主动语态和被动语态

1、goA.A.主动语态中主语是谓语动词的发出者。宾语是谓主动语态中主语是谓语动词的发出者。宾语是谓语动词的对象。语动词的对象。B.B.被动语态中主语是谓语动词的承受者被动语态中主语是谓语动词的承受者( (动作的对动作的对象象) )。 ( (把主动语态改为被动语态也就是把把主动语态改为被动语态也就是把主动句中的主动句中的宾语宾语改为改为被动句的主语被动句的主语，这是最关键的着眼点这是最关键的着眼点，同时谓语动词作相应的变化。同时谓语动词作相应的变化。) )被动语态的谓语构成被动语态的谓语构成:助动词助动词bebe动词过去动词过去分词分词什么时候要用被动语态呢？什么时候要用被动语态呢？在下列三种情况

2、之一要用被动语态：在下列三种情况之一要用被动语态：不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。语态。需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态主动句中谓语动词的发出者由主动句中谓语动词的发出者由by引出，作为引出，作为by的宾语，也可以省略。的宾语，也可以省略。请看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：请看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：主动语态:主语主语谓语宾语被动语态:例： We clean our classroom every day. （主动）注意把主动语

3、态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上 例，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也例，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也 要用一般现在时。要用一般现在时。如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词 byby的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语wewe改为改为usus。主语主语 by+宾语宾语be+过去分词过去分词Our classroom is cleaned by us every day（被动） Lily writes many lette

4、rs every day. (主动主动) They visited this farm last year.（主动）（主动） We have learned 3000 English words so far.（主动）（主动） Many letters are writtenby Lily every day. This farm was visitedby them last year.3000 English words have been learned by us so far. Fill in the blanks with the Passive Voice. 1、Tea _ (g

5、row) in Fujian. 2、Chinese _ (speak) in China. 3、The bed _ (use) for sleeping. 4、Our classroom _ (clean) every day. 5、The cars _ (make) in Beijing.is grownis spokenis usedis cleanedare made1. 电视机关掉了。电视机关掉了。 The TV set was turned off.2. 那小偷被抓住了。那小偷被抓住了。 The thief was caught.3. 所有的窗户都被打破了。所有的窗户都被打破了。 A

6、ll the windows were broken. 把主动语态改为被动语态可按把主动语态改为被动语态可按“ 、 、 ”来进来进 行。即：行。即： 变变把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，把主动把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，把主动 语态的主语改为被动语态的介词语态的主语改为被动语态的介词by的宾语。的宾语。套套根据原句的时态套用相应时态。根据原句的时态套用相应时态。注意注意注意人称的变化而引起的主谓一致问题。注意人称的变化而引起的主谓一致问题。 例：例：Many people speak English. English by many people. He washed his sh

7、oes yesterday. His shoes by him yesterday.is spokenwere washed一变一变 二套二套三注意三注意时时 态态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态1 一般现在时一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+过去分词过去分词2 一般过去时一般过去时didwas/were+过去分词过去分词3 一般将来时一般将来时will/be going to+动词原形动词原形will/be going to+be+过过去分词去分词4 过去将来时过去将来时would+动词原形动词原形would+be+过去分词过去分词5 现在进行时现在进行时am/is/are+现在分

8、词现在分词am/is/are+being+过去分过去分词词6 过去进行时过去进行时was/were+现在分词现在分词was/were+being+过去分过去分词词7 现在完成时现在完成时have/has+过去分词过去分词have/has+been+过去分词过去分词8 过去完成时过去完成时had+过去分词过去分词had+been+过去分词过去分词9 含情态动词含情态动词情态动词情态动词+动词原形动词原形情态动词情态动词+be+过去分词过去分词1. The boy cleaned the desk a moment ago. The desk was cleaned by the boy a mo

9、ment ago.2. We will plant 2000 trees next year. 2000 trees will be planted by us next year.3. You must keep the room clean and tidy. The room must be kept clean and tidy by you.4. The police have caught the thief. The thief has been caught by the police.5. The farmers are cutting down the trees on t

10、he hill. The trees on the hill are being cut down by the farmers.在上面我们已经初步了解了被动语态的构成和主动变被动的方法。下面在上面我们已经初步了解了被动语态的构成和主动变被动的方法。下面我们接着学习在被动语态中要注意的问题。我们接着学习在被动语态中要注意的问题。一些使役动词一些使役动词(let, have, make等)或感观动词或感观动词(see, hear, watch,notice等)在主动语态中后面接的动词不定式不带在主动语态中后面接的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动语态时，要，但改为被动语态时，要补上补上to。如：。如

11、：A.The boss makes the workers work 18 hours a day. The workers are made to work 18 hours a day by the boss.B.I saw him enter the house. He was seen to enter the house by me.C.The teacher let them leave the classroom after class. They were let to leave the classroom by the teacher after class.D.We he

12、ar her sing in the room every day. She is heard to sing in the room every day.注意注意当使用当使用see/hear/watch sb doing sthsee/hear/watch sb doing sth时，变为被动语态时，时，变为被动语态时， doingdoing保持不变。如：保持不变。如： I saw him going into the shop.(主动) He was seen going into the shop.(被动) 主动语态被动语态使役动词make sb do sthsb be made to

13、do sthhave sb do sthsb be had to do sthlet sb do sthsb be let to do sth感观动词see sb do sthsb be seen to do sthwatch sb do sthsb be watched to do sthhear sb do sthsb be heard to do sthnotice sb do sthsb be noticed to do sthgo 含有短语的被动语态结构。含有短语的被动语态结构。一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才有承一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物

14、动词才有承受者。受者。但许多不及物动词加上副词或介词构成动词短语也相当于及物动词的用但许多不及物动词加上副词或介词构成动词短语也相当于及物动词的用法，可以法，可以带宾语，因而也有被动语态。动词短语主要有三种：带宾语，因而也有被动语态。动词短语主要有三种：A 及物动词及物动词+副词副词 如：如： turn off 、 set up 、 carry out 、 put off 、take away 、 turn on 、 hand in 、 move away 、 pass on 、 write down 、put away 、 put on 、 take down 、send away 、 tr

15、y on 、 put down 、sell out 、 hold on 、 try out 、 send up 、 take off 、 wear out 、wake up 、take out 、dress up 、 give back 、 work out 、 get back 、 find out 、pick up 、give up 、 pull up 、 put up 等等B 不及物动词不及物动词+介词介词 如：如： look after talk about play with等等 C.“动词动词+名词名词+介词介词” 构成的短语构成的短语。如： take care of、 pay a

16、ttention to、make use of等动词短语是不可等动词短语是不可分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的副词或介词。分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的副词或介词。请看下面的例子：请看下面的例子：They set up the factory in 2000. The factory was set up in 2000.Our school will put off the School Sports meeting until December. The School Sports meeting will be put off until Decem

17、ber.People have talked about the accident . The accident has been talked about.You should pay more attention to your study this year. Your study should be paid more attention to this year.带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时，不能把介词或副词带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时，不能把介词或副词拆开。拆开。带有双宾语的被动结构在句中的使用。带有双宾语的被动结构在句中的使用。 有些动词可以带两个宾语

18、，即有些动词可以带两个宾语，即指人的间宾指人的间宾和和指物的直宾指物的直宾。可以将其中。可以将其中一一个宾语提到前面做主语，另一个留在后面。个宾语提到前面做主语，另一个留在后面。Her parents bought her a new computer yesterday. She was bought a new computer yesterday. A new computer was bought for her yesterday.They have given me some good advice. I have been given some good advice. Some good advice has been given to me.She will write a long letter to David Smi