汽车产业的价值链

1、The AutomobilHome | Global Value Chai n| Trade Patterns|Offshori ng &Jobs | Politics & Society|Refere ncesGlobal Value ChainContentsoAutomotive Supply ChainoOverview of Major Firmso Sales, Market Share, and Reve nuesoIn dustry TrendsThe Automotive Supply ChainDesig n (High Value Added)- After resear

2、ch ing con sumer wants and n eeds,automakers beg in desig ning models which are tailored to the public dema nd. In the past, this design process has taken up to five years. Today, however, through the exte nsive use of computers, it is possible to develop prototypes, or c on cept cars, from sketches

3、 in less tha n a year.Raw Materials (Low Value Added)- These in clude rubber, glass, steel, plastic,and alumi num. Over the past few years, the cost of raw materials has in creased sig nifica ntly, mostly due to the price in crease of oil and n atural rubber. Also, compa nies are now using alum inum

4、 and plastic in place of steel whe never possible in order to lessen the weight of the automobiles, which in turn improves fuel efficie ncy.Parts (Medium Value Added)- Tires, win dshields, and air bags are examples ofparts. While the automobile in dustry as a whole has become more con solidated, the

5、 U.S. auto parts sector remains highly fragmented. It includes four primary sub-categories: original equipment manufacturers (Delphi and General Electric), replaceme nt parts man ufacturi ng (Cooper Tire and Rubber and Federal-Mogul), replaceme nt parts distributi on (NAPA), and rubber fabricat ing

6、(Goodyear and Cooper).Assembly (Medium Value Added)- Due to the comb in ati on of ris ing rawmaterials costs and con sumers eternal search for the lowest price, compa nies are look ing for ways to cut costs out of the man ufacturi ng process. Rece nt trends to reduce costs in clude using fewer parts

7、 in each vehicle comp onent, mini miz ing in dustrial waste and polluti on, and hav ing parts delivered to assembly pla nts on a just-i n-time basis.Market ing (High Value Added)- Market ing is an in tegral part of the value cha in,since it is the primary basis for consumers perceived values. Automa

8、kers and in dividual dealers work together to create n ati on al, regi on al, and local market ing strategies. These may include television and radio advertising or special incentives offered to customers. In addition, firms have started advertising more online. GM, for example, spent 67% more on on

9、line advertising in 2005 than it did in the previous year.Distributi on and Sales (High Value Added)- After producti on is complete,automobiles are shipped to dealerships arou nd the world to be sold. As men ti oned previously, dealers may offer incen tives to in crease sales.Who Drives the Supply C

10、hai n?Once a quin tesse ntial example of a producer drive n in dustry, in rece nt years the automotive in dustry has started to become less producer drive n and more buyer drive n. Ever since the inven ti on of the Japa nese lea n producti on model of producti on and the just in time era automobile

11、makers have slowly made a tra nsiti on into cater ing automobiles to its customers wants eno ugh that it now determ ines the desig n and modeli ng of new vehicles. The automotive in dustrys move toward a buyer drive n market is also appare nt in how cars are slowly beco ming more customizable from t

12、he factory rather tha n through aftermarket parts. An example of this is Toyotas Scion vehicle lineup, which allows you to choose to cha nge certa in customizable features that go bey ond the loaded and fully loaded choices once available to con sumers.Also, the characteristics that signal a move to

13、ward the buyer driven model are more appare nt in cou ntries that have a Ion ger use of passe nger vehicles, such as the US, because the market has become saturated and has become a replaceme nt market where choice matters. On the other hand, countries that are being introduced to the con cept of pe

14、rs onal passe nger vehicles do not n eed a plethora of choices and will take whatever they can get - just like the first Model Ts in America - which does nt lend the market to much in flue nee from con sumer choice.Lastly, tight consolidation of the auto industrys major firms have started to disinte

15、grate as the global economy now requires any firm in tight competition to focus on its core compete ncies and outsource, or eve n offshore, work that can be done cheaper elsewhere. Even the Keiretsus of Japa n whose success is many times attributed to their tight knit support system and arms length

16、nature of horizontal and vertical bus in ess relati on ships are experime nting with the idea of purchas ing parts for production from those who can provide better material for a better price rather tha n from those who they merely have lon gsta nding relati on ships with.1Source: Standard & PoorsNe

17、xt: Overview of Major FirmsTeam I, Spri ng 2007 |Site MapIhe Automobil首页I全球价值链I贸易模式I离岸人才 招聘|政治与社会I参考目录o汽车供应链o 大公司概述o销售额，市场占有率和收入o行业发展趋势汽车供应链设计（高附加值）-在研究消费者的需要和需求， 汽车制造商开始设计模型是针对市民的需求。 在过去，这样的设计过程中已采取了五年。然而，今天，通过计算机的广泛使用，它是可以开发原型，或 概念车，”在不到一年的草图。原材料（低附加值）-其中包括橡胶，玻璃，钢铁，塑料和铝。在过去几年中，原材料成本显着增加，主要是由于石油和天然

18、橡胶的价格上涨。此外，公司现在使用铝和塑料代替钢尽可能以减轻汽车的重量，这反过来又提高了燃油效率零件（中等增值）-轮胎，挡风玻璃和气囊零件的例子。虽然汽车行业作为一个整体变得更加巩固，美国汽车零部件行业仍然高度分散。它包括四个主要分三类：原始设备制造商（德尔福和通用电气公司），更换零部件制造（库珀轮胎和橡胶Federal - Mogul 公司），更换零件分布（NAPA ），和橡胶制造（固特异和 Cooper ）。大会（中等增值）-由于原材料上涨教材 的成本和消费者永恒的最低价格搜索的结合，公司正在寻找办法，以削减成本，制造过程。最近的趋势，以降低成本，包括在每辆车组件使用更少的零件，最大限度地减少工业废物和污染，并有时间的基础上交付组装厂的部分。市场营销（高附加值）-市场营销是价值链的一个组成部分，因为它是为消费者的感知值的主要依据。汽车制造商和个别经销商携手合作，共创国家，区域和地方的营销策略。 这些可能包括电视和电台广告或向客户提供的特别奖励。此外，公司已经开始更多的在线广告。例如，通用汽车，在2005年花了 67 %以上