国际私法翻译

1、国际私法翻译1、Age nt ' s Duties （必读）代理人的义务Gen erally, age nts owe the pr in cipal the duties as follows;一般来说，代理人的义务如下：duty of performa nee: to perform the lawful duties expressedin the age nt con tract and to use reas on able care, skill, and dilige nee in the performa nee of these duties.履行的义务：在代理合同中

2、履行法定职责并且对这些职责给予适当的关心、采用技巧和积极履行。(2)duty of notification: to notify the principal of anyin formatio n that is importa nt to the age nt.通知的义务：通知与代理有关的任何重要信息的委托人(3)duty of loyalty: not to actadversely to the in terests of the prin cipal.忠诚义务：不能采取对委托人利益造成不利的行为。(4) duty of obedienee: to obey the lawful in

3、structionsof theprin cipal. The age nt owes to duty to en gage in crime, torts, orun ethical con duct on the pri ncipal' s behalf. 服从的义务：遵从委托人的合法指示，但代理人没有义务从事有关犯罪侵权或者代表委 托人的不道德行为。(5) duty of accountability: to maintain accurate records of all transactions taken on the principal ' s behalf an

4、d not to commingle personal money or property with that of the principal.问责的义务：维护所代表委托人进行的交易细节记录并且 不混同私人的和委托人的钱或财产。2、in ter nati onal in solve ncy（必读）国际破产Busin ess en terprises en gaged in intern ati onal commerce willoften have assets - and creditors - in several countries and pote ntially face in

5、solve ncy proceedi ngs at home, or abroad, or in both places. And the "debtor" is defined as "a person that resides or has a domicile, a place of bus in ess, or property in the Un ited States.商业企业在从事国际贸易时往往在一些国家有资 产和债权人，并且在国内或者在国外或者在两个地方都面临着破产程 序。而债务人的定义就是“一人居住或者有住所地营业地或者在美国 有财产的人”An

6、overridingconcernin internationalbankruptcies is thejust and equal treatme nt of un securedcreditors. Theprotecti on of their in terests will depe nd on the effect give n to a local determ in ati on in the other jurisdicti on.Basically,twomodels may be envisioned.One is territorial;it restricts thee

7、ffect of a determ in ati on to the ren deri ng jurisdicti on.国际破产首要关注的是无担保债权人交易的公正和公平。他们利益的保护取 决于提供给当地的判决在其他司法管辖区域的影响。 基本上有两种模式可以设想。一个是属地的模式，这会限制判决对管辖权的影响 As aresult, creditors may pursue independentremedies in thesecond forum and, upon recovery, may not need to take a deduction for amounts recovere

8、d in the first proceeding. In such a race after assets, some creditors may thus recover a higher perce ntage of their claims tha n they would have if the estate had been considered as a unit or if the second forum provided a system of set-offs.因此在恢复后债权人可以第二次在法庭的时候提出独立的补救措施，可能在第一次诉讼中不需要扣除收 回的金额。像这样的资

9、产竞赛中一些债权人可能因此收回比他们要求 的有更高比例的债权，比房地产被认为是一部分或者如果第二次法庭 提供抵销还要高。 At the same time, debtors rema in free to shift assets, prior to in solve ncy, to the sec ond forum and to dispose of them there free from any effects of the first jurisdicti on'sdeterm in ati onun til a sec ond, local, proceed inghas

10、been comme need.与此同时相较于之前的破产，债务人仍可以自由的转移资产直到第二次开庭并且有自由处置由第一次管辖判决 产生的任何影响直到当地的第二程序已经展开。A sec ond model, followed only in Belgium, Luxembourg and,to some extent, in isolated treaties, adopts the "theory of un iversality (ubiquity)." 第二个模式只在比利时卢森堡并在一定 程度上是孤立的条约采取普遍性的理论。Un der such a system,th

11、eforum gives effect to all foreig n determ in ati on s, in cludi ng theright of the foreign administrator to claim title to the local property or to pursue other remedies provided by the foreig n law. Most legal systems will not surrender their control over local assets in this fashi on or leave loc

12、al creditors without the protection of local law.在这种体系下法庭意在实施所有的外国裁决，包括外国管理人的权利，声称对当地财产的所有权或者寻求其它 由外国法律规定的补救措施。大多数法律制度都不会放弃他们对当地 资产的控制权以这种方式或者在没有当地法律保护情况下离开债权 人。Both models therefore have drawbacks. This has prompted some countries,includingthe UnitedStates, to explorein termediate approaches in ord

13、er to accommodate the in terest of local and foreign parties.因此两种模式都有缺点。这促使一些国家包括美国在内去探索适应当地和国外当事人利益的中间的办法。Americanbankruptcyjurisdictionextends to personswhohave "property" in the United States regardlessof theirn ati on ality, domicile,reside nee, or place of bus in ess. In thissense, th

14、e American approach is "territorial",and a foreignproceed ingof determ in ati ondoes not have any domesticeffects as such.美国的破产管辖权延伸到谁在美国有财产，无论国 籍住所居所或者营业地。为此，美国是“属地”这种做法，像一个外 国程序的判定是否和国内有同样的效力。3、general maritime law（必读）一般海事法The traditional place-of-tort rule applies when a tort occurs ina

15、 state's or country'sterritorial waters. In the United States,con trary to some early case law, torts in n avigable waters are now gover ned exte nsively by gen eral maritime law.当侵权行为发生在一个国家或者其领海内，传统的侵权地规则被适用。在美国， 与早期的判例法相反，在通航水域的侵权行为现在广泛的被一般海事 法律管辖。However, when the tort is not one of a ma

16、ritime nature but is merely a tort which happens to have occurred in navigable waters, state choice-of-law rules will usually still be employed.When the case concerns injuries sustainedby amember of the crew, the initial question is the applicability of the federal Jones Act.，然而当侵权不是发生在一个海域内而 是偶然发生在

17、通航水域的侵权，该国的法律选择规则仍然适用。当案件涉及船员的持续伤害，最初的问题是关于联邦琼斯法案 的适用性问题。It provides a remedy for "a ny seama n who shall suffer personal injury in the course of his employment." Taking literally, the act would exte nd to foreig n seame n injured abroad and on foreign vessels. The case law has restricted

18、itsapplicationto cases involvingAmerican seamen or havingAmerican con tracts. 它提供了一个关于“任何在雇佣期间遭受人身 伤害的船员”的补救，仅从字面上看，该法案将扩大范围到国外受伤 的外国船员和外国船只。判例法限制了它适用于涉及美国船员或者有 美国合同的情况。It is important to distinguish between two different situations.The first is where the tort was committed within territorial waters

19、. The second is where the tort was committed on the high seas.对这两种不同情况加以区分是很重要的，第一种情况是侵权行为发生在领海内第二种情况是侵权行为发生在公海海域4、Tort committed on the high seas(必读)致力于在公海上的侵权(1) Acts occurri ng on board a sin gle vessel发生在船舶甲板上的行为At com mon law the law of the flag was the decisive factor whe never the acts all oc

20、curred on board a sin gle vessel, for a ship was regarded for certain purpose as a floating island over which the n ati on al law prevailed. Where a flag is com mon to a political unit containing several different systems of law, as in the case of Canada or the USA, the law of the flag means the law

21、 of the port at which the ship is registered. 普通法系中侵权 行为发生在一艘船舶上时应适用船旗国法律，船舶被视为适 用国内法的漂浮的岛屿。 如几种不同法系的政体公用同一旗 帜，如加拿大或美国情况下，船旗国法律指船舶注册港口所 在地的法律。External acts对外侵权行为a) Collisi ons 碰撞There is no doubt that the com mon est ki nd of exter nal act, namely, one that causes a collision, was governed solely by

22、 the gen eral maritime law. This special tort choice of law rule is preserved, and the statutory tort choice of law rules will not apply to collisi ons on the high seas. This raises the questi on of what is meant by "general maritime law".毫无疑问普通的 对外侵权行为，就是说船舶碰撞单独按照普通海事法管规 范。这种特殊的侵权法律选择被保留下

23、来，并且法定侵权法 律选择不会使用与公海上的碰撞。这就提出了一个问题，何 为“普通海事法律”。The n atural in fere nee to draw from this expressi onis thatthere exists a body of law which is uni versally recog ni zed as binding on all nations in respect of acts occurringat sea.There is, however, no such body of law. The expression, intruth, means nothing more than that part of the forum lawwhich, either by statute