构建图式网络优化阅读分析(3)

1、构建图式网络     优化阅读分析(3)     构建图式网络 优化阅读分析(3)湖北黄冈 wwwheat4.构建修辞图式，分析篇章结构。故事、寓言、议论文、说明文等体裁都有各自独特的结构。语篇结构有两种，即线性结构和层次结构。线性结构是指文章的情节按时空顺序而展开。在平时的阅读训练中，我们可多接触多感受，构建修辞图式，指导我们对篇章的分析，把握事件的发展方向。例如：B卷B篇短文第61题According to the text, the first thing to do in building an

2、igloo is _.A. to gather a pool of waterB .to cover the ground with iceC. to prepare a wooden baseD. to pile a large amount of snow根据文章的修辞图式，我们借助于时间线(timeline)，理顺事件的先后，表示如下：a wooden base snow freezing an igloo piling snow moving the base故本题答案为C“准备一个木底板”。层次结构即主题句与支撑主题句的事实之间的关系。如：议论文的主题句常在文章开头，也可在文章中间或

3、文章结尾。其层次结构常为总分总、分总分、分总。 在阅读理解中，一些单词、词组或文章的标题都会暗示某个图式。如果读者能够捕捉并利用这些信息，其大脑中的相关信息就会被激活。一旦某一图式被激活，脑子里就会想到与它相关的一些知识，并由上一级图式激活下一级图式或相关图式，从而构成图式网络。在图式网络中，各图式的存在不是孤立平行的，而是交互的，它们之间也没有严格的界限。如：在分析文章的主题思想时，可运用“自上而下”的阅读模式，首先须构建修辞图式，预测主题，然后根据语言图式进行分析理解，运用内容图式进行验证并及时调整。另外，也可运用“自下而上”的阅读模式，通过语言图式分析文章所表达的信息，运用内容图式总结、

4、归纳出文章的主题思想。只有当我们脑子里构建了图式网络，在阅读理解中做到运用字、词、句理解上、下文，在上、下文中理解字、词、句，并结合已有经验、知识，综合理解、优化分析，我们才能切实地提高阅读效率。参考书目：Carrel,P.L.1998.“Some Causes of Text Boundness and Schema Interference in ESLReading”.MRumelhart,D.E.1980.“Schemata：the Building Blocks of Cognition”.M程世禄，张国扬：“ESP的理论与实践”.M，广西教育出版社，1996。何广铿：英语教学法基础

5、.M，暨南大学出版社，1996。佘广安：“阅读的心理机制以及英语阅读教学中应注意的几个问题”.J，中小学外语教学，1997，12。罗蓉：“图式理论和英语阅读理解”.J，中小学外语教学，2001，6。附件：2001年高考英语统一试题(阅读理解题B、C、E篇短文)BHolidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo. Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel,the w

6、orld''s first igloo hotel. Built in a small town in Lapland, it has been attracting lots of visitors, but soon the fun will be over.In two weeks'' time Bergqvist''s ice creation(作品) will be nothing more than a pool of water. “We don''t see it as a big problem,” he say

7、s. “We just look forward to replacing it.”Bergqvist built his first igloo in 1991 for an art exhibition. It was so successful that he designed the present one, which measures roughly 200 square meters. Six workmen spent more that eight weeks piling 1,000 tons of snow onto a wooden base; when the sno

8、w froze, the base was removed. “The only wooden thing we have left in the igloo is the front door, he says.After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success. With no windows, nowhere to hang clothes and temperatures below 0,it may seem more like a survival test th

9、an a relaxing(轻松的) hotel break. “It''s great fun,” Bergqvist explains, “as well as a good start in surrival training.”The popularity of the igloo is beyond doubt: it is now attracting tourists from all over the world. At least800 people have stayed at the igloo this season even though there

10、are only 10 rooms. “You can get a lot of people in,” explains Bergqvist. “The beds are three metres long, and can fit at least four at one time.”CMany cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment(环境) friendly products

11、have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of. However, today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the env

12、ironment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these. “Will this shampoo damage the environment? Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?”A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it. This

13、 means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are “green”, that is, friendly to the environment. Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels

14、(标签) to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing(生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising. The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business. No longer will the publi

15、c accept the old attitude of “Buy it use it, throw it away, and forget it.” The public pressure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act. EBetty and Harold have been married for years. But one thing still puzzles(困扰) old Harold. How is it that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitti

16、ng on the sofa, talking, go out to a ball game, come back three and a half hours later, and they''re still sitting on the sofa? Talking? What in the world, Harold wonders, do they have to talk about? Betty shrugs. Talk? We''re friends.Researching this matter called friendship, psycho

17、logist Lillian Rubin spent two years interviewing more than two hundred women and men. No matter what their age, their job, their sex, the results were completely clear: women have more friendships than men, and the difference in the content and the quality of those friendships is “marked and unmist

18、akable.”More than two-thirds of the single men Rubin interviewed could not name a best friend. Those who could were likely to name a woman. Yet three-quarters of the single women had no problem naming a best friend, and almost always it was a woman. More married men than women named their wife/husba

19、nd as a best friend, most trusted person, or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress(感情危机).“Most women,” says Rubin, “identified(认定) at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.”“In general,” writes Rubin in her new book, “women''s friendships with each other rest on shared emo