中国批准海牙法院选择公约

1、April 2018中国批准海牙法院选择公约Chinese ratification of the Hague Choice of Court Convention2017年9月12日，中国签署了海牙法院选择公约（“ HCCC”），目前正在批准该公约。 HCCC于2005年10月1日生效，目前 HCCC有33个签约国。 这些包括了几乎全部欧盟国家（仅一国例外）以及墨西哥和新加坡。此外，乌克兰，黑山和美国已签署HCCC，但尚未批准。On 12 September 2017 China signed the Hague Choice of CourtConvention ( “ HCCC ” ),

2、 and is currently in the process of ratifying it. The HCCC entered into force 1 October 2005 and there arecurrently 33 contracting states to the HCCC. These include all but one of the EU states as well as Mexico and Singapore. In addition Ukraine, Montenegro and the United States have signed the HCC

3、C, but have yet to ratify it.修德简介2017年9月12日，中国签署了海牙法院选择公约（“ HCCC”），目前正在批准该公约。 HCCC于2005年10月1日生效，目前 HCCC有33个签约国。这些包括了几乎全部欧盟国家（仅一国例外）以及墨西哥和新加坡。此外，乌克兰，黑山和美国已签署HCCC，但尚未批准。与国际商事合同有关的争议基本上可以通过仲裁或国家的普通法院来解决。在当事人不同意仲裁的情况下，国际商事合同当事人同意由合同引起的争议由某特定国家的普通法和该国法律解决的情况并不少见。在大多数情况下，合同中至少有一方将是所选国家的居民。然而，在某些情况下，未公平起鉴当

4、事各方在没有当事方居住的国家就争议的管辖权达成一致。HCCC的主要目的是提高这些管辖权条款的效率。一旦中国批准，可以预期，中国在该公约所涵盖的外国判决方面的强制执行将更为有效，也许符合目前根据 1958年纽约公约执行外国仲裁裁决的做法，该做法已得到批准自1987年已在中国生效实行。公约的范围和目的HCCC将适用于大多数国际商业合同，包括独家选择法院协议或管辖权条款。 然而，公约的适用范围有很多例外。 例如与人员和货物运输有关的消费合同不属于 HCCC适用范围。INTRODUCTIONOn 12 September 2017 China signed the Hague Choice of Co

5、urtConvention ( “ HCCC ” ), and is currently in the process of ratifying it. The HCCC entered into force 1 October 2005 and there arecurrently 33 contracting states to the HCCC. These include all but one of the EU states as well as Mexico and Singapore. In addition Ukraine, Montenegro and the United

6、 States have signed the HCCC, but have yet to ratify it.Disputes related to international commercial contracts can basically be resolved either by arbitration or by the ordinary courts of a state. In cases where the parties do not agree on arbitration, it is not uncommon that the parties to an inter

7、national commercial contract agree that disputes arising from the contract shall be settled by the ordinary courts in a specific state and by the laws of the same. In most cases at least one of the parties to the contract will be a resident of the chosen state. However in some cases the parties agre

8、e on jurisdiction for the dispute in a state where none of the parties reside, as a“ neutral”ground.The main purpose of the HCCC is to contribute to increased efficiency of such jurisdiction clauses. Once ratified by China, it can be expected that enforcement in China of foreign judgments covered by

9、 the convention will be more efficient, perhaps in line with the current practice of enforcement of foreign arbitration awards under the New York Convention of 1958, which has been ratified and practiced by China since 1987.THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE CONVENTIONBasically, the HCCC will apply to mos

10、t international commercial contracts that include an exclusive choice of court agreement or jurisdiction clause. There are however many exceptions from the scope of the convention. Consumer contracts and contracts related to carriage of people and goods are examples of contracts which are excluded f

11、rom the scope of application of the HCCC.该公约有两个重要职能。 首先是确保国际商业合同中的管辖权条款的有效性。HCCC第5条第（ 1）款规定，被排他性选择协议选择的缔约国法院“（ .）应有权决定合同争议。”例如，当事人约定由合同关系产生的争议由中国法院解决的，即使当前案件除管辖权条款外与中国无关联，中国法院也必须接受管辖。 但是，根据第 19条，一国可以声明，如果该国与当事方或争端之间没有其他联系，其法院可以拒绝确定争议。根据 HCCC第8条， HCCC的第二个重要职能是确保缔约国指定的专属管辖法院给予的判决应在任何其他缔约国得到承认和执行。 因此，中

12、国法院作出的判决将在公约获得批准后在其他缔约国内强制执行。然而，需要明确的是，当判决的执行国与产生判决的国家不一致时， 判决的执行情况，将受到该执行国相关执行法律的约束。许多国家对外国判决的承认和执行提出了一些保留。 例如，在挪威， 2005年6月17日的“争议法案”第 19-16 （3）条规定，当执行判决将违反本国的强制性法规或公共秩序，则该判决不会被承认。The convention has two important functions. The first isto ensure the effectiveness of a jurisdiction clause in aninter

13、national commercial contract. Article 5 (1) of the HCCCstipulates that the courts of a contracting state which isdesignated in an exclusive choice of court agreementhave jurisdiction to decide a dispute to which the agreementapplies.”E.g. where the parties have agreed that disputes arising from the

14、contractual relationship shall be resolved by the courts of China, Chinese courts must accept jurisdiction even if the case at hand have no connection to China besides the jurisdiction clause. However, a state may, according to article 19, declare that its courts may refuse to determine disputes if

15、there is no other connection between that state and the parties or the dispute.The second important function of the HCCC is to ensure that judgements given by a designated exclusive court of jurisdiction in a contracting state shall be recognized and enforceable in any of the other contracting state

16、s, as per article 8 of the HCCC. Thus a judgement given by a Chinese court will, after the convention is ratified, be enforceable in the other contracting states.It is however important to be aware that enforcement in another state than where the judgement was delivered, will be subject to the enfor

17、cement regulations in said state. Many states have made certain reservations against the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In Norway, for instance, the Disputes Act of 17 June 2005, section 19-16 (3) states that foreign judgments will not be recognized if this would breach mandatory

18、rule of law or otherwise go against ordre public.中挪合同义务的执行挪威没有与中国就相互承认和执行判决的协议书。因此，除非挪威也批准公约，否则中国法院的判决将不会在挪威根据 HCCC得到承认和执行。同样，挪威法院的判决也不会在中国得到承认和执行。挪威尚未签署和批准该公约。为了让挪威方能够在中国对中国合同方执行判决，双方必须同意，除中国以外的其他缔约国的法院对该商事合同拥有专属管辖权。例如，这可以是已批准该公约或新加坡的任何欧盟成员国。或者，双方可以通过仲裁就争议解决达成一致，然后依据 1958年纽约公约（中国和挪威均批准）在另一国执行。根据合同类

19、型，伦敦，巴黎，斯德哥尔摩，新加坡或香港是被普遍认可具有成熟仲裁规则的仲裁地。CHINA DESKENFORCEMENT OF SINO-NORWEGIAN CONTRACT OBLIGATIONSNorway has no agreement with China on reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgements. Judgments from Chinese courts will therefore not be recognized and enforced in Norway on the basis of the HCC

20、C unless Norway also ratifies the convention. Similarly, judgments from Norwegian courts will not be recognized and enforced in China. Norway has yet to sign and ratify the convention.In order for a Norwegian party to be able to enforce a judgement in China against a Chinese contract party, the part

21、ies must have agreed that the courts of another contracting state than China shall have exclusive jurisdiction of the commercial contract matter in question. This could for instance be any of the EU members which have ratified the convention or Singapore.Alternatively the parties may agree on dispute resolution byarbitration, and then be able to rely on enforcement in the othercountry based on the New York Convention of 1958 (ratified bybot