带有只读存储器的单片机集成电路中英文翻译

1、英文原文:Microcontroller Integrated Circuit with Read Only Memory Microcontroller integrated circuit comprises a processor core which exchanges data with at least one data processing and storage device. The integrated circuit comprises a mash-programmed read only memory containing a generic program such

2、 as a test program which can be executed by the microcontroller. The genetic program includes a basic function for writing data into the data progressing or storage device or devices .The write function is used to load a downloading program. Because a downloading program is not permanently stored in

3、 the read only memory. the microcontroller can be tested independently of the application program .and remains standard with regard to the type of memory component with which it can be used in a system.In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. Th

4、e storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because

5、the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the systems behavior would contain sections that performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its as

6、sociated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing sof

7、tware.Microcomputers use RAM (Random Access Memory into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in whi ch it was written, hence the expression random access mem

8、ory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can b

9、e read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable

10、by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs.The mi

11、croprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed forcontrolling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information

12、transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.Anoth

13、er major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. Here the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user because provision is normally made for programming the microcomputer for the particular application. In process control applications the benefits lf f

14、itting the entire system on to single chip are usually outweighed by the high design cost involved, because this sort lf equipment is produced in smaller quantities. Moreover, process controllers are usually more complicated so that it is more difficult to make them as single integrated circuits. Tw

15、o approaches are possible; the controller can be implemented as a general-purpose microcomputer rather like a more robust version lf a hobby computer, or as a packaged system, signed for replacing controllers based on older technologies such as electromagnetic relays. In the former case the system w

16、ould probably be programmed in conventional programming languages such as the ones to9 be introduced later, while in the other case a special-purpose language might be used, for example one which allowed the function of the controller to be described in terms of relay interconnections, In either cas

17、e programs can be stored in RAM, which allows them to be altered to suit changes in application, but this makes the overall system vulnerable to loss lf power unless batteries are used to ensure continuity of supply. Alternatively programs can be stored in ROM, in which case they virtually become pa

18、rt of t he electronic hardware and are often referred to as firmware.To be more precise ,the invention concerns a microcontroller integrated circuit .A microcontroller is usually a VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration integrated circuit containing all or most of the components of a “computer”. Its func

19、tion is not predefined but depends on the program that it executes.A microcontroller necessarily comprises a processor core including a command sequence (which is a device distributing various control signals to the instructions of a program,an arithmetic and logic unit (for processing the data and

20、registers(which are specialized memory units.The other components of the “computer” can be either internal or external to the microcontroller, however, In other words ,the other component are integrated into either the microcontroller or auxiliary circuits.These other components of the “computer”are

21、 data processing and storage devices, for example read only or random access memory containing the program to be executed, clocks and interfaces(serial or parallel.As a general rule ,a system based on a microcontroller therefore comprises a microchip containing the microcontroller, and a plurality o

22、f microchips containing the external data processing and storage devices which are not integrated into the microcontroller. A microcontroller-based system of this kind comprises, for example, one or more printed circuit boards on which the microcontroller and the other components are mounted.It is t

23、he application program, I, e, the program which is executed by the microcontroller, which determines the overall operation of the microcontroller system. Each application program is therefore specific to a separate application.In most current application the application program is too large to be he

24、ld in the microcontroller and is therefore stored in a memory external to the microcontroller, This program memory, which has only to be read , not written, is generally a reprogrammable read only memory(REPROM.After the application program has been programmed in memory and then started in order to

25、be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller system may not function a expected.In the last unfavorable situation this is a minor dysfunction of the system and the microcontroller is still able to dialog with a test station via a serial or parallel interface, This test station is then abl

26、e to determin the nature of the problem and indicates precisely the type of correction(software and physical to be applied to the system foe it to operate correctly.Unfortunately, most dysfunctions of microcontroller-based system result in a total system lock-up, preventing any dialog with a test st

27、ation. It is then impossible to determine the type of fault,i,e.whether it is a physical fault(in the microcontroller itself,in an external read only memory, in a peripheral device,on a bus,etc or a software fault( I,e. an error in the application program. The troubleshooting technique usually emplo

28、yed in these cases of total lock-up is based on the use of sophisticated test devices requiring the application of probes to the pins of the various integrated circuits of the microcontroller-based system under test.There are various problem associated with the use of such test devices for troublesh

29、ooting a microcontroller-based system. The probes used in these test devices are very fragile, difficult to apply because of the small size of the circuit and their close packing,and may not make good contact with the circuit.Also, because of their high cost, these test devices are not mass produced

30、. Consequently, faulty microcontroller-based systems can not be repaired immediately, wherever they happen to be located at the time, but must first be returned to a place where a test device is available. Troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system in this way is time-consuming, irksome and cost

31、ly.To avoid the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system each time the application program executed by the microcontroller of the system is changed, it is standard practice to use a downloadable read only memory to store the application program, a loading program being written into

32、 a mask-programmed read only memory of the microcontroller, The mask-programmed read only memory of the microcontroller is integrated into the microcontroller and programmed once and for all during manufacture of the microcontroller.To change the application program the microcontroller is reset by r

33、unning the downloading program. This downloading program can then communicate with a workstation connected to the microcontroller by an appropriate transmission line, this workstation the new application program to be written into the microcontroller, The downloading program receives the new applica

34、tion program and loads it into a readonly memory external to the microcontroller.Although this solution avoids the need for direct action on the microcontroller=based system (which would entail removing from the system the reprogrammable read only memories containing the application program, writing

35、 into these memories the new application program using an appropriate programming device and then replacing them in the system, it nevertheless has a major drawback, namely specialization of the microcontroller during manufacture.Each type of reprogrammable memory is associated with a different down

36、loading program because the programming parameters (voltage to be applied, duration for which the voltage is to be applied vary with the technology employed, The downloading program is written once and for all into the mask-programmed internal memory of the microcontroller and the latter is therefor

37、e restricted to using memory components of the type for which this downloading program was written. In other words,the microcontroller is not a standard component and this increases its cost of manufacture.One object of the invention is to overcome these various drawbacks of the prior art, To be mor

38、e precise, an object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller circuit which can verify quickly, simply, reliably and at low cost the operation of a system based on the microcontroller.Another object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller integrated circuit which can accurately loca

39、te the defective component or components of a system using the microcontroller in the event of dysfunction of the system.A further object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller integrated circuit which avoids the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system to change the appl

40、ication program, whilst remaining standard as regards the type of memory component with which it can be used in a system.译文:带有只读存储器的单片机集成电路单片机集成电路包含一个处理器内核,它至少通过一种数据处理或存储设备来交换数据,集成电路包含一个只读掩模存储器,其中像测试程序一样的通用程序能被单片机执行。这种通用程序具有将数据写到数据处理和,或存储设备的基本功能,写入功能用于装载程序,因为装载程序并非永久地存储在只读存储器重,所以可对单片机进行测试,而与应用程序无关,并

41、保持系统中能用的存储器元件为标准类型。在微处理器系统中,处理是由微处理器本身完成的。存储是利用存储器电路,而进入和出自系统的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出(I/O电路。要在一个微处理器化时钟中找出执行计数功能的一个特殊硬件是不可能的,因为时间存储在存储器中,而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。但是,规定系统运转过程的软件包含实现计数器功能的单元。由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义,所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。这种设计过程主要是软件工程,而且在生产软件时,就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。微计算机常使用RAM(随机存取存储器,在RA

42、M中数据可被写入,并且在需要时可被再次读出。这种数据能以任一所希望的次序从存储器中读出,不必按写入时的相同次序,所以有“随机”存取存储器。另一类型ROM(只读存储器用来保持不受微处理器影响的固定的信息标本;这些标本在电源切断后不会丢失,并通常用来保存规定微处理器化系统运转过程的程序。ROM可像RAM 一样被读取,但与RAM不一样的是不能用来存储可变的信息。有些ROM在制造时将其数据标本放入,而另外的则可通过特殊的设备由用户编程,所以称为可编程ROM。被广泛使用的可编程ROM可利用特殊紫外线灯察除,并被成为E PROM,即可察除可编程只读存储器的缩写。另有新类型的期器件不必用紫外线灯而用电察除,

43、所以称为电可察除可编程只读存储器EEPROM。微处理器在程序控制下处理数据,并控制流向和来自存储器和输入/输出装置的信息流。有些输入/输出装置是通用型的,而另外一些则是设计来控制如磁盘驱动器的特殊硬件,或控制传给其他计算机的信息传输。大多数类型的I/O装置在某种程度下可编程,允许不同形式的操作,而有些则包含特殊用途微处理器的I/O装置不用主微处理器的直接干预,就可实施非常复杂的操作。微计算机的另一主要工程应用是在过程控制中。这是,由于装置是按特定的应用情况由微机编程实现的,对用户来说微计算机的存在通常就更加明显。在过程控制应用中,由于这种设备以较少的数量生产,将整个系统安装在单个芯片上所获取的

44、利益常比不上所涉及的高设计成本。而且,过程控制器通常更为复杂,所以要将他们做成单独的集成电路就更为困难。可采用两种处理,将控制器做成一种通用的微计算机,正像较强版本的业余计算机那样;或者做成“包裹”式系统,按照像电磁继电器那样的较老式的技术进行设计,来取代控制器。对前一种情况,系统可以用常规的编程语言来编程,正如以后要介绍的语言那样;而另一种情况,可采用特殊用途的语言,例如那种使控制器功能按照继电器相互连接的方法进行描述。两种情况下,序均能存于RAM,这让程序能按应用情况变化时进行相应的变化,但是这使得总系统易受掉电影响而工作不正常,除非使用电池保证供电连续性。另一种选择是将程序在ROM中,这样他们就变成电子“硬件”的一部分并常被称为“固件” 。 准确地说， 这项发明涉及单片机集成电路， 单片机通常是包含一台 “计算机” 的全部或大部分元件的大规模集成电路，其功能不是预先确定的，而是取决于它 执行程序。 一台单片机必然包含一个 含有命令时序发生器（即根据程序的指令分配各 种控制信号到其他元件的装置）的处理器内核，一个算数逻辑单元（用来处理数 据）和寄存器（即特殊的存储单元） 。 然而， “计算机”的其他单