-consciousnessandinferiority.Asalarmingasthesebodilychangescanbe,adolescentsmayfinditequallydistress

55、ingtonotexperiencethechangesatthesametimeastheirpeers.Latematurationcancausefeelingsofinferiorityandawkwardness.(43)Youngpeoplefeelmorestronglyabouteverythingduringadolescence.Fearsbecomemorefrightening,pleasuresbecomefrustrationsbecomemoreintolerable.Everyexperienceappearsking-sizedduringadolescenc

56、e.Youngstershavingadifficultadolescencemaybecomeseriouslydepressedand/orengageinself-destructivebehavior.Often,thefirstcluethatateenagerneedsprofessionalhelpisadeep-rootedshiftinattitudeandbehavior.Parentsshouldbealerttothewarningsignsofpersonalitychangeindicatingthatateenagerneedshelp.Theyincludere

57、peatedschoolabsences,slumpinggrades,useofalcoholorillegalsubstances,hostileordangerousbehaviorandextremewithdrawalandreclusiveness.more exciting,irritationsbecome more distressingand(44)Thereistremendouspressureonadolescentstoconformtothestandardsoftheirpeers.Thispressuretowardconformitycanbedangerousinthatitappliesnotonlytoclothingandhairstyles;itmayleadthemtodothingsthattheyknowarewrong.(45)Adolescencemarksaperiodofincreasingindependencethatoftenleadstoconflictbetweenteenagersandparents.Thist