非政府组织在减少国际航运业黑碳排放方面作用

1、Non-governmental Organizations Influence on Tackling Black Carbon Issue in the Shipping IndustryHan Jialin Dalian Maritime University. No.1 Linghai Road, Ganjinzi District, Dalian, Liaoning Province.E-mail：hanjialin2005 Tel（Fax）8641184726138, Zhang Shuang Abstract: This paper reviews the achievement

2、s of non-government organizations in reducing black carbon emissions from shipping, and discusses the role of NGOs in dealing with black carbon in Arctic region in the perspective of global governance to gain insights for our involvements into the arctic affairs in shipping Key words: non-government

3、 organization; black carbon; governance in Arctic region; involvement.1. IntroductionBlack carbon is an important component of atmospheric aerosol,of a prevailing existence in the atmosphere on a global sacle.,whichcomes into formation through the incomplete combustion of the carbonaceous substances

4、and contributes to global warmingby absorbing the sunlight and heating the atmosphere.Black carbon has a positive climate- forcing effect since the atmospheric aerosol of black carbon reduces the reflectivity of snow and ice and accelerates the melting process when it deposits on the snow and i

5、ce. Therefore, the effect is severeon the Arctic region than on the regions of mid-and- low latitude. According to the report on the climate of the Arctic: the global impact, issued by the World Wide Fund for Nature(WWF), the average temperatures in Arctic region will rise two times faster than that

6、 in other parts of the world, consequently resulting in mass of ice loss and influencing the weather and general circulation in Arctic and surrounding areas. The climate change will pose challenge to the Arctic marine environment, impact the life and health of local residents and bring disaster to m

7、arine biological resources on a global scale. This pressing issues raised the concerns from International Maritime Organization (IMO) on tackling the black carbon emissions in Arctic region, and gained attention and advices on the Arctic governance from the interested parties, among which the Non-go

8、vernment Organizations(NGOs) played a significant role in advancing the process of the Arctic governance, especially the governance in tackling the black carbon, infusing the new concept of the global governance into the shipping industry. 2. NGO involved in tackling the black carbon emissions in th

9、e shipping industry In addition to member states, NGOs, as a vital force, are also the activists in IMO, granted the consultative status by IMOs Assembly according to the contribution they made.NGOs of consultative status provide expertise and advices for IMO with special knowledge in a particular s

10、ector for the Organizations involvements in manifold activities. They represent the large groups whose activities have an important and direct bearing on the work of the IMO to express their points of view to the Organization.NGOs of consultative status are conferred the rights to receive the provis

11、ional agenda for sessions of the Assembly, the Maritime Safety Committee, the Legal Committee, the Maritime Environmental Protection Committee, the Technical Co-operation Committee, the Facility Committee and the other organs of the IMO; the right to submit written statement on the concerned items o

12、f the agenda of the organs of IMO, usually in the form of proposal to express their points of view; the right to be represented by any observer at plenary meetings of the Assembly and,where NGOs discuss matters of special interests with IMOs member states, The advantages of NGOs lie in their constru

13、ctive proposals, influential opinions, latest technology and expertise. The following will elaborate on the role of NGOs in tackling the black carbon emissions in shipping industry.2.1 Friends of the Earth International (FOEI)The discussion on the issue of black carbon emissions was initiated by the

14、 Friends of the Earth International (FOEI). FOEI is one of the famous non-governmental environmental organizations, founded by the environmental groups from the U.S., France, Sweden and the UK in 1971. FOEI considers environmental issues in their social and development contexts, which expends their

15、scope of work, as well as the influence. FOEI is an international network of environmental organizations, rather than a traditional close-knit organization, and many member organizations had existed before their participation in FOEI. Through the unique and diverse international forum, the memb

16、er organizations of FOEI propose the environmental initiatives 1. At the 58th meetings of Maritime Environmental Protection Committee(MEPC) in October 2008, FOEI submitted a document（MEPC 58/INF.21）2, which summarized and analyzed the approaches to reducing emissions of the climate forcing agents fr

17、om international shipping, as well as the impact of black carbon emissions. The proposal referred the impact of the black carbon emissions from international shipping on the climate change in Arctic regions by introducing the main content of the project entitled “Opportunities for Reducing Greenhous

18、e Gas Emissions from Ships” which was commissioned by the Clean Air Task Force. The proposal immediately raised the attention of the Eight Arctic Countries, whose northern territories are covered in the Arctic region. As a result, at the 60th meetings of MEPC in 2010, Norway, Swede, and the U.S. joi

19、ntly submitted the document on the reduction of black carbon in Arctic from shipping3. The document discussed the production of black carbon, the data of black carbon emissions from shipping and the impact on the Arctic climate and environment. This document also sets forth several initial proposals

20、 to reduce black carbon emissions and invites the IMO to take action as appropriate.In fact, on the issue of the climate change, one of the aims of FOEI is always “to halt the climate degradation; to promote the utility of renewable energy; to bring about transformation towards sustainability within

21、 society; and to reduce the emissions ofgreenhouse gas”. As a NGO, FOEI initiated “black carbon” campaign by considering the governance in Arctic region in the global context, for the purpose of the sustainable development of human beings. It started the governance from the Arctic regionthe most eco

22、logically vulnerable area and seriously polluted region by the black carbon, to appeal for the concern of shipping industrythe main emitter of black carbon emissions.FOEI attaches great importance on the simultaneous development of grassroots activities and international campaign in the process of e

23、nvironment protection campaign, and believes that the achievement of the goal not only depends on the strong grassroots activities, but also on the effective lobbying and coordination at national and international level. During and after the discussion about the black carbon issue of IMO, FOEI proac

24、tively communicated with relevant member states of IMO, and appealed attention of member states to the black carbon issue through hazard analysis and persuasion.FOEI also attaches great importance to horizontal collaboration with other grassroots organization and international league. FOEI is aorgan

25、ization of initiating campaign, whose aim is mainly on mobilizing people, calling upon them to change their habits and life styles. Through its supporters, FOEI put pressure on decision-makers to take necessary measures to protect environment. Therefore, its obvious that public advocacy of the non-g

26、overnmental organizations cannot be ignored. Due to the announcement and advocacy of FOEI and efforts of the relevant member state of IMO, MEPC 61 regarded black carbon issue as an agenda item separated from other GHG issues. MEPC called on stakeholders to submit concrete measures and suggestions to

27、 Bulk Liquids and Other Gases committee (BLG 15). After that, FOEI went on taking further measures, for example, co-sponsoring some non-governmental organizations such as Clean Shipping Coalition (CSC) and World Life Fund (WWF) to submit proposal to MEPC 62.Based on the proposed black carbon emissio

28、n harm and controlling measures, FOEI called on IMO to determine the time of compliance of black carbon emission, and developed guidelines for the emission reduction of the black carbon, FOEI also suggested establishing an expert group on black carbon emissions（MEPC 62/4/16）4. All of these indicate

29、the strong item building capacity of these non-governmental organizations. Based on scientific proof, continuously policy recommendations will be put forward to participators of governance, and wider forces will be mobilized to join in the governance of Arctic black carbon emission.2.2 Clean shippin

30、g coalition (CSC)CSC is the only non-governmental organization mainly and only focusing on environmental problems of shipping industry worldwide. It was granted the observer with consultative status by IMO in June 2010. In IMO, CSC provides expertiseand technical support to the stakeholders, in comp

31、liance with international legislative procedures, which is conducive to enhancing the environmental standards for international shipping. In recent years, CSC plays an important role in numbers of IMOs environmental issues, for example, developing the relevant rules of the designation of the Particu

32、lar Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs), drafting the amendments to Annex V of MARPOL, and contributing to the developments of IMOs conventions, such as International Convention On The Control Of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems On Ships, 2001 (Afs 2001) and International Convention For The Control And Manageme

33、nt Of Ships Ballast Water And Sediments, 2004 (Bwm 2004). In the lasr previous MEPC sessions, CSC got actively involved in drafting the amendment to MARPOL Annex VI on emission control of SOx and NOx. On top of that, CSC joined heated discussion onthe GHG emission from shipping industry and energy e

34、fficiency of ships, and particularly,CSC plays an important role in tackling black carbon. At (BLG 15) in February 2011, funded by the Clean Air Task Force（a member of CSC），CSC submitted a report on impact analysis of black carbon emission in the Arctic from international shipping industry, develope

35、d an Arctic Shipping Emission Inventory, organic carbon and sulfur oxide, and finalized the assessment report on black carbon by Steering Committee.( BLG 15/INF.5)5. This assessment report shows the benefits of controlling the black carbon emission through technological means, which offers basic dat

36、a for scientists and decision foundation for policy makers. This is the initial action taken by CSC in tackling black carbon emission from shipping industry, which provides basic data for the industry and appeals broad attention from the shipping industry. By taking advantage of its specialists and

37、scholars and its capacity in mobilization among environmental protection organizations, and CSC paves the way for tackling black carbon emission from shipping industry in a way of fuding the report writing. After that instead of stopping steps, CSC referred its proposal to BLG 17, which mainly revie

38、wed the Arctic Shipping Emission Inventory and updates the concrete information on the melting sea ice in the Arctic , whose melting speed is so shocking that it once again reminds industry to pay attention to the black carbon emission（BLG 17/10/2）6. Meanwhile, CSC pointed out the vicious circle goi

39、ng from the melting of the sea ice , opening of the Arctic sea route since 2012, more ships navigating in the Arctic passage, the more emission of black carbon, finally to the deterioration of climate and environment in the Arctic, urging the industry to take further measures to control and reduce t

40、he black carbon emission. Then at MEPC 62, CSC continued allying some non-governmental organizations to submit proposal on listing the reducing emission of black carbon from shipping industry as one agenda item on the work plan. MEPC 62 approved the work plan and placed the reduction emission of bla

41、ck carbon on the agenda,on which the concrete measures are pinpointed to the definition of the emission of black carbon from international shipping,the detection methods of black carbon, identifying the most appropriate detection means of emission of black carbon from international shipping industry

42、; bringing out a suitable controlling measure to mitigate the impact of black carbon emission from the international shipping industry, all of which would be covered in its report to MEPC65 to invite its appropriate action. All of these efforts set a concrete terms of reference for discussing this i

43、ssue in the future, and a road map for international negotiation, displaying that non-governmental organizations like CSC are featured by expertise, technology, legal and diplomatic resources, all of which play a decisive role in having their say in the negotiation and embodying their interests in d

44、eveloping international instruments.As a matter of fact, the strong influence of non-governmental organizations in dealing with the black carbon emission from international shipping industry come from human-oriented value, which regard the protection of people as the starting point and standing poin

45、t of dealing with problems. Some non-governmental organizations represented by FOEI and CSC successfully play the role as spokesman of human-oriented valuein broadcasting concept, agglomerating the willpower of people and affecting the political aspiration of a sovereign state.2.3 EUROMOTFounded in

46、1991,EUROMOT, as an Associationof engine manufacturers, aims at imparting knowledge of Internal-combustion engine to personnel of managerial level in the world, and introducing reliable engine technology to users for their makinguse of the environment-friendly, highly-efficient and cost-effective pr

47、oducts. EUROMOT develops appropriate environmental policies of both regional and global level jointly with industry associations to ensure sustainable development. Members of this association are the leading manufacturers of internal combustion engine, accounting for 85% of the European market share

48、 and possessing many high-tech talents.EUROMOT also plays an active role in the emission reduction of black carbon in shipping industry. As black carbon issue in shipping industry is derived from the inadequate burning of carbon substances in main engine,EUROMOT as the equipment manufacturer, bears

49、a heavy task and plays an important role in reducing black carbon emission through the technological improvement of internal combustion engine.After work plan was established at MEPC 62, EUROMOT submitted a proposal to BLG 16 on the assessment of the black carbon emission from ships and introduction

50、 of the available emission reduction measures. It proposed the measure of emission reduction of black carbon for the shipping industry.At BLG 17,EUROMOT then put forward the suggestion of measuring black carbon emission by Filter Smoke Unit(FSN) (BLG17/10/1)7which is a optical measurement technique

51、and comes to standardization level(ISO-10054).Meanwhile, this method is simple and practical to be applied in ships. At PPR 1,however,the U.S didnt share the same view with what EUROMOT proposed,and proposed to delete FSN method and select proper standard to measure the mass of black carbon emission

52、from shipping and black carbons optical absorption properties. However,under thet pressure, EUROMOT still insists on using the simple,practical and popular FSN method to identify equivalent Black Carbon (eBC) , for it holds that FSN is the proper way to judge the influence of black carbon emission f

53、rom international shipping industryin the Arctic.EUROMOT submitted documents (PPR1/8/3) 8to propose carbon elements detection method for the sample of filtered particle matter (PM) At the same time, Norway put forward that FSN is the possible control measure to reduce the impact of black carbon emis

54、sions in the Arctic, which corresponded to the detection method proposed by EUROMOT. Finally, PPR 1 took FSN as one of the detection method of black carbon.However, MEPC 67 failed to come to the final agreement on the definition of the black carbon in the Arctic. PPR 2 decided not to take the defini

55、tion of black carbon based on the FSN method, but,instead, adopting the definition called “Bond et al”, where black carbon was defined as the carbon substances produced in the burning of carbon compound fuel characterized by a carbon sphere of strong light absorption and resistance to solubility. Th

56、is definition is widely recognized by the industry, and it is applicable not only to black carbon emission from shipping industry ,but also to other sectors as well. EUROMOT plays a leading role in monitoring black carbon emission from shipping industry from the technological aspects, accomplishing

57、its mission of giving impetus tosustainable development with its advanced technology.3. Non-governmental organizations influence on tackling Arctic black carbon issue from the perspective of global governanceArctic governance is rooted in the era of globalization, focusing on global challenges and g

58、lobal concerns. Globalization promotes the global interdependence and the interaction between the multiple factors in its international context, and creating the demand for public interests and public products. The public products required by the Arctic governance may fall into the following categor

59、ies: development, environmental protection, system, security, knowledge, technology, and etc. Among others, Non-governmental organizations have more advantages in giving concept, expertise and technology in environmental protection and many other issues of common concerns, so NGOs play as aa powerful provider of public products in the global arena.Resolving conflicts between resource exploitation and ecological protection is one of the important aspects of Arctic governance.Emi