河北省武邑中学高考英语复习：阅读语义推测题学案（含答案）

1、.语义推测题学案 猜词语义是应用英语的重要才能，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、比照、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。【设问形式】 1The underlined word “ in the second third paragraph refers to means _. 2By saying “ in the first second paragraph, the author means that _. 3In paragraph ， “ can be replac

2、ed by “_ . 4The meaning of “ in paragraph is related to _. 5Which of the following has the closest meaning toparagraph?6The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.第一招利用上下文语境线索任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进展符合逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。例1 Charlottes

3、tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. “Weve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife, she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.The underlined wore “pesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _. A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. f

4、oreign coin分析：此题正确答案为D。由原文中的Euro欧元，欧洲统一货币可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。第二招利用定义和解释性线索阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进展解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。1. 直接定义：假如生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例2： In slang the term j

5、am constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是 “困境。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。2. 同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有o

6、r, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, ie. 等副词或短语出现。3. 定语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。例3： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就说明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人。第三招利用因果关系在句子或段落中，假设两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例4： T

7、om is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的。因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such that 等连词表达。例5： He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and T

8、odd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.分析：collapsed“瘫倒。经过一番困难脱险之后，他们呼吸短促，咳嗽不断，最终“瘫倒在草坪上。第四招利用反义词或反义关系有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词提醒事物的不同点，形成鲜明的比照，这时只要把握

9、其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead of, rather than等信息词。例6： One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games whic

10、h we must normally play with very imperfect information.A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.分析：由前句中perfect information到后面imperfect information这一组比照关系的词，我们可以推断应为“比照、相反的意思。第五招利用同义线索和同等关系同义词交换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。

11、例7： But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, without being forced to listen to their gossip or other useless words.The underlined word “loath in this paragraph has the closest meaning to _. A. unwilling B. eager C. pleased D. hurt【答案及解析】A根

12、据后面的语境“我宁愿安静地独处，不愿意去听这些闲言碎语，可见作者“不愿意与这些人说话。故loath是“不愿意之意。第六招利用例证性线索 某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇详细易懂。such as, like, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。例8： You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.分析：通过后面的举例：?英语世界?，?中小学外语教

13、学?，?英语学习?，说明periodicals为“期刊杂志。第七招根据构词法 阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有： super超, inter在之间, able能的, mini极少的，微型的，micro极微小的, re再，反复, sub分支的，底下, co共同, post后, pre前, trans超越；转换, under在之下；低于；缺乏, hood状态；性质；时期, ish如的；有点儿的; proof防的；不能穿透的, scope景, ship身份；资格；权利；性质, some易于的, wards向, mis误；恶,

14、 un不；非, in不；非, im不； 非, dis不, non 不；非，less不；无, anti反；防, sino中国。例9： Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory anim

15、als, a research that someday could help prolong your life. The underlined word “prolong in the paragraph means _. A. save B. protect C. lengthen D. improve【答案及解析】C可根据构词法来判断词义。prolong 是个派生词，前缀pro是“支持，亲之意，long是“长之意，故可判断prolong是“延长寿命的意思。第八招注意熟词生义英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，详细的词义需要在一定的上下文中表达出来。阅读

16、理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。例10： New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m., yesterday. Biggest power failure in the citys history.A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack分析：此题正确答案为D。failure是fail 变来的名词，有“失败；失败者；失败的事的意思。本句power failure可翻译为“停电。再如：crop failure“庄稼欠收；heart failure“心力衰竭。第九招根据常识或经历猜测词义在阅读中碰到生词时，我们有时可以运

17、用逻辑推理才能、自身的生活经历及生活常识去推断生词的含义。当然也要结合语境。例11： Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.The underlined phrase “mopping up in the second paragraph means _.A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up分析：此题正确答案为B。由常识可知，雨林可

18、以“吸收空气中CO2。所以mop up 意为“吸收、吸纳，应选B。另外根据下文Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year 也可推知答案。第十招利用词性转化例11： The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.The underlined work “aging means _.A. counting the number of years someone livesB. the numbers of years someone livesC. becoming olderD. making someone looking older分析：此题正确答案为C。我们熟悉的是age作名词用时是“年龄的意思，而此处是作动词用，意思是“老化。第十一招通过同位关系构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、逗号、括号或同位语。常用的信息词有：o